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102-458: Gouraud may refer to: Aimee Gouraud, better known as Aimée Crocker (1864–1941) American heiress and adventuress François Fauvel Gouraud (1808–1847), French expert on daguerreotypes George Edward Gouraud (1842–1912), American phonograph recording pioneer Henri Gouraud (general) (1867–1946), French World War I general Henri Gouraud (computer scientist) (born 1944) from France, nephew of

204-688: A Robinson Crusoe -themed party in Parisian treetops in 1905. At a country circus party at the Hippodrome , then the largest theater in New York, she appeared as a dairy maid and arrived on the back of an elephant. Her co-host that evening was the legendary scallywag/carnival barker Wilson Mizner , who would later become a co-owner of the Brown Derby restaurants in Los Angeles . Crocker knew

306-549: A theosophist . Crocker met her third husband, songwriter Jackson Gouraud, at a Buddhist colony that she organized (said to be the first in Manhattan). Gouraud wrote the ragtime melodies “Keep Your Eye on Your Friend, Mr. Johnson,” “She's a 'Spectable Married Colored Lady,” “I'se Workin'—I'se Hustlin,” “He's My Soft Shell Crab on Toast,” and “My Jetney Queen.” He set the town singing with the broadly comic number-one hit of his song writing career, “Waldorf-Hyphen-Astoria.” Marrying

408-940: A Berkeley professor. In 1944, UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges, the descendants of the State Normal Schools. In 1958, the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses, thereby creating UCSB (1958), UC Davis (1959), UC Riverside (1959), UC San Diego (1960), and UCSF (1964). Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion. In response to California's continued population growth, UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965, with UC Irvine opening in Irvine and UC Santa Cruz opening in Santa Cruz . The youngest campus, UC Merced opened in fall 2005 to serve

510-497: A Spanish bullfighter. In 1883, Crocker made headlines when she was traveling to Los Angeles on her honeymoon with first husband Porter Ashe. The train carrying the eloping couple broke loose at the summit of a hill in Tehachapi, killing twenty-one people and seriously injuring another twelve. Ashe, whose forefathers had given their name to Asheville, North Carolina and whose uncle was the great Civil War Admiral David Farragut ,

612-449: A billion dollars (about a third of the university's core budget for academic operations) in exchange for a funding formula lasting until 2011. The agreement calls for modest annual increases in state funds (but not enough to replace the loss in state funds Dynes and Schwarzenegger agreed to), private fundraising to help pay for basic programs, and large student fee hikes, especially for graduate and professional students. A detailed analysis of

714-629: A complete university, within which the assets of the College of California would be used to create a College of Letters (now known as the College of Letters and Science ). Accordingly, the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was introduced as a bill by Assemblyman John W. Dwinelle on March 5, 1868, and after it was duly passed by both houses of the state legislature, it

816-548: A confederation of independent universities, similar to the situation in Kansas (from where he was recruited). Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal, Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as "Murphy's rebellion", and therefore Kerr's vision of UC as a university system prevailed: "one university with pluralistic decision-making". During the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at

918-543: A lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier (for post-secondary degrees, the college was graduating only three or four students per year). In November 1857, the college's trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus to the north of Oakland. But first, they needed to secure the college's water rights by buying

1020-564: A large farm to the east. In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $ 35,000 to purchase the land, plus another $ 33,000 to purchase 160 acres (650,000 m ) of land to the south of the future campus . The association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town . But sales of new homesteads fell short. Governor Frederick Low favored

1122-486: A mansion on or near campus that is usually known as University House , where they host social functions attended by guests and donors. Berkeley's University House formerly served as the official residence of the UC president, but is now the official residence of Berkeley's chancellor. UCSD's University House was closed from 2004 to 2014 for $ 10.5 million in renovations paid for by private donors, which were so expensive because

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1224-499: A merger of the already-functional College of California (which had land, buildings, faculty, and students, but not enough money) with the nonfunctional state college (which had money and nothing else), and went on to participate in the ensuing negotiations. On October 9, 1867, the college's trustees reluctantly agreed to join forces with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition—that there not be simply an "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College", but

