30-464: [REDACTED] Look up golden chain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. There are multiple uses for the term Golden Chain : Golden chain is the common name for the genus Laburnum , and related species of small trees with decorative yellow flowers. Hadith of Golden Chain , a hadith (tradition) narrated from the eighth Shia Imam Order of
60-474: A countermeasure to fight the global pollinator decline . Several species of clover are extensively cultivated as fodder plants . The most widely cultivated clovers are white clover , Trifolium repens , and red clover , Trifolium pratense . Clover, either sown alone or in mixture with ryegrass , has for a long time formed a staple crop for silaging, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it
90-565: A food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Palearctic moth, the buff-tip . Laburnum comprises the following species: The status of the following species is unresolved: The following hybrids have been described: There is also a graft-chimaera , + Laburnocytisus 'Adamii' Lavallée . Laburnum has historically been used for cabinetmaking and inlay, as well as for musical instruments. In addition to such wind instruments as recorders and flutes, it
120-460: A soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; Trifolium fragiferum , strawberry clover, with globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; Trifolium campestre , hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar Trifolium dubium , common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. Clover
150-565: A song by Stars , from the compilation album Exclaim! 13th Anniversary Cross-Canada Concert Series The Golden Chain ( Di goldene keyt ), a 1907 Yiddish-language play by I.L. Peretz The Golden Chain ( Di goldene keyt (magazine) ), the leading Yiddish-language literary journal of the post-World War II era Golden Chain (slavic literature) [ ru ] A Golden Chain of succession in Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic, and perennial philosophy Topics referred to by
180-702: Is 63, set on August 2, 2023, by Yoshiharu Watanabe in Japan. The previous record holder, Shigeo Obara, had discovered an 18-leaf clover in 2002, a 21-leaf clover in 2008 and a 56-leaf clover in 2009, also in Japan. The first extensive classification of Trifolium had been done by Michael Zohary and David Heller, and it was subsequently released in 1984. They divided the genus into eight sections: Lotoidea, Paramesus, Mistyllus, Vesicamridula, Chronosemium, Trifolium, Trichoecephalum, and Involucrarium, with Lotoidea placed most basally . Within this classification system, Trifolium repens falls within section Lotoidea ,
210-415: Is a shrubby, multi-branched tree, but it is often pruned to maintain a single trunk which displays the smooth green bark. Gardeners are advised to remove the spent seedpods after flowering because they sap the strength of the tree and are the most poisonous part. Generally Laburnum does not perform well in hot climates, and has a reduced life-span if grown in climates with warm winters. Afternoon shade and
240-469: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages golden chain See text Laburnum , sometimes called golden chain or golden rain , is a genus of two species of small trees in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae . The species are Laburnum anagyroides — common laburnum and Laburnum alpinum — alpine laburnum . They are native to
270-443: Is foraged for by wildlife such as bears, game animals, and birds. Clover is edible by humans, although red clover should be avoided by pregnant women. The plant is a traditional Native American food, which is eaten both raw and after drying and smoking the roots. The seeds from the blossoms are used to make bread. It is also possible to make tea from the blossoms. Shamrock , the traditional Irish symbol, which according to legend
300-431: Is known as "clover sickness". When crop rotations are managed so that clover does not recur at intervals shorter than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigor. Clovers are most efficiently pollinated by bumblebees , which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification. Honeybees can also pollinate clover, and beekeepers are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers reap
330-431: Is palatable to and nutritious for livestock ; it fixes nitrogen using symbiotic bacteria in its root nodules , reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers ; it grows in a great range of soils and climates ; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting . In many areas, particularly on acidic soil , clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this
SECTION 10
#1732765454531360-560: The genus Trifolium (from Latin tres 'three' and folium 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with the highest diversity in the temperate Northern Hemisphere , but many species also occur in South America and Africa , including at high altitudes on mountains in
390-404: The 20th century substantially displaced clover as a crop, with negative effects on pollinators, but in the 1990s and 2010s, the cost of industrially-fixed nitrogen rose substantially, approximately doubling, and reviving interest in forage mixes that include clover. As the fixation process in energy-intensive, prices are closely tied to energy prices. The 21st century also took interest in clover as
420-681: The Golden Chain , name of a number of secret societies The Golden Chain , an alleged group of al Qaeda's wealthy sponsors Golden Chain Highway , another name for State Route 49 in California, United States Golden Chain of Homer , a 1723 hermetical book edited by Anton Josef Kirchweger A Golden Chain, or The Description of Theology , a 1591 book by the Puritan William Perkins (theologian) "Golden Chain",
450-523: The basal position of Lotoidea , because they were ancestral. Aside from considering this section basal, they did not propose relationships between other sections. Since then, molecular data has both questioned and confirmed the proposed phylogeny from Zohary and Heller. A genus-wide molecular study has since proposed a new classification system, made up of two subgenera, Chronosemium and Trifolium. This recent reclassification further divides subgenus Trifolium into eight sections. The molecular data supports
