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29-422: Galatian may refer to: Galatians (people) Galatian language See also [ edit ] Galatia Galatia (Roman province) Galatians (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Galatian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

58-596: A solar eclipse had broken their spirits. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians, the Galatian War , defeating them. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward. Galatia declined, at times falling under Pontic ascendancy. They were finally freed by the Mithridatic Wars , during which they supported Rome. In

87-483: A judge under him, whose powers were unlimited except in cases of murder, which were tried before a council of 300 drawn from the twelve cantons and meeting at a holy place, twenty miles south-west of Ancyra, written in Ancient Greek : Δρυνεμετον , romanized :  Drunemeton/Drynemeton , lit.   'holy place of oak'. It is likely it was a sacred oak grove, since the name means 'sanctuary of

116-471: A number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese , while sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence ( exophthalmos ), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression . In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of

145-539: The Cup of the Ptolemies represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers . Several systems exist for numbering

174-632: The Hellespont respectively. In 277 BC, when the hostilities had ended the Galatians came out of Nikomedes' control and began raiding Greek cities in Asia Minor while Antiochus was solidifying his rule in Syria. The Galatians looted Cyzikus , Ilion , Didyma , Priene , Thyatira and Laodicea on the Lycus , while the citizens of Erythras paid them ransom. Either in 275 or 269 BC Antiochus' army faced

203-581: The Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy Ceraunus but were eventually ousted by Antigonus Gonatas , the grandson of the defeated Diadoch Antigonus the One-Eyed . During the course of the power struggle between Nicomedes I of Bithynia and his brother Zipoetes , the former hired 20,000 Galatian mercenaries. The Galatians split into two groups headed by Leonnorius and Lutarius, which crossed the Bosporus and

232-564: The 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin . The more usual term was Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνογαλάται , romanized :  Hellēnogalátai of Diodorus Siculus ' Bibliotheca historica v.32.5, in a passage that is translated "...and were called Gallo-Graeci because of their connection with the Greeks", identifying Galatia in the Greek East as opposed to Gaul in the West. Suda also used

261-687: The 3rd century BC. The original settlers of Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leogarios and Leonnorios c. 278 BC. They consisted mainly of three Gaulish tribes, the Tectosages , the Trocmii , and the Tolistobogii , but there were also other minor tribes. In 25 BC, Galatia became a province of the Roman Empire , with Ankara ( Ancyra ) as its capital. In the 1st century AD, many Galatians were Christianized by Paul

290-575: The Apostle 's missionary activities. The Epistle to the Galatians by Paul the Apostle is addressed to Galatian Christian communities in Galatia and is preserved in the New Testament . Seeing something of a Hellenized savage in the Galatians, Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them Gallo-Graeci ('Gauls settled among the Greeks') and the country Gallo-Graecia , as had

319-598: The Galatians expanded beyond those borders taking control of important cities such as Ancyra (present day Ankara), Pessinus , Tavium , and Gordion . They launched further raids into Bithynia, Heracleia and the Pontus in both 255 and 250 BC. Either in 240 or 230 BC Attalus I of Pergamon inflicted a heavy defeat on the Galatians at the Battle of the Caecus River . In 216 BC, Prusias I of Bithynia intervened to protect

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348-624: The Galatians in c. 232, forcing them to settle permanently and to confine themselves to the region to which they had already given their name. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon ) remained a favourite in Hellenistic art for a generation. The king of Attalid Pergamon employed their services in the increasingly devastating wars of Asia Minor; another band deserted from their Egyptian overlord Ptolemy IV after

377-495: The Galatians somewhere on the plain of Sardis in the Battle of Elephants . In the aftermath of the battle the Celts settled in northern Phrygia , a region that eventually came to be known as Galatia. The Seleucids built a series of forts at Thyatira, Akrasos and Nakrason and placed garrisons at Seleucia Sidera , Apamea , Antioch of Pisidia , Laodicea on the Lycus, Hierapolis , Peltos and Vlandos to limit Galatian raids. However,

406-1773: The Ptolemaic dynasty are likely to have suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease , or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently. ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon

435-455: The Romans as 'king' of Galatia . Each tribal territory was divided into four cantons or tetrarchies . Each of the twelve tetrarchs had under him a judge and a general. A council of the nation consisting of the tetrarchs and three hundred senators was periodically held at Drynemeton. There were also the: Comparatively little is known about Galatian religion, but it can be assumed that it

464-563: The childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III , who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V , born 210 BC. The best-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII , was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers ( Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins. Contemporaries describe

493-530: The cities of the Hellespont from Galatian raids. In 190s BC, the Galatians raided Lampsacus and Heraclea Pontica . According to Memnon of Heraclea their goal was to gain access to the sea; however, this claim is disputed by modern historiography. The constitution of the Galatian state is described by Strabo : comfortably to custom, each tribe was divided into cantons, each governed by a tetrarch with

522-529: The city of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great would gradually surpass Athens taking its place as the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world. To emulate the previous dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty eventually adopted the practice of inbreeding including sibling marriage ; this did not start in earnest until nearly a century into the dynasty's history. All the male rulers of

551-553: The dynasty took the name Ptolemy , while queens regnant were all called Cleopatra , Arsinoe , or Berenice . The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII , known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey , and later between Octavian and Mark Antony . Her apparent suicide after the Roman conquest of Egypt marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt. Dates in brackets on

580-615: The great battles of the times. For years the chieftains and their war bands ravaged the western half of Asia Minor as allies of one or other of the warring princes without any serious check—until they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax , who reigned in Asia Minor . Hierax tried to defeat Attalus I , the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC), but instead the Hellenized cities united under Attalus' banner and his armies inflicted several severe defeats upon Hierax and

609-403: The later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars. Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties , the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage , with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them. Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives,

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638-486: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatian&oldid=874887441 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Galatians (people) The Galatians were descended from Celts who had invaded Greece in

667-611: The oaks' in Gaulish : [*dru-nemeton ] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) (from drus , lit. 'oak', and nemeton , lit. 'sacred ground'). The local population of Cappadocians were left in control of the towns and most of the land, paying tithes to their new overlords, who formed a military aristocracy and kept aloof in fortified farmsteads, surrounded by their bands. These Galatians were warriors, respected by Greeks and Romans. They were often hired as mercenary soldiers, sometimes fighting on both sides in

696-476: The settlement of 64 BC, Galatia became a client-state of the Roman empire, the old constitution disappeared, and three chiefs (wrongly styled 'tetrarchs') were appointed, one for each tribe. But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, Deiotarus , the contemporary of Cicero and Julius Caesar , who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by

725-488: The term Hellenogalatai. Brennus invaded Greece in 281 BC with a huge war band and was turned back before he could plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi . At the same time, another Gaulish group of men, women, and children were migrating through Thrace. They had split off from Brennus' people in 279 BC, and had migrated into Thrace under their leaders Leonnorius and Lutarius. These invaders appeared in Asia Minor in 278–277 BC; others invaded Macedonia, killed

754-651: Was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period . Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 BC until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Ptolemy , a general and one of the somatophylakes (bodyguard companions) of Alexander the Great ,

783-498: Was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. The new dynasty adopted the Egyptian titles and iconography, showing respect to local traditions, while also preserving their own Greek language and culture. The Ptolemaic period

812-622: Was marked by the intense interactions and blending of the Greek and Egyptian cultures. Under the Ptolemies, Hellenistic religion was largely shaped by religious syncretism and imperial cult . Elements of Greek education became widespread in urban spaces, culminating in the foundation of the Mouseion (including the Library of Alexandria ) and the Serapeum . During the Hellenistic period,

841-456: Was similar to that of most Celts. The Greek god Telesphorus has attributes not seen in other Greek gods, and it is speculated to have been imported from Galatia. Ptolemaic dynasty The Ptolemaic dynasty ( / ˌ t ɒ l ɪ ˈ m eɪ . ɪ k / ; Ancient Greek : Πτολεμαῖοι , Ptolemaioi ), also known as the Lagid dynasty ( Λαγίδαι , Lagidai ; after Ptolemy I 's father, Lagus ),

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