1326-636: A murder attempt by knife-throwing servants in Shanghai ; three weeks in the harem of Bhurlana (She claimed to be the first English speaking woman who had ever seen the inside of a harem); a search for Kaivalya (Liberation) at the cave of the Great Yogin Bhojaveda in Poona ; and two bizarre sensual experiences, one with an Indian boa constrictor , and another with a Chinese violin in "the House of

1428-513: A placeholder to secure federal land-grant funds . Meanwhile, Congregational minister Henry Durant , an alumnus of Yale , had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20, 1853, in Oakland , California. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in downtown Oakland (and is marked today by State Historical Plaque No. 45 at

1530-473: A score of speculations, none of which proved successful. He spent a small fortune on horse racing studs, and then sold off many of them to settle gambling debts. His friendship with actress Lillie Langtry was the source of much gossip. The breakup of Crocker's first marriage became a national scandal after Porter and his brother, Sidney, kidnapped Alma in Los Angeles, while Crocker and her mother attended

1632-1114: A showman was controversial at the time to her family and peers as Jackson was considered an "upper servant" at best and beneath the dignity of New York high society. Jackson's father, George Edward Gouraud , was himself an internationally known figure who acted as an agent for Thomas Edison in Europe. He helped found the Edison Telephone Company of London, and a number of European companies using Edison's technology. Crocker and Gouraud adopted three children, Reginald, Yvonne and Dolores (she would later adopt another daughter, Yolanda), and acquired numerous bulldogs. The couple lived in Oriental-themed homes in Manhattan and on Long Island . They also had tattoos of each other's initials inscribed inside coiling snakes. Crocker then reunited with her daughter, Gladys, who went on to marry Gouraud's brother, Powers, making her daughter (who

1734-677: A single faculty member ( Martin Kellogg ) was hired by the new university. By April 1869, the trustees had second thoughts about their agreement to donate the college's assets and disincorporate. To get them to proceed, regent John B. Felton helped them bring a "friendly suit" against the university to test the agreement's legality—which they promptly lost. The University of California's second president, Daniel Coit Gilman , opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873. Section 8 of

1836-563: A three-year affair with literary genius and columnist Edgar Saltus , an internationally known figure of the Decadent movement . Saltus wrote books about Honore de Balzac and the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer . He wrote two well received historical novels about the debauchery of the Roman emperors and the Russian czars. Saltus also wrote a tome about the history of atheism. He later became

1938-419: A wedding. Charges and counter charges made daily news during the custody battle. Courthouse proceedings attracted a crowd of hundreds. In spite of Ashe's reputation as a notorious gambler, his kidnapping charge and a weapons charge, he was awarded sole custody of Alma. Crocker was considered the more unsettled of the pair. The child was later adopted by Crocker's mother who changed her name to Gladys. After

2040-494: A well-known " Delsartean " lifestyle coach, an actor, an apostle of Madame Helena Blavatsky , and Aimée Crocker's portrait painter. In 1910, Gouraud died of an acute attack of tonsillitis. The devastated heiress was hospitalized in Paris. Later that year, a publicity tour for her first book catapulted her into the spotlight. For the next 20 years she was America's most eccentric personality whose every move made headlines. She changed

2142-555: Is not governed by the regents. In contrast, Toland Medical College (founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873) and later, the dental, pharmacy, and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements, and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions. In the early 20th century, the Affiliated Colleges (as they came to be called) began to agree to submit to

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2244-458: Is the state's land-grant university . In 1900, UC was one of the founders of the Association of American Universities and since the 1970s seven of its campuses, in addition to Berkeley, have been admitted to the association. Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and San Diego are considered Public Ivies , making California the state with the most universities in

2346-554: The California Community Colleges system. UC is governed by a Board of Regents whose autonomy from the rest of the state government is protected by the state constitution. The University of California also manages or co-manages three national laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The University of California

2448-598: The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) for 2020, while UC Irvine , UC Santa Barbara , and UC Davis ranked in the top 100 universities in the world. Forbes also ranked the six UC campuses mentioned above as being in the top 50 universities in America in 2021. Forbes also named the top three public universities in America as all being UC campuses, namely, Berkeley, UCLA, and UCSD, and ranked three more campuses, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Irvine as being among

2550-575: The Constitution of the State of California . Eighteen regents are appointed by the governor for 12-year terms. One member is a student appointed for a one-year term. There are also seven ex officio members—the governor , lieutenant governor , speaker of the State Assembly , State Superintendent of Public Instruction , president and vice president of the UC alumni associations, and

