35-458: [REDACTED] Look up GP or gp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gp or GP may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Gaming [ edit ] Gameplanet (New Zealand) , a New Zealand video game community GamePolitics.com , a blog about the politics of computer and video games GamePro ,
70-467: A cotranslational or posttranslational modification . This process is known as glycosylation . Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins , where they play a role in cell–cell interactions. It is important to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation of
105-636: A British race engineer in Formula 1 Other uses [ edit ] Garden-path sentence , a linguistic concept Great Pyrenees , a dog breed used as livestock guardians General Paper , a GCE 'A' Level examination subject in Singapore See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "gp" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing GP or GPs PG (disambiguation) Jeep (disambiguation) General-purpose (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
140-657: A doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients Glans penis , the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis Globus pallidus , a subcortical structure of the brain Glycerate 3-phosphate , a 3-carbon molecule Glycoprotein , proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains Gutta-percha , used in endodontic treatment to obturate root canals Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir , medication used to treat hepatitis C Computing [ edit ] .gp ,
175-416: A high viscosity , for example, in egg white and blood plasma . Variable surface glycoproteins allow the sleeping sickness Trypanosoma parasite to escape the immune response of the host. The viral spike of the human immunodeficiency virus is heavily glycosylated. Approximately half the mass of the spike is glycosylation and the glycans act to limit antibody recognition as the glycans are assembled by
210-802: A military garrison in Finnmark, Norway Gauteng , a province in South Africa Göppingen , a city in Germany (license plate prefix) Grande Prairie , a city in Alberta, Canada Guadeloupe , a French island in the Caribbean (by international country code) Politics [ edit ] Civic Platform ( Građanska platforma ), a political organization in Serbia Green party , a formally organized political party based on
245-428: A monthly video game magazine Gold Piece , the currency unit in many role-playing games Mario Kart Arcade GP , a 2005 arcade game Music [ edit ] GP (album) , the first solo album by Gram Parsons General Public , a UK band of the 1980s and 1990s a stave annotation denoting a rest for the entire orchestra Government Plates , 2013 studio album by hip-hop band Death Grips "On GP",
280-623: A music composing program Gurupa , Amazon.com's content delivery infrastructure Microsoft Dynamics GP , part of Microsoft Dynamics accounting software Great Plains PARI/GP , a computer algebra system Weapons [ edit ] GP-25 or GP-30 , two series of Russian under-barrel grenade launchers Grande Puissance ( French for "High Power" ), original Belgian name for the Browning Hi-Power L98A1 Cadet GP rifle Other uses in maths, science, and technology [ edit ] Gaussian process ,
315-470: A social media service by Google Grameenphone , a telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh Jeep , an automobile marque Mathematics, science, and technology [ edit ] Biology, biochemistry, and medicine [ edit ] GP (journal) , a journal now known as American Family Physician Gastroparesis , a medical condition General practitioner , in medicine,
350-613: A song on The Powers That B by hip-hop band Death Grips General principle, a term used in hip hop Other media [ edit ] GP, a rating for films in the early 1970s, eventually changed to "PG" by the MPAA G.P. , an Australian television medical drama series Göteborgs-Posten , a daily Swedish newspaper In business and finance [ edit ] Terminology [ edit ] General Partner , one with equal responsibility and liability for an enterprise Gross profit , an accounting term General practice,
385-659: A stochastic process associated with the Gaussian probability distribution Geometric progression , a sequence of numbers in mathematics Poorly graded gravels, in the Unified Soil Classification System Ground plane , in electrical engineering Guide Point, on Ordnance Survey maps Places [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Grand Prairie, Texas Grants Pass, Oregon Grosse Pointe , Michigan Elsewhere [ edit ] Garrison of Porsanger ,
SECTION 10
#1732765308896420-411: A term used in construction surveying Businesses and brands [ edit ] Model GP , for General Purpose tractor, built by Deere & Company Georgia-Pacific LLC, a manufacturer, and marketer of tissue, packaging, paper, pulp, and building products Girard-Perregaux , a luxury brand of Swiss watches Gold Peak , a manufacturer of batteries and portable solar chargers Google+ ,
