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30-566: Gahirmatha is the only marine wildlife sanctuary of Odisha. This was notified as such in Government of Odisha, Forest & Environment Department Notification No. 18805/ F&E dated 27 September 1997 and published in the Odisha Gazette , extraordinary No. 1268 dated 17 October 1997. It is located between 86 degrees 45' 57" to 87 degrees 17' 36"- east longitude and 20 degree 17' 32" to 20 degree 45'58" - north latitude. The total area of

60-551: A span of 24 hours. This news was received well by conservation societies and wildlife lovers. Events like these are expected to last at least a week at the Gahirmatha Beach. That rarity of mass congregation and the cruelty meted out to these innocent marine creatures, paved the way for declaration of the stretch of water body from old lighthouse near Batighar to Maipura river mouth as Gahirmatha (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary. Olive ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from

90-430: Is also not uncommon. These eggs are mostly damaged by predators. The nesting females emit hissing noise at the time of laying eggs as the intake of oxygen is maximum at that moment. After laying eggs, the female turtle fills up the pit with sand by the flippers and tries to camouflage the pit site. The mother turtle rams the pit with the help of its body's heaviness. The eggs inside the flask-shaped pits, being incubated by

120-574: Is also used in the pricing of silver on the international precious metals market, where one lakh equals 100,000 troy ounces (3,100 kilograms) of silver . The modern word lakh derives from Sanskrit : लक्ष , romanized :  lakṣa , originally denoting "mark, target, stake in gambling", but also used as the numeral for "100,000" in Gupta-era Classical Sanskrit ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , Harivaṃśa ). Indian numbering system The Indian numbering system

150-410: Is any external threat. A female will continue to mate with several males throughout the breeding season. Mostly the mating pairs are seen off the coast of Ekakula. Nesting The mass nesting behavior of olive ridley sea turtles is known as "Arribada". Thousands of female carrying turtles scramble on the nesting beach at Nasi - I & II islands to release the eggs in flask-shaped cavities. The turtles scoop

180-696: Is universally employed within these countries, and is preferred to the English numbering system. Sri Lanka used this system in the past but has switched to the English numbering system in recent years. In the Maldives , the term lakh is widely used in official documents and local speech. However, the Westernised Hindu-Arabic numeral system is preferred for higher denominations (such as millions). Most institutions and citizens in India use

210-605: Is used in the Indian subcontinent ( Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka ) to express large numbers. The terms lakh or 1,00,000 (one hundred thousand, written as 100,000 in Pakistan and outside the subcontinent) and crore or 1,00,00,000 (ten million, written as 10,000,000 outside the subcontinent) are the most commonly used terms in Indian English to express large numbers in

240-571: The Indian 2, 2, 3 convention of digit grouping , it is written as 1,00,000. For example, in India, 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹ 1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000. It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Myanmar , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . It is often used in Bangladeshi , Indian , Pakistani , and Sri Lankan English . In Indian English ,

270-525: The short scale , there are new words for every third power of ten (10 ): million (10 ), billion (10 ), trillion (10 ), etc. Written numbers differ in the placement of commas, grouping digits into powers of one hundred (10 ) in the Indian system (except for the first thousand), and into powers of one thousand (10 ) in the Western system. The Indian and most English systems both use the decimal point and

300-645: The Indian numbering system, which has units for thousands, hundreds of thousands, tens of millions, etc. The table below follows the short scale usage of one billion being one thousand million. In India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Sri Lanka , following former British usage, the long scale was used, with one billion equivalent to one million million. (bongo) দশ হাজার লাখ কোটি ( dôś hāzār lākh kōṭi ) (mohabongo) শত হাজার লাখ কোটি ( śoto hāzār lākh kōṭi ) There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient epic literature of India ( itihasas ). The following table gives one such system used in

330-513: The Indian system now prevalent in the northern parts, the next powers of ten are called one lakh , ten lakh , one crore , ten crore , one arab (or one hundred crore ), and so on; there are new words for every second power of ten (10 ): lakh (10 ), crore (10 ), arab (10 ), kharab (10 ), etc. In the Western system, the next powers of ten are called one hundred thousand, one million, ten million, one hundred million, one billion ( short scale )/one thousand million ( long scale ), and so on; in

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360-582: The Valmiki Ramayana . The denominations by which land was measured in the Kumaon Kingdom were based on arable lands and thus followed an approximate system with local variations. The most common of these was a vigesimal (base-20) numbering system with the main denomination called a bisi (see Hindustani number bīs ), which corresponded to the land required to sow 20 nalis of seed. Consequently, its actual land measure varied based on

390-466: The beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Odisha. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between one hundred to five hundred thousand, each year. there has been decline in the population of these turtles in the recent past due to mass mortality. Olive ridley sea turtle has found place in Schedule - I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). All

420-661: The comma digit-separator, while other languages and countries using the Western numbering system use the decimal comma and the thin space or point to group digits. There are terms for numbers larger than 1 crore as well, but these are not commonly used. These include 1 arab (equal to 100 crore or 1 billion ( short scale )), 1 kharab (equal to 100 arab or 100 billion ( short scale )), 1 nil (sometimes transliterated as neel ; equal to 100 kharab or 10 trillion), 1 padma (equal to 100 nil or 1 quadrillion), 1 shankh (equal to 100 padma or 100 quadrillion), and 1 mahashankh (equal to 100 shankh or 10 quintillion). In common parlance,

