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40-797: GS-7 [REDACTED] Names Other names S , S -dimethyl phosphoramidodithioate Identifiers 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChemSpider 16093132 PubChem CID 15151768 InChI InChI=1S/C2H8NOPS2/c1-6-5(3,4)7-2/h1-2H3,(H2,3,4) Key: BYWRZYACOWEUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CSP(=O)(N)SC Properties Chemical formula C 2 H 8 N O P S 2 Molar mass 157.19  g·mol Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound GS-7

80-523: A reducing agent , as indicated by its ability to reduce sulfur dioxide in the Claus process . Hydrogen sulfide burns in oxygen with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) and water : If an excess of oxygen is present, sulfur trioxide ( SO 3 ) is formed, which quickly hydrates to sulfuric acid : It is slightly soluble in water and acts as a weak acid ( p K a  = 6.9 in 0.01–0.1 mol/litre solutions at 18 °C), giving

120-514: A signalling molecule . Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion , which is done by sulfate-reducing microorganisms . It also occurs in volcanic gases , natural gas deposits, and sometimes in well-drawn water. Hydrogen sulfide is slightly denser than air. A mixture of H 2 S and air can be explosive. In general, hydrogen sulfide acts as

160-472: A few weeks. Long-term, low-level exposure may result in fatigue , loss of appetite, headaches , irritability, poor memory, and dizziness . Chronic exposure to low level H 2 S (around 2 ppm ) has been implicated in increased miscarriage and reproductive health issues among Russian and Finnish wood pulp workers, but the reports have not (as of 1995) been replicated. Short-term, high-level exposure can induce immediate collapse, with loss of breathing and

200-857: A high probability of death. If death does not occur, high exposure to hydrogen sulfide can lead to cortical pseudolaminar necrosis , degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral edema . Although respiratory paralysis may be immediate, it can also be delayed up to 72 hours. Inhalation of H 2 S resulted in about 7 workplace deaths per year in the U.S. (2011–2017 data), second only to carbon monoxide (17 deaths per year) for workplace chemical inhalation deaths. Treatment involves immediate inhalation of amyl nitrite , injections of sodium nitrite , or administration of 4-dimethylaminophenol in combination with inhalation of pure oxygen, administration of bronchodilators to overcome eventual bronchospasm , and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). HBOT has clinical and anecdotal support. Hydrogen sulfide

240-447: A presence of a catalyst under atmospheric pressure around 1200 °C into hydrogen and sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with metal ions to form metal sulfides, which are insoluble, often dark colored solids. Lead(II) acetate paper is used to detect hydrogen sulfide because it readily converts to lead(II) sulfide , which is black. Treating metal sulfides with strong acid or electrolysis often liberates hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide

280-400: A result of the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria . Hydrogen sulfide is produced by the human body in small quantities through bacterial breakdown in the intestinal tract of proteins containing sulfur; it therefore contributes to the characteristic odor of flatulence. It is also produced in the mouth ( halitosis ). A portion of global H 2 S emissions are due to human activity. By far

320-464: A waste product. Water heaters can aid the conversion of sulfate in water to hydrogen sulfide gas. This is due to providing a warm environment sustainable for sulfur bacteria and maintaining the reaction which interacts between sulfate in the water and the water heater anode, which is usually made from magnesium metal. H 2 S in the body acts as a gaseous signaling molecule with implications for health and in diseases. Hydrogen sulfide

360-643: A wide range of chemical file formats , including Protein Data Bank (pdb), Crystallographic Information File (cif), MDL Molfile (mol), and Chemical Markup Language (CML). There is also a JavaScript -only ( HTML5 ) version, JSmol , that can be used on computers with no Java. The Jmol applet, among other abilities, offers an alternative to the Chime plug-in, which is no longer under active development. While Jmol has many features that Chime lacks, it does not claim to reproduce all Chime functions, most notably,

400-485: Is stinkdamp . Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas ( flammable range : 4.3–46%). It can poison several systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of H 2 S is comparable with that of carbon monoxide . It binds with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes , thus preventing cellular respiration . Its toxic properties were described in detail in 1843 by Justus von Liebig . Even before hydrogen sulfide

440-433: Is also known to increase the levels of glutathione, which acts to reduce or disrupt ROS levels in cells. The field of H 2 S biology has advanced from environmental toxicology to investigate the roles of endogenously produced H 2 S in physiological conditions and in various pathophysiological states. H 2 S has been implicated in cancer and Down syndrome and vascular disease. It inhibits Complex IV of

