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21-686: Gold Dust washing powder was an all-purpose cleaning agent first introduced in the late 1880s by the Nathaniel Kellogg Fairbank Soap Company based in New York City . Gold Dust was distributed in America by the Lever Brothers Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts . Its first regional success was in the midwestern United States. Gold Dust Washing Powders had been marketed nationally since

42-405: A cartoonish pair of caricature, bald, black children of unspecified gender shown wearing tutus that sported the words "Gold" and "Dust" on them. On product containers and in advertisements, they were often comically depicted, along with a huge stack of dishes in a washtub, with one twin cleaning, the other drying. The twins became icons following a 1903 national marketing campaign, which featured

63-818: A fine, mild abrasive. Most glass cleaners are available as sprays or liquid. They are sprayed directly onto windows, mirrors and other glass surfaces or applied on with a soft cloth and rubbed off using a soft, lint-free duster. A glass cloth ideal for the purpose and soft water to which some methylated spirit or vinegar is added which is an inexpensive glass cleaner. Silverware can be freed of silver sulfide tarnish with thiourea , and either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid . For acid-resistant building facades, such as brick, acids are typically used. These include mixtures of phosphoric and hydrofluoric acids as well as surfactants. For acid-sensitive facades such as concrete, strongly alkaline cleaners are used such as sodium hydroxide and thickeners. Both types of cleaners require

84-753: A rinsing and often special care since the solutions are aggressive toward skin. Mineral acid A mineral acid (or inorganic acid ) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds, as opposed to organic acids which are acidic, organic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base when dissolved in water. Commonly used mineral acids are sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ); these are also known as bench acids. Mineral acids range from superacids (such as perchloric acid ) to very weak ones (such as boric acid ). Mineral acids tend to be very soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents. Mineral acids are used in many sectors of

105-1090: A slightly warm (not hot) oven. If used in a self-cleaning oven , the lye can cause permanent damage to the oven. Some oven cleaners are based on ingredients other than lye. These products must be used in a cold oven. Most new-style oven cleaners can be used in self-cleaning ovens. One popular oven cleaner brand in the US is "Easy-Off", sold by Reckitt Benckiser . Popular choices in the UK include "Zep Oven Brite" and "Mr Muscle Oven Cleaner". All-purpose cleansers contain mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants , polymeric phosphates or other sequestering agents , solvents , hydrotropic substances , polymeric compounds, corrosion inhibitors , skin-protective agents, and sometimes perfumes and colorants . Aversive agents , such as denatonium , are occasionally added to cleaning products to discourage animals and small children from consuming them. Some cleaners contain water-soluble organic solvents like glycol ethers and fatty alcohols , which ease

126-535: Is sodium triphosphate . All-purpose cleansers are effective with most common kinds of dirt. Their dilute solutions are neutral or weakly alkaline, and are safe for use on most surfaces. Toilet bowl cleaning often is aimed at removal of calcium carbonate deposits, which are attacked by acids. Powdered cleaners contain acids that come in the form of solid salts, such as sodium hydrogen sulfate . Liquid toilet bowl cleaners contain other acids, typically dilute hydrochloric , phosphoric , or formic acids . These convert

147-709: The 75A-4 receiver and KWS-1 transmitter , which together at the time cost over $ 2500 ($ 28,400 in 2023 dollars) when new. Collins products were considered top-of-the-line. Ham radio enthusiasts nicknamed the pair the Gold Dust Twins, as they had not been affordable to most amateur radio enthusiasts when first introduced. Cleaning agent Cleaning agents or hard-surface cleaners are substances (usually liquids , powders, sprays, or granules) used to remove dirt , including dust , stains , foul odors, and clutter on surfaces. Purposes of cleaning agents include health , beauty, removing offensive odors, and avoiding

168-803: The Elements. Some examples of these cleaners include jewelry cleaner from Weiman, watch cleaning solution from HOROCD & even cleaning metal plates from Holland Hallmark. Light duty hard surface cleaners are not intended to handle heavy dirt and grease. Because these products are expected to clean without rinsing and result in a streak-free shine, they contain no salts. Typical window cleaning items consist of alcohols, either ethanol or isopropanol like Windex , and surfactants for dissolving grease. Other components include small amounts of ammonia as well as dyes and perfumes. These are composed of organic, water-miscible solvent such as isopropyl alcohol and an alkaline detergent. Some glass cleaners also contain

189-663: The acid. Hydrochloric acid is a common mineral acid typically used for concrete. Vinegar can also be used to clean hard surfaces and remove calcium deposits. Sulphuric acid is used in acidic drain cleaners to unblock clogged pipes by dissolving organic materials, like greases, proteins, and even carbohydrate -containing substances such as toilet tissue. Alkaline cleaning agents contain strong bases like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide . Bleach ( pH 12) and ammonia (pH 11) are common alkaline cleaning agents. Often, dispersants , to prevent redeposition of dissolved dirt, and chelants , to attack rust , are added to