2652-875: The Percy Sladen Expedition to Africa, where in the high forests of the British Cameroons, he reportedly encountered a large unclassified animal Mokèlé-mbèmbé , and the Ruth Harkness Asiatic Expedition to Tibet, where he captured the first live giant panda. Russell also led two expeditions in the Himalayas in search of a yeti—the Daily Mail Expedition of 1954 and the Slick Johnson Snowman Expedition of 1958. In 1875,

2754-689: The Sacramento Historic City Cemetery . The brass urns holding both her ashes and the ashes of her third husband, Jackson Gouraud, were stolen. University of California The University of California ( UC ) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California . Headquartered in Oakland , the system is composed of its ten campuses at Berkeley , Davis , Irvine , Los Angeles , Merced , Riverside , San Diego , San Francisco , Santa Barbara , and Santa Cruz , along with numerous research centers and academic centers abroad. The system

2856-546: The San Joaquin Valley . After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system, supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future. With decentralization complete, it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at

2958-629: The Selden Williams House , a 6,400-square-foot (590 m ) house in Berkeley, for $ 6.5 million to serve as the UC president's official residence. UC had previously owned the same home from 1971 to 1991, when it served as the official residence of the UC vice president. (UC no longer has a single "vice president"; the president's direct reports now have titles like "executive vice president", "senior vice president", or "vice president". ) All UC chancellors traditionally live for free in

3060-592: The United Auto Workers (UAW) union. UAW alleged more than 20 unfair labor practice charges against UC, including unilateral changes in policy and obstructing worker negotiation. The strike lasted almost six weeks, officially ending on December 23. All University of California campuses except the College of the Law in San Francisco are governed by the Regents of the University of California as required by

3162-562: The Western Association of Schools and Colleges , the regional accreditor of the UC schools, criticized the UC system for "significant problems in governance, leadership and decision making" and "confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university president, the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear lines of authority and boundaries". In 2016, university system officials admitted that they monitored all e-mails sent to and from their servers. At present,

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3264-475: The 12,000-square-foot structure sits on top of a sacred Native American cemetery and next to an unstable coastal bluff. Not all chancellors prefer to live on campus; at Santa Barbara, Chancellor Robert Huttenback found that campus's University House to be unsatisfactory, then was convicted in 1988 of embezzlement for his unauthorized use of university funds to improve his off-campus residence. The State of California currently (2021–2022) spends $ 3.467 billion on

3366-576: The 2000s and 2010s, UC quietly began to admit higher percentages of highly accomplished (and more lucrative) students from other states and countries, but was forced to reverse course in 2015 in response to the inevitable public outcry and start admitting more California residents. On November 14, 2022, about 48,000 academic workers at all ten UC campuses, as well as the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , went on strike for higher pay and benefits as authorized by

3468-708: The Berkeley campus, and the UC Office of the President moved to Kaiser Center in Oakland in 1989. That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as "too elegant and too corporate for a public university". In 1998, the Office of the President moved again, to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California in Oakland. The Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC must admit undergraduates from

3570-439: The Berkeley campus, and were headed by provosts who were subordinate to the president. In March 1951, the regents reorganized the university's governing structure. Starting with the 1952–53 academic year, day-to-day "chief executive officer" functions for the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses were transferred to chancellors who were vested with a high degree of autonomy, and reported as equals to UC's president. As noted above,

3672-579: The Berkeley campus. California farmers lobbied for UC to perform applied research responsive to their immediate needs; in 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" at Davis and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at Riverside as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1912, UC acquired a private oceanography laboratory in San Diego, which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with

3774-575: The Catholic Church) with one of her most recent admirers. A little later, with a twelve-foot snake twined round her neck, she appeared in La Danse de Cobra. When her guests backed away from the snake's emerald eyes and darting tongue, she exclaimed, “It's as gentle as a powder puff." Because of her frenetic and lascivious lifestyle, Crocker was shunned by much of New York society including some members of her extended family. The public, however,

3876-524: The Compact by the Academic Senate "Futures Report" indicated, despite the large fee increases, the university core budget did not recover to 2000 levels. Undergraduate student fees have risen 90% from 2003 to 2007. In 2011, for the first time in UC's history, student fees exceeded contributions from the State of California. The First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco ruled in 2007 that