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480-399: Is also responsible for tarnishing on various metals including copper and silver ; the chemical responsible for black toning found on silver coins is silver sulfide ( Ag 2 S ), which is produced when the silver on the surface of the coin reacts with atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. Coins that have been subject to toning by hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur-containing compounds may have

520-15025: Is an organophosphorus anticholinesterase related to the organophosphate insecticide methamidophos . See also [ edit ] Tabun Dimefox Mipafox Schradan MSPI References [ edit ] ^ Mager, Peter P. (1984). Multidimensional pharmacochemistry : design of safer drugs . Orlando: Academic Press. p. 53. ISBN   978-0-12-465020-6 . ^ de Jong, Leo P. A.; Wolring, Gre Z.; Benschop, Hendrik P. (January 1982). "Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by methamidophos and analogous (di)methylphosphoramidates". Archives of Toxicology . 49 (2): 175–183. doi : 10.1007/BF00332365 . PMID   7059283 . S2CID   19797252 . v t e Agents used in chemical warfare incapacitation riot control Blood agents Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride (CK) Hydrogen cyanide (AC) Arsine Cacodyl cyanide Cacodyl oxide Hydrogen sulfide Phosphine Carbon monoxide Phosphorus trifluoride Methyl cyanoformate Iron pentacarbonyl Nickel tetracarbonyl 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin Glycolonitrile Lactonitrile Acetone cyanohydrin Stibine Chloral cyanohydrin Blister agents Arsenicals Ethyldichloroarsine (ED) Methyldichloroarsine (MD) Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) Lewisite (L) Lewisite 2 (L2) Lewisite 3 (L3) Sulfur mustards Levinstein mustard (EA-229) T Q CEES Nitrogen mustards HN1 HN2 HN3 TL-301 Nettle agents Phosgene oxime (CX) Other KB-16 Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride Selenium oxychloride Nerve agents G-agents Tabun (GA) Sarin (GB) Chlorosarin (ClGB) Thiosarin (SGB) Soman (GD) Chlorosoman (ClGD) Ethylsarin (GE) GH Cyclosarin (GF) GP Fluorotabun EA-1356 EA-4352 Crotylsarin V-agents EA-2192 EA-3148 VE VG VM VP VR VS VX EA-1763 Chinese VX V-sub x (GD-7) GV agents GV (EA-5365) Novichok agents A-208 A-232 A-234 A-242 A-262 C01-A035 C01-A039 C01-A042 Carbamates Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride EA-3887 EA-3887A EA-3966 EA-3990 EA-4056 T-1123 T-1152 T-1194 Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide) TL-599 TL-1238 TL-1299 TL-1317 Miotine (AR-28/T-1843) 3152 CT 4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10) Other Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate EA-2012 EA-2054 EA-2098 EA-2613 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate Neopentylene fluorophosphate Selenophos Phospholine R-16661 Ro 3-0422 Methanesulfonyl fluoride Dimefox (TL-792) MSPI Precursors Acetonitrile AT ATO AlP A.P.C. complex Chlorosarin Chlorosoman Cyclohexanol 1,8-Dibromooctane N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol (KB) EA-1250 DIHP ZS DEHP EA-1224 Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide DMHP Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride Formaldoxime Nital 4-Hydroxycoumarin Isopropyl alcohol (TB) Methyldichlorophosphine (SW) Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro) (DF) Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro) Nitromethane OPA mixture Phosphoryl chloride Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus trichloride (TH) Pinacolone Pinacolyl alcohol Phenacyl chloride QL 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol Triethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphite TC TG Neurotoxins Anatoxin-a Saxitoxin (TZ) Bungarotoxin Botulinum toxin (BTX) Tetanospasmin (TeNT) Ryanodine Ciguatoxin (CTX) Guanitoxin (GTX) Chlorophenylsilatrane Palytoxin (PTX) Maitotoxin (MTX) Tetrodotoxin Aconitine Brevetoxin (PbTX) Strychnine Antillatoxin (ATX) Tetraethyllead Dimethylmercury HN1 hydrochloride HN2 hydrochloride HN3 hydrochloride A-8564 Picrotoxin Sulfuryl fluoride Tremorine Oxotremorine Batrachotoxin Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) Bicyclic phosphates IPTBO TBPO TBPS Cloflubicyne Trimethylolpropane phosphite Domoic acid Pulmonary/ choking agents Chlorine Bromine Phosgene (CG) Fluorine Perfluoroisobutene Chloropicrin (PS) Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine Diphosgene (DP) Disulfur decafluoride (Z) Acrolein Ethyl bromoacetate Perchloromethyl mercaptan Phenylcarbylamine chloride Tetranitromethane Tetrachlorodinitroethane Chlorine trifluoride Perchloryl fluoride Cadmium oxide Cadmium chloride Mercuric chloride Selenium dioxide Selenoyl fluoride Trifluoronitrosomethane Trichloronitrosomethane Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Sulfur dioxide Phosphorus trichloride Methyl isocyanate Ethenone Methyl vinyl ketone Trifluoroacetyl chloride Salcomine Fluomine Uranium hexafluoride Diborane Green Cross Vomiting agents Adamsite (DM) Chloropicrin Litharge - glycerine Diphenylchlorarsine Diphenylcyanoarsine Cacodyl cyanide o-Dianisidine Incapacitating agents BZ (CS-4030) Apomorphine Butyrophenone EA-4941 (CS-4640) Etorphine EA-2092 CS-4297 Etoxadrol Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP) EA-2148 EA-3167 EA-3443 Pethidine EA-3580 Ibogaine EA-3834 Kolokol-1 LSD-25 PAVA spray Psilocybin Sleeping gas Carfentanil JB-318 JB-336 CS-27349 CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,668 Benperidol Desflurane Enflurane Bufotenin Isoflurane Halothane Sevoflurane Pentazocine Procarbazine Fluphenazine Chlorpromazine Lachrymatory agents Xylyl bromide Pepper spray (OC) Mace (spray) CN CS CR CNS Benzyl chloride Benzyl bromide Benzyl iodide Bromobenzyl cyanide Thiophosgene Chloroacetone Bromoacetone Bromomethyl ethyl ketone Acrolein Phenacyl bromide Chloroacetophenone oxime Ethyl bromoacetate Ethyl iodoacetate Iodoacetone Allyl isothiocyanate Hexamethylene diisocyanate Crotonaldehyde DRC-5593 Malodorant agents Thioacetone Allicin Skatole Cadaverine Putrescine Cornea-clouding agents Lewisite CX KB-16 Methyl cyanoacrylate N-Methylmorpholine Allyl alcohol Osmium tetroxide Acrolein Biological toxins Abrin Aconitine Cyclopiazonic acid Histrionicotoxins Aflatoxins Anatoxin-a Batrachotoxin Botulinum toxin Brevetoxin Ciguatoxin Domoic acid Enterotoxin type B Grayanotoxin Guanitoxin Maitotoxin Modeccin Palytoxin Ricin Saxitoxin Shiga toxin T-2 mycotoxin Tetanospasmin Tetrodotoxin Volkensin Veratridine Other Methyl fluoroacetate Napalm (variants and mixtures) Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate Depleted uranium post-combustion uranium oxides Plutonium and its compounds Polonium White phosphorus List of chemical warfare agents CB military symbol v t e Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators Enzyme ( modulators ) ChAT Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase Inhibitors: 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM-54,903 N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate AChE Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors : Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb Aminocarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Carbosulfan Chlorbufam Chloropropham Dimetilan Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Formetanate Formparanate Methiocarb Methomyl Metolcarb Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Promecarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur Thiodicarb Thiofanox ; Stigmines: Distigmine Eptastigmine Ganstigmine Neostigmine +glycopyrronium bromide Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Quilostigmine Rivastigmine Terestigmine ; Others: Acotiamide Ambenonium Caffeine Donepezil EA-3990 EA-4056 Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A Huprine W Huprine X Huprine Y Ipidacrine Itopride Ladostigil Minaprine Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide) T-1123 T-1152 T-1194 TL-599 TL-1238 Tacrine Zanapezil Irreversible: Organophosphates: 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate Acephate Armine Azinphos-ethyl Azinphos-methyl BAY-29952 Bensulide Cadusafos Carbophenothion Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Coumaphos Crotylsarin Cyanophos Cyclosarin (GF) Demephion Demeton Demeton-S-methyl Dialifor Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate Diisopropylphosphate Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Dimefox Dimethoate Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA-2012 EA-2054 EA-2098 EA-2192 EA-2613 EA-3148 EA-4352 Echothiophate Ethylsarin (GE) Endothion EPN Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fluorotabun Fonofos Formothion Fosthiazate GD-42 GH GT-45 GV Guanitoxin Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP) Isofluorophate Isoxathion Leptophos Malaoxon Malathion Mazidox Methamidophos Methidathion Methyl phenkapton Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh) Metrifonate Mevinphos Mipafox Monocrotophos MSPI Naled Novichok agent Omethoate Oxydemeton-methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion-methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosfolan Phosmet Phosphamidon Phoxim Pirimiphos-methyl Profenofos Prothoate R-16661 Ro 3-0340 Ro 3-0346 Ro 3-0347 Ro 3-0351 Ro 3-0352 Ro 3-0397 Ro 3-0411 Ro 3-0412 Ro 3-0417 Ro 3-0419 Ro 3-0422 Ro 3-0433 Ronnel Sarin (GB) Schradan Soman (GD) Sulfotep (TEDP) Tabun (GA) Tebupirimfos Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) Triazofos Tribufos Trichlorfon Trichloronate Tricresyl phosphate VE VG VM VP VS VR VX ; Others: Demecarium Fasciculins (green mamba toxins) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) Onchidal ( Onchidella binneyi ) Methanesulfonyl fluoride Unsorted: α-Pinene α-Viniferin Affinine Affinisine Arisugacin A Bulbocapnine Conodurine Coronaridine Corydaline Corynoline Crimidine Cyclanoline Cymserine Harmaline Kobophenol A Lactucopicrin Lycorine Phosacetim Rosmarinic acid Stercuronium iodide Taspine Tetrahydrocannabinol Ungeremine Ungiminorine Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride BW284C51 TMTFA 3152 CT Reactivators : Asoxime chloride Methoxime Obidoxime Pralidoxime Trimedoxime bromide BChE Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Affinine Affinisine Conodurine Cymserine Ladostigil Profenamine (ethopropazine) Rivastigmine Tacrine ZINC-12613047 Many of