480-401: The benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom, as clover is one of the main nectar sources for honeybees . Trifolium repens , white or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as
510-604: The corolla fades. Trifolium hybridum , alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of Trifolium repens . Trifolium medium , meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, has potential for interbreeding with T. pratense to produce perennial crop plants. Other species are: Trifolium arvense , hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures,
540-572: The hybrid between the two species, Laburnum × watereri 'Vossii' (Voss's laburnum), which combines the longer racemes of L. alpinum with the denser flowers of L. anagyroides ; it also has the benefit of low seed production. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . [REDACTED] Media related to Laburnum at Wikimedia Commons Clover subg. Chronosemium subg. Trifolium Clovers , also called trefoils , are plants of
570-419: The largest and least heterogeneous section. Lotoidea contains species from America, Africa, and Eurasia, considered a clade because of their inflorescence shape, floral structure, and legume that protrudes from the calyx. However, these traits are not unique to the section, and are shared with many other species in other sections. Zohary and Heller argued that the presence of these traits in other sections proved
600-805: The mountains of southern Europe from France to the Balkans . Some botanists include a third species, Laburnum caramanicum , but this native of southeast Europe and Anatolia is usually treated in a distinct genus Podocytisus , more closely allied to the Genisteae (brooms). The Laburnum trees are deciduous . The leaves are trifoliate, somewhat like a clover ; the leaflets are typically 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long in L. anagyroides and 4–5 cm (1.5–2 in) long in L. alpinum . They have yellow pea- flowers in pendulous leafless racemes 10–40 cm (4–15.5 in) long in spring, which makes them very popular garden trees. In L. anagyroides ,
630-538: The occasional deep watering are advisable in areas with hot, dry summers. They do best in climates with moderate winter and summer temperatures, ideally Oceanic climates like those of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Europe . Laburnum trees are ubiquitous in England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland , where they are commonly planted as lawn specimens or in shrub borders. Most garden specimens are of
SECTION 20
#1732765454531660-404: The plant are poisonous , although mortality is very rare. Symptoms of laburnum poisoning may include intense sleepiness, vomiting, convulsive movements, coma, slight frothing at the mouth and unequally dilated pupils. In some cases, diarrhea is very severe, and at times the convulsions are markedly tetanic . The main toxin in the plant is cytisine , a nicotinic receptor agonist . It is used as
690-405: The racemes are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, with densely packed flowers; in L. alpinum the racemes are 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, but with the flowers sparsely along the raceme. The fruit develops as a pod and is extremely poisonous. The yellow flowers are responsible for the old poetic name 'golden chain tree' (also written as golden chaintree or goldenchain tree). All parts of
720-459: The rural landscape; adding clover made livestock feed more nutritious. Honey production also rose drastically, and clover remained the main nectar source for bees until the mid-twentieth century. Clover was carried around the world as a crop by European colonists , and some clover species became invasive in some areas. Imports of guano and the development of the Haber-Bosch process in
750-421: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Golden Chain . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Chain&oldid=1180838641 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
780-527: The small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx . Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago ( alfalfa or Calvary clover ). As legumes , clovers fix nitrogen using symbiotic bacteria in their root nodules , and are used as an alternative or supplement to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers . They are also valuable food source for grazing livestock and bees. The domestication of clover caused substantial increases in agricultural productivity. Clover
810-418: The tropics. They are small annual , biennial , or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants, typically growing up to 30 cm (12 in) tall. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely, they have four or more leaflets; the more leaflets the leaf has, the rarer it is; see four-leaf clover ), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers;
840-583: Was a popular wood for Great Highland Bagpipes before taste turned to imported dense tropical hardwoods such as Brya ebenus (cocus wood), ebony , and Dalbergia melanoxylon (African monkeywood). The heart-wood of a laburnum may be used as a substitute for ebony or rosewood. It is very hard and a dark chocolate brown, with a butter-yellow sapwood. Laburnum species and hybrids are cultivated as ornamental trees for gardens and parks. They are also trained as espaliers on pergolas , for ceilings of pendant flowers in season. In its natural form, Laburnum
870-581: Was coined by Saint Patrick for the Holy Trinity , is commonly associated with clover, although alternatively sometimes with the various species within the genus Oxalis , which are also trifoliate. Clovers occasionally have four leaflets, instead of the usual three. These four-leaf clovers , like other rarities, are considered lucky. Clovers can also have five, six, or more leaflets, but these are rarer still. The clover's outer leaf structure varies in physical orientation. The record for most leaflets
900-526: Was first domesticated in Spain in around the year 1000. During European urbanization, crop rotations involving clover became essential for replacing the fixed nitrogen exported to cities as food. Increased soil nitrogen levels from the spreading use of clover were one of the main reasons why European agricultural production in 1880 was about 275% of the production in 1750. Fields of clover, used as forage and newly-invented silage , became an important part of
#530469