3978-766: The Ivory Panels." After touring off and on in “the Orient” for over six years she began appearing at social events in San Francisco and New York sporting tattoos, wearing snakes around her neck at parties and declaring her love for the Buddha . Crocker also wrote about her Far East adventures in a book of short stories published in 1910, Moon Madness and Other Fantasies, which her publisher called "arabesques" and she described as "memoirs in fiction form." During her marriage to Gillig, Crocker had several affairs with powerful Asian men, which were chronicled in her memoirs. She had

4080-468: The Mizner family from her San Francisco days and was linked romantically in print to Wilson's brother Lans. Another memorable appearance was as Madame de Pompadour , Louis XV 's mistress, in a costume party in Paris, and yet another gala that she hosted where her pet boa constrictor, Kaa, was the guest of honor. Crocker's crowning achievement as “Entertainer of Entertainers,” which received press all over

4182-602: The Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff to the Regents of the University of California share an office building in downtown Oakland that serves as the UC system's headquarters. Kerr's vision for UC governance was "one university with pluralistic decision-making". In other words, the internal delegation of operational authority to chancellors at the campus level and allowing nine other campuses to become separate centers of academic life independent of Berkeley did not change

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4284-497: The Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self-sustaining professional colleges. "Affiliation" meant UC and its affiliates would "share the risk in launching new endeavors in education". The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university's brand, and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties, but

4386-463: The Sahara"; and legendary French actor Édouard de Max , “The Most Beautiful Man in Paris.” Another notable suitor during this period was famous ceremonial magician, occultist, Tantra master and hedonist Aleister Crowley , who wrote about their memorable decade-long affair in graphic detail in his journals. He proposed marriage to Crocker nearly every time he saw her or wrote to her. Though she kept

4488-519: The UC budget. While state funding has somewhat recovered, as of 2019 state support still lags behind even recent historic levels (e.g. 2001) when adjusted for inflation. According to the California Public Policy Institute, California spends 12% of its General Fund on higher education, but that percentage is divided between the University of California, California State University and California Community Colleges. Over

4590-513: The UC president and regents, and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California, San Francisco. Section 1 of the Organic Act authorized the university to "provide instruction and complete education" in many different fields and professions, but the text of the Organic Act is notably silent about research . It was not until the 1930s, during the administration of President Sproul, that UC's mission drifted away from its traditional focus on instruction—which became

4692-555: The UC president. The Academic Senate, made up of faculty members, is empowered by the regents to set academic policies. In addition, the system-wide faculty chair and vice-chair sit on the Board of Regents as non-voting members. Originally, the president was the chief executive of the first campus, Berkeley. In turn, other UC locations (with the exception of the Hastings College of the Law) were treated as off-site departments of

4794-410: The UC system officially describes itself as a "ten campus" system consisting of the campuses listed below. These campuses are under the direct control of the regents and president. Only ten campuses are listed on the official UC letterhead. Although it shares the name and public status of the UC system, the College of the Law, San Francisco (formerly Hastings College of the Law) is not controlled by

4896-410: The UC system, out of total UC operating revenues of $ 41.6 billion. The "UC Budget for Current Operations" lists the medical centers as the largest revenue source, contributing 39% of the budget, the federal government 11%, Core Funds (State General Funds, UC General Funds, student tuition) 21%, private support (gifts, grants, endowments) 7% ,and Sales and Services at 21%. In 1980, the state funded 86.8% of

4998-426: The UC system, while Clark Kerr became Berkeley's first chancellor and Raymond B. Allen became the first chancellor of UCLA. However, the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies, and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as UC president that UC was able to evolve into a university system from 1957 to 1960. At that time, chancellors were appointed for additional campuses and each

5100-550: The University of California owed nearly $ 40 million in refunds to about 40,000 students who were promised that their tuition fees would remain steady, but were hit with increases when the state ran short of money in 2003. In September 2019, the University of California announced it will divest its $ 83 billion in endowment and pension funds from the fossil fuel industry, ostensibly to avoid the "financial risk" inherent in that industry because of climate change , but also in response to pleas to stop investing in fossil fuel. In 2008,