560-443: Is computer software for molecular modelling chemical structures in 3-dimensions . Jmol returns a 3D representation of a molecule that may be used as a teaching tool, or for research e.g., in chemistry and biochemistry . Jmol is written in the programming language Java , so it can run on the operating systems Windows , macOS , Linux , and Unix , if Java is installed. It is free and open-source software released under

600-420: Is harmless. Hence, low levels of hydrogen sulfide may be tolerated indefinitely. Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat and cough , nausea, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs . These effects are believed to be due to hydrogen sulfide combining with alkali present in moist surface tissues to form sodium sulfide , a caustic . These symptoms usually subside in

640-409: Is involved in vasodilation in animals, as well as in increasing seed germination and stress responses in plants. Hydrogen sulfide signaling is moderated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). H 2 S has been shown to interact with NO resulting in several different cellular effects, as well as the formation of another signal called nitrosothiol. Hydrogen sulfide

680-418: Is natural gas with a high content of H 2 S . It can also be produced by treating hydrogen with molten elemental sulfur at about 450 °C. Hydrocarbons can serve as a source of hydrogen in this process. The very favorable thermodynamics for the hydrogenation of sulfur implies that the dehydrogenation (or cracking ) of hydrogen sulfide would require very high temperatures. A standard lab preparation

720-469: Is pressurized at higher temperatures, then cooled, the critical temperature reaches 203 K (−70 °C), the highest accepted superconducting critical temperature as of 2015. By substituting a small part of sulfur with phosphorus and using even higher pressures, it has been predicted that it may be possible to raise the critical temperature to above 0 °C (273 K) and achieve room-temperature superconductivity . Hydrogen sulfide decomposes without

760-845: Is to treat ferrous sulfide with a strong acid in a Kipp generator : For use in qualitative inorganic analysis , thioacetamide is used to generate H 2 S : Many metal and nonmetal sulfides, e.g. aluminium sulfide , phosphorus pentasulfide , silicon disulfide liberate hydrogen sulfide upon exposure to water: This gas is also produced by heating sulfur with solid organic compounds and by reducing sulfurated organic compounds with hydrogen. It can also be produced by mixing ammonium thiocyanate to concentrated sulphuric acid and adding water to it. Hydrogen sulfide can be generated in cells via enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways. Three enzymes catalyze formation of H 2 S : cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). CBS and CSE are

800-401: Is toxic to humans and most other animals by inhibiting cellular respiration in a manner similar to hydrogen cyanide . When it is inhaled or its salts are ingested in high amounts, damage to organs occurs rapidly with symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to convulsions and death. Despite this, the human body produces small amounts of this sulfide and its mineral salts, and uses it as