455-725: Is a compound containing carbohydrate (or glycan) covalently linked to protein. The carbohydrate may be in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide(s). oligosaccharide(s), polysaccharide(s), or their derivatives (e.g. sulfo- or phospho-substituted). One, a few, or many carbohydrate units may be present. Proteoglycans are a subclass of glycoproteins in which the carbohydrate units are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Such polysaccharides are also known as glycosaminoglycans. A variety of methods used in detection, purification, and structural analysis of glycoproteins are The glycosylation of proteins has an array of different applications from influencing cell to cell communication to changing
490-524: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages GP">GP The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Glycoprotein Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in
525-530: Is likely to have been secondary to its role in host-pathogen interactions. A famous example of this latter effect is the ABO blood group system . Though there are different types of glycoproteins, the most common are N -linked and O -linked glycoproteins. These two types of glycoproteins are distinguished by structural differences that give them their names. Glycoproteins vary greatly in composition, making many different compounds such as antibodies or hormones. Due to
560-450: Is through the reaction between a protected glycan and a protected Asparagine. Similarly, an O-linked glycoprotein can be formed through the addition of a glycosyl donor with a protected Serine or Threonine . These two methods are examples of natural linkage. However, there are also methods of unnatural linkages. Some methods include ligation and a reaction between a serine-derived sulfamidate and thiohexoses in water. Once this linkage
595-493: The Internet top-level domain for Guadeloupe Genetic programming , an algorithmic technique in computer science Geometric programming , an algorithmic technique in engineering and optimization Gigapixel image , a unit of computer graphic resolution Goal programming , a branch of multiple objective programming Grandparent post, a reference to the message two levels up in a threaded message board Guitar Pro ,
630-542: The body is mucins , which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The sugars when attached to mucins give them considerable water-holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes. Glycoproteins are important for white blood cell recognition. Examples of glycoproteins in the immune system are: H antigen of the ABO blood compatibility antigens. Other examples of glycoproteins include: Soluble glycoproteins often show
665-483: The cell, causing a decrease in drug effectiveness. Therefore, being able to inhibit this behavior would decrease P-glycoprotein interference in drug delivery, making this an important topic in drug discovery. For example, P-Glycoprotein causes a decrease in anti-cancer drug accumulation within tumor cells, limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapies used to treat cancer. Hormones that are glycoproteins include: Quoting from recommendations for IUPAC: A glycoprotein
700-420: The glycan), which occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus , is dispensable for isolated cells (as evidenced by survival with glycosides inhibitors) but can lead to human disease (congenital disorders of glycosylation) and can be lethal in animal models. It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans is important for endogenous functionality, such as cell trafficking, but that this
735-535: The host cell and so are largely 'self'. Over time, some patients can evolve antibodies to recognise the HIV glycans and almost all so-called 'broadly neutralising antibodies (bnAbs) recognise some glycans. This is possible mainly because the unusually high density of glycans hinders normal glycan maturation and they are therefore trapped in the premature, high-mannose, state. This provides a window for immune recognition. In addition, as these glycans are much less variable than
SECTION 20
#1732765308896770-469: The most common cell line used for recombinant glycoprotein production is the Chinese hamster ovary line. However, as technologies develop, the most promising cell lines for recombinant glycoprotein production are human cell lines. The formation of the link between the glycan and the protein is key element of the synthesis of glycoproteins. The most common method of glycosylation of N-linked glycoproteins
805-706: The most common. Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include: The sugar group(s) can assist in protein folding , improve proteins' stability and are involved in cell signalling. The critical structural element of all glycoproteins is having oligosaccharides bonded covalently to a protein. There are 10 common monosaccharides in mammalian glycans including: glucose (Glc), fucose (Fuc), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), N- acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), glucuronic acid (GlcA), iduronic acid (IdoA), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), sialic acid , and 5- N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). These glycans link themselves to specific areas of