5202-476: The affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees, charged their own tuition and fees, and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget. It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding. In 1879, California adopted its second and current constitution , which included unusually strong language to ensure UC's independence from

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5304-403: The city of San Francisco was destroyed by the fire from the 1906 earthquake , William Crocker and his bank were major forces in financing reconstruction. William's wife Ethel was one of the leading California patrons of French Impressionist art. Crocker's grandson Gerald Russell was a naturalist, an adventurer and a cryptozoologist who headed several very well publicized expeditions including

5406-501: The direct control of the Board of Regents. In 1886, the Supreme Court of California declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC's independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act. To this day, the College of the Law (which dropped Hastings from its name in 2023) remains a UC affiliate, maintains its own board of directors, and

5508-537: The early 1900s when their lavish mansion on Long Island Sound burned to the ground, and when, on another occasion, several of Crocker's prize winning French bulldogs were poisoned. The power couple was known to go on "slumming" tours through the dregs of lower New York City with good friend and self-proclaimed mayor of Chinatown Chuck Connors, whom Crocker claimed silently ruled the underworld. Around this time, Crocker began hosting lavish parties that shocked and embarrassed New York's conservative upper crust. She threw

5610-571: The establishment of a state university based upon the University of Michigan plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California. At the College of California's 1867 commencement exercises , where Low was present, Yale University professor Benjamin Silliman Jr. criticized Californians for establishing a polytechnic school , instead of a real university. That same day, Low reportedly first suggested

5712-512: The exception of the departments of Sociology, History, and English. UC Davis , UC Irvine and UC Santa Barbara ranked in the top 50 in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, with the exception of UC Santa Barbara's Psychology and Political Science departments, according to U.S. News & World Report . UC Santa Cruz and UC Riverside ranked in

5814-446: The fact that all campuses remain part of one legal entity. As a 1968 UC centennial coffee table book explained: "Yet for all its campuses, colleges, schools, institutes, and research stations, it remains one University, under one Board of Regents and one president—the University of California." UC continues to take a "united approach" as one university in matters in which it inures to UC's advantage to do so, such as when negotiating with

5916-666: The first UC site outside of Berkeley to achieve de jure coequal status with the Berkeley campus. That month, the regents approved a reorganization plan under which both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses would be supervised by chancellors reporting to the UC president. However, the 1951 plan was severely flawed; it was overly vague about how the chancellors were to become the "executive heads" of their campuses. Due to stubborn resistance from President Sproul and several vice presidents and deans—who simply carried on as before—the chancellors ended up as glorified provosts with limited control over academic affairs and long-range planning while

6018-472: The first woman to hold the office of UC President. On July 7, 2020, Dr. Michael V. Drake , a former UC chancellor and medical research professor, was selected as the 21st president of the University of California system, making him the first black president to hold the office in UC's 152-year history. He took office on August 1, 2020. Besides substantial six-figure incomes, the UC president and all UC chancellors enjoy controversial perks such as free housing in

6120-546: The form of university-maintained mansions. In 1962, Anson Blake's will donated his 10-acre (40,000 m ) estate ( Blake Garden ) and mansion (Blake House) in Kensington to the University of California's Department of Landscape Architecture. In 1968, the regents decided to make Blake House the official residence of the UC president. As of 2005, it cost around $ 300,000 per year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House;

6222-517: The general Violette Gouraud-Morris (1893–1944), French athlete See also [ edit ] Gouraud shading , a shading algorithm invented by the computer scientist Henri Gouraud Fort Gouraud Rue Gouraud in Lebanon All pages with titles beginning with Gouraud All pages with titles containing Gouraud Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

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6324-636: The grand opening of the Folies Bergère Theater in Rennold Wolf's vaudeville “profane satire” piece Hell , with music by Irving Berlin . Another Aimée Crocker-inspired character would turn up in a modern society comedy "The Lassoo," by Victor Mapes , a few years later at the Lyceum. Broadway legend George M. Cohan wrote a comedy "Broadway Jones," and a musical "Billie," with an Aimée Crocker character. The Gourauds made headlines in

6426-467: The latter, built in 1926, is a 13,239-square-foot (1,229.9 m ) mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay. Blake House has sat vacant since President Dynes departed in 2008, due to the high cost of needed seismic strengthening and renovating its dilapidated interior (estimated at $ 3.5 million in 2013). From 2008 to 2022, all three UC presidents during that timeframe (i.e., Yudof, Napolitano, and Drake) lived in rented homes. In 2022, UC finally purchased

