Misplaced Pages

#636363

48-418: General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ), also called 2.5G , is a mobile data standard on the 2G cellular communication network's global system for mobile communications (GSM). Networks and mobile devices with GPRS started to roll out around the year 2001. At the time of introduction it offered for the first time seamless mobile data transmission using packet data for an "always-on" connection (eliminating

96-400: A computer mouse , or a pendrive . A GPRS connection is established by reference to its access point name (APN). The APN defines the services such as wireless application protocol (WAP) access, short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. In order to set up a GPRS connection for

144-481: A wireless modem , a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an IP address , provided by the network operator. GSM module or GPRS modules are similar to modems, but there's one difference: the modem is an external piece of equipment, whereas the GSM module or GPRS module can be integrated within an electrical or electronic equipment. It is an embedded piece of hardware. A GSM mobile, on

192-476: A 50% year-on-year rate. Mobile broadband subscriptions were expected to reach 6.5 billion in 2018. Mobile data traffic doubled between the end of 2011 (~620 Petabytes in Q4 2011) and the end of 2012 (~1280 Petabytes in Q4 2012). This traffic growth is and will continue to be driven by large increases in the number of mobile subscriptions and by increases in the average data traffic per subscription due to increases in

240-623: A GPRS mobile device may implement the dual transfer mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile can handle both GSM packets and GPRS packets with network coordination to ensure both types are not transmitted at the same time. Such devices are considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as "simple class A". Some networks have supported DTM since 2007. USB 3G/GPRS modems have a terminal -like interface over USB with V.42bis , and RFC   1144 data formats. Some models include an external antenna connector. Modem cards for laptop PCs, or external USB modems are available, similar in shape and size to

288-477: A bandwidth of 5*59.2 kbit/s = 296 kbit/s. In uplink direction, 3 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 3*59.2 kbit/s = 177.6 kbit/s. Each multislot class identifies the following: The different multislot class specification is detailed in the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical Specification 45.002 (Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path) The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003

336-518: A data call might start on an ongoing voice call or a voice call might start on an ongoing data call. In case a voice is started on a mobile phone that is in Packet Transfer Mode(i.e. in a data call), the procedure takes place in three stages. The TBF's (Data "Call") are released. A dedicated connection for the voice call is initiated. Finally, the mobile phone uses DTM for re-establishing the data connection. 3GPP Release 6 specifies

384-406: A maximum number of 6 simultaneously used timeslots. If data traffic is concentrated in downlink direction the network will configure the connection for 5+1 operation. When more data is transferred in the uplink the network can at any time change the constellation to 4+2 or 3+3. Under the best reception conditions, i.e. when the best EDGE modulation and coding scheme can be used, 5 timeslots can carry

432-404: A process called tethering . The bit rates available with Mobile broadband devices support voice and video as well as other data access. Devices that provide mobile broadband to mobile computers include: Internet access subscriptions are usually sold separately from mobile service subscriptions. Roughly every ten years, new mobile network technology and infrastructure involving a change in

480-470: A user is assigned to one pair of up-link and down-link frequency channels. This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing which makes it possible for several users to share the same frequency channel. The packets have constant length, corresponding to a GSM time slot. The down-link uses first-come first-served packet scheduling, while the up-link uses a scheme very similar to reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA). This means that slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA)

528-401: Is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location. In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: circuit-switched data (CSD) and high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD). In contrast to

SECTION 10

#1732773342637

576-577: Is a 2G digital mobile phone technology for data transmission. It is a subset of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) on the GSM network and improves upon it offering speeds close to 3G technology, hence the name 2.75G. It is also recognized as part of the International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000 (IMT-2000) standard. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular (now AT&T ) in

624-572: Is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute. As the GPRS standard is an extension of GSM capabilities, the service operates on the 2G and 3G cellular communication GSM frequencies. GPRS devices can typically use (one or more) of the frequencies within one of the frequency bands the radio supports (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz). Depending on the device, location and intended use, regulations may be imposed either restricting or explicitly specifying authorised frequency bands. GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are used in

672-458: Is applied. The following table summarises the options. The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a base transceiver station (BTS), while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS. Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage

720-522: Is due to advances in MOSFET wireless technology enabling the development and growth of digital wireless networks. The wide adoption of RF CMOS ( radio frequency CMOS ), power MOSFET and LDMOS (lateral diffused MOS) devices led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks in the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to rapidly increasing network bandwidth since

768-630: Is expected to have 3G coverage, and 50% will have 4G coverage. A barrier to mobile broadband use is the coverage provided by the mobile service networks. This may mean no mobile network or that service is limited to older and slower mobile broadband technologies. Customers will not always be able to achieve the speeds advertised due to mobile data coverage limitations including distance to the cell tower. In addition, there are issues with connectivity, network capacity, application quality, and mobile network operators' overall inexperience with data traffic. Peak speeds experienced by users are also often limited by

