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29-480: It covers 13.2 square kilometres (5.1 sq mi). The park is 9.2 km (5.7 mi) long and on the average 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide; it was declared a protected territory in 1943 (under the name Hachuka State Forest ). According to the criteria of the World Conservation Union , it ranks in the fifth category on the list of protected territories. The flora of Golden Sands includes

58-417: A certain territory for up to 90 minutes, unless they attempt to follow a female or are ousted by another male. The next day they find a new territory to defend. These territories tend to be in direct sunlight in areas that females choose to lay their eggs. More often than not, two or more males may end up sharing territory if the cost of defending the territory is greater than the benefit gained from monopolising

87-467: A few records from New York City which, however, are believed to be of introduced insects. The Corsican small tortoiseshell ( Aglais ichnusa ) looks very similar; whether it is a subspecies or a distinct species is yet to be determined. Nymphalis xanthomelas and Nymphalis l-album are also similar in appearance. Once among the most common butterflies in Europe and temperate Asia, this butterfly

116-423: A lot of fat to survive the winter. The tortoiseshell needs at least 20% of its body weight in lipids in order to survive, making them much slower. Towards the end of their foraging for hibernation, they are much more susceptible to attacks by birds because of their low muscle to body mass ratio. During the first few weeks of hibernation, tortoiseshell butterflies are very susceptible to predator attacks. Up to 50% of

145-584: A season, whereas further south these butterflies can have two broods. The ability to go through three generations of butterflies in a year is due to the tortoiseshell butterflies' decreased thermal requirement. The larvae of this butterfly are social. These larvae can be found on Urtica dioica , which have a high nitrogen content and much water in the leaves. The small tortoiseshell butterfly tends to enter hibernation by mid to late September. Typically this butterfly will try to hibernate in dark sheltered locations. Because of this hibernation, they need to accumulate

174-442: A season. While the dorsal surface of the wings is vividly marked, the ventral surface is drab, providing camouflage. Eggs are laid on the common nettle , on which the larvae feed. It is a medium-sized butterfly that is mainly reddish orange, with black and yellow markings on the forewings as well as a ring of blue spots around the edge of the wings. It has a wingspan ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 cm. A bright foxy red ground-colour;

203-416: A smaller and wetter area in the southeast. These are deciduous tree species (Caucasian ash, moss-capped oak, yoke elm, white poplar , Mahaleb cherry) covered with climbing plants: old man's beard, wild vines , ivy , hop , and silk vine . These forests are surprisingly similar to tropical forests. Grasses include wood horsetail , oriental iris , wild orchids , and cuckoo pint . Shrub ecosystems take up

232-479: A straight line in order to outstrip the predator. Most butterflies fail to display any territorial behaviour, probably due to selective environmental pressures. The female tortoiseshell butterflies generally are found in concentrated areas, so it is advantageous for males to stay in that particular area to increase their mating opportunities. Male butterflies usually bask and feed until mid-day and then display territorial behaviour until roosting. Males typically defend

261-403: A total of 400 plant species. It is covered with deciduous forests consisting of various types of oak species including moss-capped oak, Hungarian oak , swamp white oak, and hornbeam . The park's indigenous vegetation, unlike forests with oak predominance, includes dense forest. Oaks and the accompanying silver leafed lime , manna ash , yoke elm , and field maple occupy the hilly area in

290-414: A warning. The bright red colouration serves as a cautionary sign to the predator about the poor taste of the butterfly. Tortoiseshell butterflies tend to be unpalatable to birds. If a bird sees this bright red colouring, then they will be less likely to eat the butterfly. The tortoiseshell butterfly is particularly fast. When discovered and attacked by a predator the tortoiseshell butterfly will fly away in

319-484: Is a great variety of insects. Among the most attractive is the stag beetle, and, in the open areas, butterflies - swallowtail , admiral, small tortoiseshell , etc. Under protection are rare and endangered animal species - 70 avian (common buzzard, goshawk, hawk finch , golden oriole , etc.) and 25 mammal species (including roe deer, wild boar, badger, hedgehog , pine marten , and bats ). World Conservation Union Too Many Requests If you report this error to

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348-532: Is in very rapid decline, at least in Western Europe. This decline cannot be explained by the decline of its host plant, because the nettle is widespread and even enjoys the general eutrophication of the environment. The chrysalis is sometimes eaten by wasps, but these are also in strong regression. The effect of other phenomena are still poorly understood ( environmental degradation , air pollution, contamination by pesticides). Scientific evidence shows that

377-430: The caterpillars feed on stinging nettles ( Urtica dioica ) and small nettle ( Urtica urens ). Humulus lupulus has also been recorded as larval food plant. Adults feed on nectar. The species has one of the longest seasons of any Eurasian butterfly, extending from early spring to late autumn. Adults overwinter in hibernation , emerging on the first warm sunny days of the year to mate and breed. In southern parts of

406-574: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 973330292 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:57:45 GMT Small tortoiseshell The small tortoiseshell ( Aglais urticae ) is a colourful Eurasian butterfly in the family Nymphalidae . Adults feed on nectar and may hibernate over winter; in warmer climates they may have two broods in

435-481: The butterfly had more success in summers that were cool and wet at the beginning of summer than when it was hot and dry. This butterfly may then be sensitive to global warming. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is severely affected by droughts. During periods of drought, the butterfly experiences a vastly reduced reproductive rate. The drought directly affects the Urtica leaves; the higher the nitrogen and water level in