6528-502: The legislature and governor in Sacramento. The University of California continues to manage certain matters at the systemwide level in order to maintain common standards across all campuses, such as student admissions, appointment and promotion of faculty, and approval of academic programs. All UC presidents had been white men until 2013, when former Homeland Security Secretary , and Governor of Arizona , Janet Napolitano became

6630-594: The longest continuously operating art museum in the West with, for a time, the largest private collection in the country. Crocker was the first cousin of William Henry Crocker , humanitarian and president of three West Coast institutions: the Crocker Bank (once the fourteenth largest bank in the nation), the University of California Board of Regents, and the California Academy of Sciences . When much of

6732-572: The medical and health sciences. In addition, the University of California College of the Law located in San Francisco is legally affiliated with UC and shares its name but is otherwise autonomous. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education , the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also includes the California State University system and

6834-418: The name Gouraud for the rest of her life, Crocker went on to marry and divorce two more times, both to Russian princes decades younger than herself. Her fourth husband, Alexander Miskinoff, caused a stir on two continents when he was accused of having an extramarital affair with Crocker's then 15-year-old adopted daughter, Yvonne. Aimée would marry her fifth and final husband, Prince Mstislav Galitzine , when she

6936-616: The nation to hold the title. UC campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline , with UC faculty and researchers having won 71 Nobel Prizes as of 2021. The system's ten campuses have a combined student body of 295,573 students, 25,400 faculty members, 173,300 staff members and over two million living alumni . Its newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students; one campus, UC San Francisco , enrolls only graduate and professional students in

7038-443: The northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin). In turn, the academy's trustees were granted a charter in 1855 for a College of California , though the college continued to operate as a college preparatory school until it added college-level courses in 1860. The college's trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education (especially the study of the Greek and Roman classics ), but ran into

7140-412: The past forty years, state funding of higher education has dropped from 18% to 12%, resulting in a drop in UC's per student funding from $ 23,000 in 2016 to a current $ 8,000 per year per student. In May 2004, UC President Robert C. Dynes and CSU Chancellor Charles B. Reed struck a private deal, called the "Higher Education Compact", with Governor Schwarzenegger . They agreed to slash spending by about

7242-481: The president and the regents retained de facto control over everything else. Upon becoming president in October 1957, Clark Kerr supervised UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960. Kerr's reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself, as well as

7344-618: The primary state-supported academic agency for research". In August 1882, the California State Normal School (whose original normal school in San Jose is now San Jose State University ) opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. In 1887, the Los Angeles school was granted its own board of trustees independent of the San Jose school, and in 1919,

7446-632: The province of the California State University—and towards research. Sproul started to speak of UC's missions as "teaching, research, and public service", which remains true today. Thus, UC evolved into a research university whose faculty and staff would perform research to contribute directly to society, as opposed to indirect contributions by instructing students to equip them with the skills needed to later perform research in their own careers. The Master Plan for Higher Education, as enacted into state law in 1960, provides that UC "shall be

7548-534: The public humiliation of losing her child to her ex-husband, Crocker decided to accept an invitation that she had received years earlier by King Kalākaua to tour Hawaii, then known as the Sandwich Islands. Kalākaua was so enamored of Crocker that he gave her one of his islands and an official title: Princess Palaikalani—Bliss of Heaven. She found an occasional traveling companion in her second husband, Henry Mansfield Gillig, whom she married in 1889. Gillig

7650-484: The radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves. In 1965, UCLA Chancellor Franklin D. Murphy tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion: he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents, thereby rendering the UC president redundant. Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into

7752-582: The regents or president; it has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly from the Legislature. However, under the California Education Code, Hastings degrees are awarded in the name of the regents and bear the signature of the UC president. Furthermore, Education Code section 92201 states that Hastings "is affiliated with the University of California, and is the law department thereof". Annually, UC campuses are ranked highly by various publications. Six UC campuses rank in

7854-405: The regents promoted five additional UC locations to campuses and allowed them to have chancellors of their own in a series of decisions from 1958 to 1964, and the three campuses added since then have also been run by chancellors. In turn, all chancellors (again, with the exception of Hastings) report as equals to the University of California President. Today, the UC Office of the President (UCOP) and