816-535: Is no longer being developed. In 2002, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) established a Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) working group. They developed the IEEE 802.20 standard in 2008, with amendments in 2010. Edholm's law in 2004 noted that the bandwidths of wireless cellular networks have been increasing at a faster pace compared to wired telecommunications networks . This

864-480: Is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through cellular towers to computers and other digital devices using portable modems . Although broadband has a technical meaning, wireless-carrier marketing uses the phrase "mobile broadband" as a synonym for mobile Internet access . Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using

912-497: Is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is transferred using dynamic TDMA with first-come first-served. The channel encoding process in GPRS consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured convolutional code . The Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify

960-513: The Internet . The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem . GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible: If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed

1008-482: The Uplink and Downlink directions. It is a value between 1 and 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the uplink and downlink direction. Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to as high multislot classes. A multislot allocation is represented as, for example, 5+2. The first number is the number of downlink timeslots and the second is the number of uplink timeslots allocated for use by

SECTION 20

#1732773342637

1056-495: The WiMAX trademark. The original "Fixed WiMAX" standard was released in 2001 and "Mobile WiMAX" was added in 2005. The WiMAX Forum is a non-profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services. Established in late 1998, the global Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) develops the evolving CDMA family of standards, which includes cdmaOne, CDMA2000, and CDMA2000 EV-DO. CDMA2000 EV-DO

1104-411: The 2000s. Dual Transfer Mode Dual Transfer Mode ( DTM ) is a protocol based on the GSM standard that makes simultaneous transfer of Circuit switched (CS) voice and Packet switched (PS) data over the same radio channel ( ARFCN ) simpler. Without DTM, the mobile device must be capable of reception and transmission simultaneously (full-duplex) requiring complex and expensive circuitry in

1152-619: The Enhanced DTM CS Establishment and Enhanced DTM CS Release procedures to enable smooth transitions between the packet transfer and dual transfer modes, without having to release the TBF's. This enables continuous data transfer also when calls are set up and released, as well as reduced load on the common control channels of the GSM network. This technology is not yet supported by any operator. Starting late 2009 or early 2010, Vodafone has added DTM support in its network in

1200-603: The PS connection is put on hold (i.e. no traffic) for the duration of the voice call. After the voice call terminates, the data connection resumes data transfer. One common class implemented by mobile phone vendors is the DTM Multislot Class 11. For example, the technical specification of Nokia N95 states a speed of DL/UL 177.6/118.4 kbit/s. In 2010, devices with DTM multislot class 32 such as Nokia N900 are available. A simultaneous voice and data call implies that

1248-614: The United States, Canada, and many other countries in the Americas. GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in: Europe, Middle East, Africa and most of Asia. In South Americas these bands are used in Costa Rica (GSM-1800), Brazil (GSM-850, 900 and 1800), Guatemala (GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900), El Salvador (GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900). There is a more comprehensive record of international cellular service frequency assignments GPRS supports

1296-430: The United States. Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection - originally a max speed of 384 kbit/s. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. Mobile data Mobile broadband

1344-404: The active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds. GSM was designed for voice, not data. It did not provide direct access to the Internet and it had a limited capacity of 9600 bauds per second. The limitations of Circuit Switched Data (CSD) also included higher costs. GPRS opened in 2000 as a packet-switched data service embedded in

1392-481: The capabilities of their mobile phone or other mobile device. At the end of 2012 there were estimated to be 6.6 billion mobile network subscriptions worldwide (89% penetration), representing roughly 4.4 billion subscribers (many people have more than one subscription). Growth has been around 9% year-on-year. Mobile phone subscriptions were expected to reach 9.3 billion in 2018. At the end of 2012 there were roughly 1.5 billion mobile broadband subscriptions, growing at

1440-474: The channel-switched cellular radio network GSM . GPRS extends the reach of the fixed Internet by connecting mobile terminals worldwide. The CELLPAC protocol developed 1991–1993 was the trigger point for starting in 1993 the specification of standard GPRS by ETSI SMG . Especially, the CELLPAC Voice & Data functions introduced in a 1993 ETSI Workshop contribution anticipate what was later known to be

1488-651: The class A devices in practice had to be capable of transmit and reception simultaneously. With DTM, a mobile phone capable can be engaged in both CS and PS call and simultaneous voice and packet data connection in GSM/EDGE networks with the lower Class B requirements thus having a simpler half duplex circuitry due to co-ordination of the timeslot allocations in uplink and downlink for both voice and data. Older devices in Class B without DTM capability could still receive CS calls while having an active PS session. With these devices,

General Packet Radio Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-511: The following protocols: When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover . The TCP restores any packets lost (e.g. due to a radio noise induced pause). Devices supporting GPRS are grouped into three classes: Because a Class A device must service GPRS and GSM networks together, it effectively needs two radios. To avoid this hardware requirement,