840-529: Is typically removed by amine gas treating technologies. In such processes, the hydrogen sulfide is first converted to an ammonium salt, whereas the natural gas is unaffected. The bisulfide anion is subsequently regenerated by heating of the amine sulfide solution. Hydrogen sulfide generated in this process is typically converted to elemental sulfur using the Claus Process . The underground mine gas term for foul-smelling hydrogen sulfide-rich gas mixtures

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880-645: The Bakken formation crude, possibly due to oil field practices, and presented challenges such as "health and environmental risks, corrosion of wellbore, added expense with regard to materials handling and pipeline equipment, and additional refinement requirements". Besides living near gas and oil drilling operations, ordinary citizens can be exposed to hydrogen sulfide by being near waste water treatment facilities, landfills and farms with manure storage. Exposure occurs through breathing contaminated air or drinking contaminated water. In municipal waste landfill sites ,

920-550: The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) version 2.0. A standalone application and a software development kit (SDK) exist that can be integrated into other Java applications, such as Bioclipse and Taverna . A popular feature is an applet that can be integrated into web pages to display molecules in a variety of ways. For example, molecules can be displayed as ball-and-stick models , space-filling models , ribbon diagrams , etc. Jmol supports

960-532: The Sculpt mode. Chime requires plug-in installation and Internet Explorer 6.0 or Firefox 2.0 on Microsoft Windows , or Netscape Communicator 4.8 on Mac OS 9 . Jmol requires Java installation and operates on a wide variety of platforms. For example, Jmol is fully functional in Mozilla Firefox , Internet Explorer , Opera , Google Chrome , and Safari . Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide

1000-591: The hydrosulfide ion HS . Hydrogen sulfide and its solutions are colorless. When exposed to air, it slowly oxidizes to form elemental sulfur, which is not soluble in water. The sulfide anion S is not formed in aqueous solution. At pressures above 90 GPa ( gigapascal ), hydrogen sulfide becomes a metallic conductor of electricity. When cooled below a critical temperature this high-pressure phase exhibits superconductivity . The critical temperature increases with pressure, ranging from 23 K at 100 GPa to 150 K at 200 GPa. If hydrogen sulfide

1040-514: The Kraft process), tanneries and sewerage . H 2 S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes in contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Depending on environmental conditions, it is responsible for deterioration of material through the action of some sulfur oxidizing microorganisms. It is called biogenic sulfide corrosion . In 2011 it was reported that increased concentrations of H 2 S were observed in

1080-540: The burial of organic material rapidly leads to the production of anaerobic digestion within the waste mass and, with the humid atmosphere and relatively high temperature that accompanies biodegradation , biogas is produced as soon as the air within the waste mass has been reduced. If there is a source of sulfate bearing material, such as plasterboard or natural gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), under anaerobic conditions sulfate reducing bacteria converts this to hydrogen sulfide. These bacteria cannot survive in air but

1120-590: The corresponding metal sulfides. Oxidic ores are sometimes treated with hydrogen sulfide to give the corresponding metal sulfides which are more readily purified by flotation . Metal parts are sometimes passivated with hydrogen sulfide. Catalysts used in hydrodesulfurization are routinely activated with hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide was a reagent in the qualitative inorganic analysis of metal ions. In these analyses, heavy metal (and nonmetal ) ions (e.g., Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), As(III)) are precipitated from solution upon exposure to H 2 S . The components of

1160-519: The cysteine catabolic pathway. Dietary amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine serve as the primary substrates for the transulfuration pathways and in the production of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide can also be derived from proteins such as ferredoxins and Rieske proteins . Sulfate-reducing (resp. sulfur-reducing ) bacteria generate usable energy under low-oxygen conditions by using sulfates (resp. elemental sulfur) to oxidize organic compounds or hydrogen; this produces hydrogen sulfide as

1200-409: The largest industrial source of H 2 S is petroleum refineries : The hydrodesulfurization process liberates sulfur from petroleum by the action of hydrogen. The resulting H 2 S is converted to elemental sulfur by partial combustion via the Claus process , which is a major source of elemental sulfur. Other anthropogenic sources of hydrogen sulfide include coke ovens, paper mills (using

1240-420: The main proponents of H 2 S biogenesis, which follows the trans-sulfuration pathway. These enzymes have been identified in a breadth of biological cells and tissues, and their activity is induced by a number of disease states. These enzymes are characterized by the transfer of a sulfur atom from methionine to serine to form a cysteine molecule. 3-MST also contributes to hydrogen sulfide production by way of