7956-467: The regents' governance during the term of President Benjamin Ide Wheeler , as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control. While Hastings remained independent, the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of

8058-493: The rest of the state government . This had lasting consequences for the Hastings College of the Law , which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founder Serranus Clinton Hastings . After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors, the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under

8160-546: The spelling of her name from “Amy” to “Aimée” for the book and moved her children to an estate in Paris dubbed “The House of Fantasy.” Crocker would live off and on for the next 27 years in the City of Light, throwing sensational and neurotic parties and housing young artists and exiled Russian nobles. She briefly lived in an artist colony at Hôtel Biron whose other residents included Henri Matisse , Auguste Rodin , Jean Cocteau and Isadora Duncan . After Gouraud's death, Crocker

8262-525: The state electorate severely limited long-term property tax revenue by enacting Proposition 13 in 1978, UC was forced to make up for the resulting collapse in state financial support by imposing a variety of fees which were tuition in all but name. On November 18, 2010, the regents finally gave up on the longstanding legal fiction that UC does not charge tuition by renaming the Educational Fee to "Tuition". As part of its search for funds during

8364-771: The state legislature transferred it to UC control and renamed it the Southern Branch of the University of California. In 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles ; the "at" would be replaced with a comma in 1958. Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco in the 1920 census to become the most populous metropolis in California. Because Los Angeles had become the state government's single largest source of both tax revenue and votes, its residents felt entitled to demand more prestige and autonomy for their campus. Their efforts bore fruit in March 1951, when UCLA became

8466-466: The ten-year-old Crocker inherited $ 10 million (approximately $ 277,455,000 today) when her father "E.B." died. In 1880, her mother Margaret decided to send the boy-crazy Amy to a finishing school in Dresden, Germany. There she was presented at court and had her first love affair and engagement with Prince Alexander of Saxe Weimar. Crocker broke off the engagement and quickly had a brief entanglement with

8568-513: The title Gouraud . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouraud&oldid=1150998094 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aim%C3%A9e Crocker Crocker

8670-709: The top 12.5% (one-eighth) of graduating high school seniors in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was to admit undergraduates from the top 15%. UC does not currently adhere to all tenets of the original Master Plan, such as the directives that no campus was to exceed total enrollment of 27,500 students (in order to ensure quality) and that public higher education should be tuition-free for California residents. Five campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, and San Diego, each have current total enrollment at over 30,000, and of these five, all but Irvine have undergraduate enrollments over 30,000. After

8772-606: The top 20 in World University Rankings. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranked UCSF , UC Davis , UC Irvine , and UC Santa Barbara in the top 50 US National Universities and in the top 100 World Universities in 2020. Berkeley , UCLA , and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 50 universities in the world according to both the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021 and

8874-453: The top 20 public universities in America in 2021. The six aforementioned campuses are all considered Public Ivies . The QS World University Rankings for 2021 ranked three UC campuses: Berkeley, UCLA and UC San Diego as being in the top 100 universities in the world. Individual academic departments also rank highly among the UC campuses. The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked Berkeley as being among

8976-412: The top 5 universities in the nation in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, and ranked UCLA in the top 20 in the same departments. U.S. News & World Report also ranked the same departments at UC San Diego among the top 20 in the nation, with

9078-404: The top 50 U.S. National Universities of 2022 by U.S. News & World Report , with UCLA , Berkeley , UC Santa Barbara , UC San Diego , UC Irvine , and UC Davis all ranked in the top 50. Four UC campuses also ranked in the top 50 in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings in 2021, namely Berkeley , UCLA , UCSF , and UC San Diego . UCSF is ranked as one of

9180-618: The top universities in biomedicine in the world and the UCSF School of Medicine is ranked 3rd in the United States among research-oriented medical schools and for primary care by U.S. News & World Report . Three UC campuses: Berkeley , UCLA , and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 15 universities in the US according to the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) US National University Rankings and also in

9282-470: The world, would be “The Dance of All Nations.” The program that evening featured the very frank “Salome” dance, the curious Vienna Viggle, and the “cannibal” dancer Dogmeena, whose costume consisted of coconut oil and a red sash, and who enthusiastically danced in La Danse des Igorrotes. Crocker, appearing in pearls “that would clothe a baby and ransom a king,” delighted the company when she danced La Madrilena, an Argentine tango (then denounced and forbidden by