1584-625: The fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, and/or wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, becomes available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services became available during the second generation (2G). The download (to the user) and upload (to the Internet) data rates given above are peak or maximum rates and end users will typically experience lower data rates. WiMAX

1632-483: The global Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) develops the evolving GSM family of standards, which includes GSM, EDGE, WCDMA/UMTS, HSPA, LTE and 5G NR. In 2011 these standards were the most used method to deliver mobile broadband. With the development of the 4G LTE signalling standard, download speeds could be increased to 300 Mbit/s per second within the next several years. The IEEE working group IEEE 802.16 , produces standards adopted in products using

1680-503: The mass market. One common use case of mobile broadband is among the construction industry. In 1995 telecommunication, mobile phone, integrated-circuit , and laptop computer manufacturers formed the GSM Association to push for built-in support for mobile-broadband technology on notebook computers. The association established a service mark to identify devices that include Internet connectivity. Established in early 1998,

1728-650: The mobile station. A commonly used value is class 10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4 timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction. However simultaneously a maximum number of 5 simultaneous timeslots can be used in both uplink and downlink. The network will automatically configure for either 3+2 or 4+1 operation depending on the nature of data transfer. Some high end mobiles, usually also supporting UMTS , also support GPRS/ EDGE multislot class 32. According to 3GPP TS 45.002 (Release 12), Table B.1, mobile stations of this class support 5 timeslots in downlink and 3 timeslots in uplink with

1776-476: The mobile terminal. With DTM this requirement doesn't exist and makes the device implementation simpler and cheaper. DTM is a 3GPP feature introduced in R4 of the specification series. Traditionally, GSM/EDGE device with simultaneous CS/PS capability was supported, but only for Class A GPRS devices. Due to the fact that the uplink and downlink timeslot usage was not co-ordinated between the voice and data connections,

1824-424: The need to "dial-up"), providing improved Internet access for web , email , WAP services, and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS). GPRS provides theoretical data rates of 56–114  kbit /s - faster than the older CSD - and uses unused time-division multiple access (TDMA) channels in the GSM system for efficiency. GPRS is a best-effort service , implying variable throughput and latency that depend on

1872-409: The number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching , where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. Unlike older circuit switching data, GPRS was sold according to the total volume of data transferred instead of time spent online, which is now standard. GPRS was succeeded by EDGE (2.75G) which provided improved performance. GPRS

1920-401: The number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code. In Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is punctured to achieve the desired code rate. In Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding

1968-445: The number of smartphones being sold, the use of more demanding applications and in particular video, and the availability and deployment of newer 3G and 4G technologies capable of higher data rates. Total mobile broadband traffic was expected to increase by a factor of 12 to roughly 13,000 PetaBytes by 2018 . On average, a mobile laptop generates approximately seven times more traffic than a smartphone (3 GB vs. 450 MB/month). This ratio

General Packet Radio Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-405: The other hand, is a complete embedded system in itself. It comes with embedded processors dedicated to provide a functional interface between the user and the mobile network. The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in GPRS depend on a number of factors such as: The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency-division duplex (FDD) and TDMA. During a session,

2064-595: The roots of GPRS. This workshop contribution is referenced in 22 GPRS-related US patents. Successor systems to GSM/GPRS like W-CDMA ( UMTS ) and LTE rely on key GPRS functions for mobile Internet access as introduced by CELLPAC. According to a study on history of GPRS development, Bernhard Walke and his student Peter Decker are the inventors of GPRS — the first system providing worldwide mobile Internet access. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as 2.75G, Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), and Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution,

2112-412: The shared nature of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Some applications such as video calling may prefer HSCSD, especially when there is a continuous flow of data between the endpoints. The following table summarises some possible configurations of GPRS and circuit switched data services. The multislot class determines the speed of data transfer available in

2160-417: Was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies and is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The GPRS core network allows 2G , 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as

2208-714: Was forecast to fall to 5 times (10 GB vs. 2 GB/month) by 2018. Traffic from mobile devices that tether (share the data access of one device with multiple devices) can be up to 20 times higher than that from non-tethering users and averages between 7 and 14 times higher. It has also been shown that there are large differences in subscriber and traffic patterns between different provider networks, regional markets, device and user types. Demand from emerging markets has fuelled growth in both mobile device and mobile broadband subscriptions and use. Lacking widespread fixed-line infrastructure, many emerging markets use mobile broadband technologies to deliver affordable high-speed internet access to

2256-417: Was originally developed to deliver fixed wireless service with wireless mobility added in 2005. CDPD, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and MBWA are no longer being actively developed. In 2011, 90% of the world's population lived in areas with 2G coverage, while 45% lived in areas with 2G and 3G coverage, and 5% lived in areas with 4G coverage. By 2017 more than 90% of the world's population is expected to have 2G coverage, 85%

2304-539: Was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Latency is very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600–700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly. Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements

#636363