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1280-579: The mitochondrial electron transport chain, which effectively reduces ATP generation and biochemical activity within cells. Hydrogen sulfide is mainly consumed as a precursor to elemental sulfur. This conversion, called the Claus process , involves partial oxidation to sulfur dioxide. The latter reacts with hydrogen sulfide to give elemental sulfur. The conversion is catalyzed by alumina. Many fundamental organosulfur compounds are produced using hydrogen sulfide. These include methanethiol , ethanethiol , and thioglycolic acid . Hydrosulfides can be used in

1320-474: The moist, warm, anaerobic conditions of buried waste that contains a high source of carbon – in inert landfills, paper and glue used in the fabrication of products such as plasterboard can provide a rich source of carbon – is an excellent environment for the formation of hydrogen sulfide. In industrial anaerobic digestion processes, such as waste water treatment or the digestion of organic waste from agriculture , hydrogen sulfide can be formed from

1360-1709: The other AChE inhibitors listed above Transporter ( modulators ) CHT Tooltip Choline transporter Inhibitors: Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine) Triethylcholine Enhancers: Coluracetam VAChT Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter Inhibitors: Vesamicol Release ( modulators ) Inhibitors SNAP-25 Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 inactivators: Botulinum toxin ( A , C , E ) VAMP Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein inactivators: Botulinum toxin ( B , D , F , G ) Others: Bungarotoxins ( β-bungarotoxin , γ-bungarotoxin ) Enhancers LPHN Tooltip Latrophilin agonists: α-Latrotoxin Others: Atracotoxins (e.g., robustoxin , versutoxin ) Crotoxin See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GS-7&oldid=1164200087 " Categories : Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Methyl esters Phosphoramidodithioates Hidden categories: Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without InChI source Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata JSmol Jmol

1400-480: The production of thiophenol . Upon combining with alkali metal bases, hydrogen sulfide converts to alkali hydrosulfides such as sodium hydrosulfide and sodium sulfide : Sodium sulfides are used in the paper making industry. Specifically, salts of SH break bonds between lignin and cellulose components of pulp in the Kraft process . As indicated above, many metal ions react with hydrogen sulfide to give

1440-435: The reduction of sulfate and the degradation of amino acids and proteins within organic compounds. Sulfates are relatively non-inhibitory to methane forming bacteria but can be reduced to H 2 S by sulfate reducing bacteria , of which there are several genera. A number of processes have been designed to remove hydrogen sulfide from drinking water . Hydrogen sulfide is commonly found in raw natural gas and biogas. It

1480-729: The resulting solid are then identified by their reactivity. Hydrogen sulfide is used to separate deuterium oxide, or heavy water , from normal water via the Girdler sulfide process . A suspended animation-like state has been induced in rodents with the use of hydrogen sulfide, resulting in hypothermia with a concomitant reduction in metabolic rate. Oxygen demand was also reduced, thereby protecting against hypoxia . In addition, hydrogen sulfide has been shown to reduce inflammation in various situations. Volcanoes and some hot springs (as well as cold springs ) emit some H 2 S . Hydrogen sulfide can be present naturally in well water, often as

1520-638: The sense of smell, creating temporary anosmia , so victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. Safe handling procedures are provided by its safety data sheet (SDS) . Since hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the body, the environment, and the gut, enzymes exist to metabolize it. At some threshold level, believed to average around 300–350 ppm, the oxidative enzymes become overwhelmed. Many personal safety gas detectors, such as those used by utility, sewage and petrochemical workers, are set to alarm at as low as 5 to 10 ppm and to go into high alarm at 15 ppm. Metabolism causes oxidation to sulfate, which

1560-460: The toning add to the numismatic value of a coin based on aesthetics, as the toning may produce thin-film interference , resulting in the coin taking on an attractive coloration. Coins can also be intentionally treated with hydrogen sulfide to induce toning, though artificial toning can be distinguished from natural toning, and is generally criticised among collectors. Hydrogen sulfide is most commonly obtained by its separation from sour gas , which

1600-462: Was discovered, Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini hypothesized in his 1713 book De Morbis Artificum Diatriba that occupational diseases of sewer-workers and blackening of coins in their clothes may be caused by an unknown invisible volatile acid (moreover, in late 18th century toxic gas emanation from Paris sewers became a problem for the citizens and authorities). Although very pungent at first (it smells like rotten eggs ), it quickly deadens

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