9384-538: Was 61 and he was 26. When asked by a friend who lost count of her marriages whether Mstislav was her fifth or sixth husband, she said, “The prince is my twelfth husband if I include in my matrimonial list seven Oriental husbands, not registered under the laws of the Occident.” Crocker died on February 7, 1941. She was interred in the Crocker family plot along with her third husband, Jackson, and two of her daughters in

9486-625: Was a Navy commodore , a prestidigitator , and a respected amateur opera singer who cultivated his voice under the Polish master Jean de Reszke . Crocker's 1936 autobiography, And I'd Do It Again , chronicles many adventures the heiress had while touring the Far East, sometimes with Gillig and sometimes traveling alone including: an escape from headhunters in Borneo , a poisoning in Hong Kong ;

9588-564: Was already legally her sister) a sister-in-law. The couple became well known Broadway “First Nighters” attending all of the opening nights of the biggest plays at the grandest theaters. Crocker befriended all of the popular performers of the era including Anna Held , David Belasco , John Drew , and the Barrymore family . Her good friend, Italian tenor Enrico Caruso , often visited and sometimes performed at her New York homes. Crocker would eventually be invited to play herself on Broadway at

9690-464: Was born Amy Isabella Crocker on December 5, 1864, in Sacramento, California , to Judge Edwin B. Crocker and his second wife Margaret (née Rhodes). Crocker was the sixth child in a family of four girls, two boys, and a half sister. Three of the children died young. She was the younger sister of Jennie Louise Crocker Fassett , who was the wife of NY Congressman Jacob Sloat Fassett . Crocker's father

9792-435: Was credited with pulling people to safety. The New York Times reported that Ashe “exhibited a great deal of cool heroism at the burning of the cars. After drawing his wife and her maid through the window of the sleeper, he rescued ex-California Governor John G. Downey from between broken timbers, and saved his life.” Not long after the birth of their daughter, Alma, Crocker and Ashe's marriage collapsed. Ashe plunged into

9894-559: Was founded on March 23, 1868, and operated in Oakland , where it absorbed the assets of the College of California before moving to Berkeley in 1873. It also affiliated itself with independent medical and law schools in San Francisco. Over the next eight decades, several branch locations and satellite programs were established across the state. In March 1951, the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus in Berkeley , with UC President Robert Gordon Sproul staying in place as chief executive of

9996-581: Was granted some degree of greater autonomy. In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state university. Taking advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts , the California State Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. However, it existed only on paper, as

10098-510: Was mesmerized by her. The Philadelphia Inquirer named her "The Most Fascinating Woman of Her Age" and "The Queen of Bohemia." The Bohemian set in New York worshiped her. They were spellbound by the adventurous stories of the well-traveled heiress. They were impressed by her bevy of young male admirers. They were inspired by the guest lists at her gatherings, which were brimming with both illustrious and infamous merrymakers. She sometimes co-hosted events with Bohemian artist friend Edmund Russell,

10200-474: Was romantically linked to many high-profile men, including: Eduardo García-Mansilla, the great Argentinean musician, composer and diplomat, with whom she wrote a song, Mon Amour ; operatic baritone Genia D'Agarioff, credited with being the first to sing in the Russian language in London and Paris; composer, performer, designer, director, and arranger Melville Ellis; Jacques Lebaudy , the self-proclaimed "Emperor of

10302-478: Was signed into state law by Governor Henry H. Haight (Low's successor) on March 23, 1868. However, as legally constituted, the new university was not an actual merger of the two colleges, but was an entirely new institution which merely inherited certain objectives and assets from each of them. Governor Haight saw no need to honor any tacit understandings reached with his predecessor about institutional continuity. Only two college trustees became regents and

10404-535: Was the chief legal counsel for the Central Pacific Railroad and was one of its principal investors along with Mark Hopkins , Collis Huntington , Leland Stanford and brother Charles Crocker , also known as The Big Four . Together they built the western portion of the world's first transcontinental railroad . Edwin served briefly as Chief Justice of California. Crocker's mother Margaret is also known for founding Sacramento's Crocker Art Museum ,

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