840-611: The principles of Green politics Young Party (Genç Parti), a Turkish political party Sport [ edit ] Games played , in sports statistics Gary Payton (born 1968), nine-time NBA All-Star point guard, nicknamed "The Glove" GlobalPort Batang Pier , a team in the Philippine Basketball Association Grand Prix (disambiguation) , French for "Grand Prize", used in several sports Guinness Premiership , an English rugby competition Gianpiero Lambiase , often known as GP,
875-471: The production of the protein. Glycosylation is a process that roughly half of all human proteins undergo and heavily influences the properties and functions of the protein. Within the cell, glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum . There are several techniques for the assembly of glycoproteins. One technique utilizes recombination . The first consideration for this method is the choice of host, as there are many different factors that can influence
910-488: The protein amino acid chain. The two most common linkages in glycoproteins are N -linked and O -linked glycoproteins. An N -linked glycoprotein has glycan bonds to the nitrogen containing an asparagine amino acid within the protein sequence. An O -linked glycoprotein has the sugar is bonded to an oxygen atom of a serine or threonine amino acid in the protein. Glycoprotein size and composition can vary largely, with carbohydrate composition ranges from 1% to 70% of
945-487: The purposes of this field of study is to determine which proteins are glycosylated and where in the amino acid sequence the glycosylation occurs. Historically, mass spectrometry has been used to identify the structure of glycoproteins and characterize the carbohydrate chains attached. The unique interaction between the oligosaccharide chains have different applications. First, it aids in quality control by identifying misfolded proteins. The oligosaccharide chains also change
980-401: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP&oldid=1257671582 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1015-716: The secretory system from reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation. Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be an additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation-based signalling. In contrast, classical secretory glycosylation can be structurally essential. For example, inhibition of asparagine-linked, i.e. N-linked, glycosylation can prevent proper glycoprotein folding and full inhibition can be toxic to an individual cell. In contrast, perturbation of glycan processing (enzymatic removal/addition of carbohydrate residues to
1050-405: The solubility and polarity of the proteins that they are bonded to. For example, if the oligosaccharide chains are negatively charged, with enough density around the protein, they can repulse proteolytic enzymes away from the bonded protein. The diversity in interactions lends itself to different types of glycoproteins with different structures and functions. One example of glycoproteins found in
1085-493: The success of glycoprotein recombination such as cost, the host environment, the efficacy of the process, and other considerations. Some examples of host cells include E. coli, yeast, plant cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells. Of these options, mammalian cells are the most common because their use does not face the same challenges that other host cells do such as different glycan structures, shorter half life, and potential unwanted immune responses in humans. Of mammalian cells,
GP - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-403: The thermal stability and the folding of proteins. Due to the unique abilities of glycoproteins, they can be used in many therapies. By understanding glycoproteins and their synthesis, they can be made to treat cancer, Crohn's Disease , high cholesterol, and more. The process of glycosylation (binding a carbohydrate to a protein) is a post-translational modification , meaning it happens after
1155-543: The total mass of the glycoprotein. Within the cell, they appear in the blood, the extracellular matrix , or on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, and make up a large portion of the proteins secreted by eukaryotic cells. They are very broad in their applications and can function as a variety of chemicals from antibodies to hormones. Glycomics is the study of the carbohydrate components of cells. Though not exclusive to glycoproteins, it can reveal more information about different glycoproteins and their structure. One of
1190-402: The underlying protein, they have emerged as promising targets for vaccine design. P-glycoproteins are critical for antitumor research due to its ability block the effects of antitumor drugs. P-glycoprotein, or multidrug transporter (MDR1), is a type of ABC transporter that transports compounds out of cells. This transportation of compounds out of cells includes drugs made to be delivered to
1225-400: The wide array of functions within the body, interest in glycoprotein synthesis for medical use has increased. There are now several methods to synthesize glycoproteins, including recombination and glycosylation of proteins. Glycosylation is also known to occur on nucleo cytoplasmic proteins in the form of O -GlcNAc . There are several types of glycosylation, although the first two are
#895104