464-435: The colours violet and red respectively. This ability comes from their compound eye. The flowers depend on the butterflies for pollination, so it is a mutually beneficial relationship. During migration, tortoiseshell butterflies position themselves in accordance with air currents; they only start migration at certain wind speeds. They are able to do this because of an extra sensory organ in their antennae. These butterflies have

493-436: The females. In order for one male butterfly to gain dominance over the other, he must reach a position slightly above the other butterfly. The non-dominant male will then attempt a series of dives and climbs to escape the pursuer. After a certain distance travelled from the nest, one butterfly will return to the territory while the other flies along in search of another suitable location. For most adult butterflies, including

522-461: The forest changed. Some native vegetation has been replaced by hornbeam brushwood. Another result is the presence of cultured eco-systems. The most common coniferous plants are European black pine , white fir , cypress , and cedar , and of the deciduous - acacia , flowering ash, and white poplar . Two amphibious , 8 reptile , 78 avian and 25 mammal species inhabit the park. The water-covered areas are populated by amphibious species. Among

551-460: The forewing with 3 black costal spots, whose interspaces are yellow, there being a larger black spot in the middle of the hindmarginal area and two smaller ones in the disc between the 3 radial and 2 median; hindwing with the basal half black; both wings with black submarginal band bearing blue spots. Underside of the forewing ochreous, with the costal spots as above, the apex and distal margin blackish; hindwing brown, basal half black with dentate edge,

580-433: The ground, it may take birds up to 30 minutes to see them. In addition to this, when discovered, tortoiseshell butterflies will flick their wings open to reveal bright colours. While they don't have eyespots like many other butterflies, these bright contrasting colours can often scare a predator, giving the tortoiseshell butterfly ample time to escape. Not only does this colouration tend to frighten birds, it can also act as

609-496: The leaves, the more rapid the growth of the larvae. During a drought, both of these levels drop significantly, leaving the tortoiseshell larvae nothing to feed on. The timing of rainfall is also a crucial factor. If there is not adequate rainfall in the early summer, then the plants will not be able to fully develop, leaving the larvae without a suitable source of nutrition. These butterflies actively produce smaller broods under these conditions. As with several nymphalid butterflies,

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638-448: The park's centre. These forests include almost all tree species typical for the local lower forest layer (up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level) and some specimens (limes, elms) are over 100 years old. A two-hundred-year-old sycamore with trunk circumference of 4 m (13 ft) is among the landmarks. Among the most typical grassy species are the common mullein , toad flax , and ribwort . Dense forest ecosystems occupy

667-650: The population hibernating in any given area can be eaten. The butterflies that hibernate in areas containing more light, and that are accessible to rodents who can climb, are the most susceptible to this type of predation. During hibernation tortoiseshell butterflies are able to supercool in order to keep from freezing. In sheltered areas, these butterflies can stand up to −21 degrees Celsius without freezing. However, they experience rapid weight loss during unusually mild winters. The wings of tortoiseshell butterflies help conceal them extremely well from predators. When closed, their wings look like leaves, helping them to hide. On

696-476: The range there may be two broods each year, but northern insects are inhibited by long length of summer days from breeding a second time. Tortoiseshell butterflies usually begin to emerge from their pupa from mid-June into August. They begin hibernation sometime in October and immediately show territorial behaviour after hibernation. The tortoiseshell butterflies that are found in the north usually have one brood

725-465: The small tortoiseshell butterfly, nectar is one of the main sources of nutrients. In order to obtain the nectar, the butterfly must be able to recognize distinct floral aromas and colours. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is able to differentiate between various flowers through visual signals. Tortoiseshell butterflies in particular tend to prefer colours at both ends of the visible light spectrum for humans, 400 nm and 600 nm. These correspond to

754-472: The steep parts of the park in places with thin topsoil layers over limy rockbase. The predominant shrubs are lilac , crown vetch, jasmine , and Christ's thorn . Grasses in these parts are mostly drought-resistant. Some rare species are fernleaf wormwood , field chamomile , and the protected species joint pine. Under protection are 20 other rare and endangered species ( snowdrop , Caucasian primula , orchids, etc.) During its long-term cohabitation with humans

783-417: The summer drought is a cause of declining populations, because larvae grow normally on drenched leaves (but hatchlings were even rarer the wet summers of 2007 and 2008). However, before 2000, according to data from an English butterfly monitoring programme, there was a good correlation between reproductive success, the abundance of populations of this species and the host plant moisture stress. From 1976 to 1995,

812-494: The variety of reptiles, protected species include Aesculapian snake , green whip snake, and tortoise . Of the 78 avian species the most common are blackbirds , thrushes , tits , woodpeckers , jays , and common buzzards . The most common predatory birds are goshawks , eagle owls , and tawny owls. In the water basins nest moorhens and green-headed duck . Some typical mammals are roe deer , red deer , wild boar , badger , squirrel , beech marten , and rabbit . There

841-452: The whole surface with darker pencilling; at the distal margin of both wings contiguous dull blue lunules. The small tortoiseshell is the national butterfly of Denmark . It is found throughout temperate Europe, Asia Minor , Central Asia , Siberia , China, Nepal, Sikkim Himalayas in India, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, wherever common nettle, which their larvae feed on, is found. There are

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