210-714: The alkaline agent. Alkaline cleaners can dissolve fats (including grease), oils , and protein -based substances. Neutral washing agents are pH-neutral and based on non-ionic surfactants that disperse different types. Scouring agents are mixtures of the usual cleaning chemicals ( surfactants , water softeners ) as well as abrasive powders. The abrasive powder must be of a uniform particle size. Particles are usually smaller than 0.05 mm. Pumice , calcium carbonate ( limestone , chalk , dolomite ), kaolinite , quartz , soapstone or talc are often used as abrasives , i.e. polishing agents. Special bleaching powders contain compounds that release sodium hypochlorite ,

231-451: The calcium carbonate into salts that are soluble in water or are easily rinsed away. Metal cleaners are used for cleaning stainless steel sinks, faucets, metal trim, silverware, etc. These products contain abrasives (e.g., siliceous chalk , diatomaceous earth , alumina ) with a particle size < 20 μm. Fatty alcohol or alkylphenol polyglycol ethers with 7-12 ethylene oxide (EO) units are used as surfactants. For ferrous metals,

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252-414: The chemical industry as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic. Large quantities of these acids – especially sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid – are manufactured for commercial use in large plants. Mineral acids are also used directly for their corrosive properties. For example, a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used for removing the deposits from

273-409: The classical household bleaching agent. These precursor agents include trichloroisocyanuric acid and mixtures of sodium hypochlorite ("chlorinated orthophosphate "). Examples of notable products include Ajax , Bar Keepers Friend , Bon Ami , Comet , Vim , Zud, and others. Traditional oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide (lye), solvents, and other ingredients, They work best when used in

294-871: The cleaners contain chelating agents , abrasives , and surfactants . These agents include citric and phosphoric acids , which are nonaggressive. Surfactants are usually modified fatty alcohols . Silver cleaning is a specialty since silver is noble but tends to tarnish via formation of black silver sulfide , which is removable via silver-specific complexants such as thiourea . Stainless steel, nickel , and chromium cleaners contain lactic , citric , or phosphoric acid . A solvent ( mineral spirits ) may be added. Nonferrous metal cleaners contain ammonia , ammonium soaps ( ammonium oleate , stearate ) and chelating agents ( ammonium citrate , oxalate ). For special type of precious metals especially those used for luxury watches and high-end jewelry, special type of cleaning agents are usually used to clean and protect them from

315-557: The mid-1890s, becoming the top-selling national brand of washing powder by 1903. Gold Dust products were eventually licensed and marketed internationally by Lever Brothers in Canada and Great Britain . The product lines' bright orange labels prominently featured the Gold Dust Twins. The Gold Dust Twins, 'Goldie' and 'Dustie', were the 'faces' of the Fairbank's Gold Dust washing powder product lines. The original (circa 1892) version of

336-544: The mid-1950s, as national sensibilities regarding race and racial stereotypes embodied in the Twins characters began to change. Historically, the "Gold Dust Twins" moniker has most often been used to describe two individuals working closely together for a common goal, including: A set of ham radio equipment was made by the Collins Radio Company in the 1950s that was nicknamed the "Gold Dust Twins" comprising

357-494: The removal of oil, fat and paint. Disinfectant additives include quaternary ammonium compounds , phenol derivatives, terpene alcohols ( pine oil ), aldehydes , and aldehyde-amine condensation products. All-purpose cleaners are usually concentrated solutions of surfactants and water softeners, which enhance the behavior of surfactant in hard water . Typical surfactants are alkylbenzene sulfonates , an anionic detergent , and modified fatty alcohols . A typical water softener

378-557: The slogan "Let the Twins Do Your Work." They became an easily recognizable trademark found in many, if not most, U.S. homes during the first half of the twentieth century. The Gold Dust Twins were drawn by E.W. Kemble , then a staff artist for the Chicago Daily Graphic . They were featured in print, billboard, specialty advertising, and radio advertisements for over sixty-five years. The Gold Dust Twins

399-520: The spread of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. Some cleaning agents can kill bacteria (e.g. door handle bacteria , as well as bacteria on worktops and other metallic surfaces) and clean at the same time. Others, called degreasers, contain organic solvents to help dissolve oils and fats. Acidic cleaning agents are mainly used for removal of deposits like scaling . The active ingredients are normally strong mineral acids and chelants . Often, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors are added to

420-430: The twins was a drawing of two young black children cheerfully cleaning up together in a washtub. On the original containers, they are simply pictured standing side-by-side over the "Gold Dust Washing Powder" wording and behind a mound of gold coins, while standing underneath an arch emblazoned with the name "Fairbank's." By the 1903 launch of a national advertising campaign, renderings of the twins had been transformed into

441-434: Was the name of a popular radio program which was broadcast nationally in the US in the 1920s. Starring Harvey Hindemeyer as "Goldie", and Earle Tuckerman as "Dusty," the show was sponsored by Lever Brothers and Gold Dust washing powder. An early example of product tie-ins, Gold Dust's advertising jingle became the show's theme song, sung by Hindemeyer and Tuckerman. The products (along with Goldie and Dustie) were phased out by

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