450-504: The food materials before intaking. The best feeding ground of sea turtles may not be the best nesting ground for them. The sea turtles migrate thousands of kilometers to meet both the ends. It has been observed that olive ridley sea turtles migrate from the coastal water of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean to the coastal water of Gahirmatha in the north. The 'Homing' characteristics and the uncanny ability to orient itself in open sea help

480-400: The hatchlings. Then the period of "lost year" begins. 20°44′39″N 87°00′01″E  /  20.744188°N 87.000282°E  / 20.744188; 87.000282 Lakh A lakh ( / l æ k , l ɑː k / ; abbreviated L ; sometimes written lac ) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation : 10 ). In

510-434: The international norm. Instead of grouping digits by threes as in the international system, the Indian numbering system groups the rightmost three digits together (until the hundreds place), and thereafter groups by sets of two digits. One trillion would thus be written as 10,00,00,00,00,000 or 10 kharab (or one lakh crore). This makes the number convenient to read using the system's terminology. For example: This accords with

540-476: The mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi. The spectacular site of the mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world. An event that took place in April 2017 validates this phenomenon. In this month, it was reported by forest officials that at least two lakh (200,000) baby olive ridley turtles have come out of their pits within

570-402: The natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for the sea turtles. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation. Olive ridley sea turtles feed on marine snails, smaller forms of fish, fish eggs, crustaceans, and jellyfish. The algal material is also used as food by the ridleys. Ridleys generally crush and grind

600-519: The quality of the soil. This system became the established norm in Kumaon by 1891. Below is a list of translations for the words lakh and crore in other languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent: Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and International numbering for foreign currencies. The usage of this system is limited to the nations of Nepal , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Myanmar . It

630-423: The ridleys for nesting. It has been observed that nesting takes place once the southerly wind starts blowing. The period of emergence and retreat into the sea after nesting takes 45 to 55 minutes. Due to the shrinkage of the nesting beach, overcrowding of turtles is observed during nesting. The eggs which are scooped out by successive nesters is known as "doomed" egg as it would never be able to hatch. Sporadic nesting

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660-548: The sanctuary is 1435.0 km which includes 1408.0 km of the water body and 27.0 km of land mass including reserve forests, mud flats, and accreted sandbars. The core area of the sanctuary consists of 725.50 km and the buffer zone accounts for 709.50 km. The entire sanctuary area comes within the revenue district of Kendrapara. The Odisha coast has the world's largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtle. Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other masses are there where nesting beaches have been located which are at

690-450: The sea turtles to migrate over long distance without getting lost in the vastness of the sea. Mating immediately after the arrival of ridley sea turtles in the coastal water of Gahirmatha, they indulge in mating activities. Males mount over the females and are often seen floating on the surface with the intermittent movement of flippers. Sometimes more than one male is seen mounting over one female. The courtship continues for hours unless there

720-417: The sea water. This is the most spectacular sight. The hatchlings orient themselves by the reflection of stars on seawater or by the brighter horizon and head en masse towards the sea. The hatchlings swim deep into the sea until they reach the sea current. During this period large-scale mortality of hatchlings take place. It is studied that 1 in 1000 survives. Bigger fishes, ghost crabs or seagulls either predates

750-440: The soft sand to a depth of 45  cm with the help of flippers and release 100 to 180 eggs. Before scampering on to the beach, the turtles survey the nesting ground from the sea and in case they smell and danger, they shun the beach and search for safer breeding ground. The urge to release the egg is so intense that they are so oblivious of the presence of any foreigner, at the time of nesting. Generally, dark nights are preferred by

780-419: The species of sea turtles in the coastal water of Odisha are listed as "vulnerable" as per IUCN Red Data Book. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and CITES (Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The 'Homing' characteristics of the ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to

810-406: The sun and the metabolic heat, hatch after 50 to 60 days. The hatching takes place during the night or in the predawn period to avoid predation by jackals, dogs, and birds. The walls of the pit gradually collapse, thereby allowing the eggs on the lower strata to rise upwards. After the emergence of hatchlings, they immediately head for the open sea. The tiny replicas of turtles are in a frenzy to enter

840-540: The system. The Indian numbering system corresponds to the Western system for the zeroth through fourth powers of ten: one (10 ), ten (10 ), one hundred (10 ), one thousand (10 ), and ten thousand (10 ). For higher powers of ten, the names no longer correspond. In the ancient Indian system still in use in regional languages of India, there are words for (10 ). These names respectively starting at 1000 are sahasra, ayuta, laksha, niyuta, koti, arbhudha, abhja, karva, nikarva, mahapadma, shanmkhu, jaladhi, amtya, madhya, paraardha. In

870-453: The thousand, lakh, and crore terminology (though inconsistent) repeats for larger numbers: thus 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion ) becomes 1 lakh crore , written as 10,00,00,00,00,000. When speakers of indigenous Indian languages are speaking English, the pronunciations may be closer to their mother tongue; e.g. "lakh" and "crore" might be pronounced /lɑkʰ/, /kɑrɔːr/, respectively. The Indian numbering system uses separators differently from

900-427: The word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun with either an unmarked or marked ("-s") plural, respectively. For example: "1 lakh people"; " lakhs of people"; "20 lakh rupees "; " lakhs of rupees". In the abbreviated form, usage such as " ₹ 5L" or " ₹ 5 lac" (for "5 lakh rupees") is common. In this system of numeration, 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million. The term

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