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66-712: The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site covers over 33,000 hectares in Gallipoli , Turkey . The park was established in 1973 by the Turkish government and is included in the United Nations list of National Parks and Protected Areas . Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site is home to memorials, graveyards, and commemorations of events that took place on the peninsula since the First World War . In honor of over 500,000 soldiers who died in battle on Gallipoli ,

132-422: A 1.2 million dollar plan to create a new commemorative cite. At the same time, the Turkish government pledged 100 million dollars to improve the infrastructure of the land. What was meant to be a coordinated project between Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey, became a series of disagreements. The disaster of the arguments caused disruption in the landscape, cultural heritage, and even human remains. Although it

198-493: A commander at Gallipoli. The Ottoman Empire instituted the Gallipoli Star as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand (or ANZACs ) as independent dominions , setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities. The date of

264-605: A deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the labour battalions of the Ottoman army). The rest were "scattered… among the farms like ownerless cattle." The Metropolitan bishop of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical. He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all

330-733: A great deal to say. A 5,000 years history." Gallipoli is located in Thrace , Turkey, and is bordered by the Aegean Sea on its west and the Dardanelles straight on its east. The Gallipoli peninsula is located on the European part of the country and is known for its rich history from even before World War I. The peninsula stretches around 60 kilometres southwest into the Aegean Sea and is one to two kilometres wide at any given point. As

396-402: A hurried exit for cover, but one poor beggar caught one right through the heart, and died immediately, he was a member of the 6th Battalion, such is the 'Irony of Fate', this lad was alive and well a minute ago, now he's dead, we took him away to the dugout where all men killed are put (they are usually buried the same day by a chaplain). Despite the shelling and Turkish snipers, Anzac Cove was

462-667: A month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the Ottomans besieged and captured the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the Balkans . The Savoyard Crusade recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The Greeks living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In

528-433: A part of the "Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park Long-Term development Plan", the names of 60,000 soldiers were written on 1,670 concrete slabs in commemoration of their deaths. This monument was built over 8,000 square meters of land. Along with the construction of the slabs, landscape designers also planted cypress trees to preserve the landscape and scenery of the land previously covered in asphalt. This grave site

594-402: A popular swimming beach for the soldiers. At ANZAC it was a struggle to supply sufficient water for drinking and there was rarely any available for washing. Most soldiers disregarded all but the fiercest shelling rather than interrupt the one luxury available to them. On Anzac Day in 1985, the name "Anzac Cove" was officially recognised by the Turkish government. The Anzac Day dawn service

660-598: A south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Dardanelles (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the Gulf of Saros (formerly the bay of Melas). In antiquity , it was protected by the Long Wall , a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of Agora . The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth or about 6.5 km (4.0 mi), but

726-520: Is a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey . It became famous as the site of World War I landing of the ANZACs ( Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ) on 25 April 1915. The cove is 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, bounded by the headlands of Arıburnu to the north and Little Arıburnu, known as Hell Spit , to the south. Following the landing at Anzac Cove , the beach became the main base for

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792-654: Is filled with rich history since World War One . In 1914, conflicts between the Allied forces and the Ottomans began. The invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula, which is known to have started the Gallipoli Campaign in World War One, is also known as Anzac Day . ANZAC day, 25 April 1915, is commemorated by Australians and New Zealanders due to the numerous lives lost. Allied forces entered

858-453: Is one of many historically significant sites on the peninsula. National heritage on the peninsula includes, 50 Turkish martyrs’ cemeteries, 29 Turkish memorials and epigraphic monuments, 34 cemeteries and memorials, 6 fortresses, 14 bastions, 32 archaeological sites, and 36 underwater wrecks. The full list of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula can be found here . A popular pastime for Australian and New Zealand visitors on

924-703: The Armistice of Mudanya of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel , a significant number of émigré soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula . From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia , where they found refuge. There are now many cemeteries and war memorials on

990-460: The Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign . The first objective for soldiers coming ashore in enemy-held territory was to establish a beachhead , a safe section of beach protected from enemy attack where supplies and extra troops could be safely brought ashore. Anzac Cove was always within 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) of the front-line, well within

1056-522: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission . The park is officially recognised as a historical site. In addition to its historical significance, the park also serves an important cultural significance. Countless archaeological findings have been discovered, many of which date back to 4000 BC . The combination of war history, ancient sites, and astounding scenery, has attracted thousands of visitors every year, making it one of

1122-502: The Dardanelles , shelled the waters off the cove and it was partially exposed to view from Gaba Tepe to the south and completely open to view from Nibrunesi Point at the southern tip of Suvla Bay to the north. Nibrunesi Point was under the guns of the Royal Navy so was never used to fire on Anzac, however the well-concealed Turkish battery at Gaba Tepe, known as "Beachy Bill", was a constant menace. Private Victor Laidlaw wrote of

1188-674: The Eureka Stockade gardens. However this request was dismissed by the Turkish government as the Gallipoli peninsula is Turkish territory and already a national park in the Turkish National Park System. In 2004 the Australian Minister for Veteran's Affairs, Danna Vale , made a request to the Turkish authorities that roadworks be carried out in the area. In 2005, the resultant efforts to widen

1254-721: The European part of Turkey , with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name Καλλίπολις ( Kallípolis ), meaning 'beautiful city', the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu . In antiquity , the peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese ( Ancient Greek : Θρακικὴ Χερσόνησος , romanized :  Thrakiké Chersónesos ; Latin : Chersonesus Thracica ). The peninsula runs in

1320-785: The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park was established in 1973. In loving memory of the lives lost, the park consists of statues, memorials, and cemeteries. The surrounding area also provides scenic views of the Ariburnu Cliffs coupled with clear waters and beaches. The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site is best known for the battles fought in the First World War. Most notably, the Canakkale Sea and shore battles fought in 1915. Various remnants can still be found at

1386-512: The Middle East Technical University (METU), led by Raci Bademli , criticised the previous development which caused destruction of culturally valuable land and argued for a new plan. Part of this proposal was to name the peninsula a Peace Park . This label would result in less invasive development and maintaining the peninsula's landscape. "The International Gallipoli Peninsula Peace Park Ideas and Design Competition"

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1452-685: The 19th century, Gallipoli ( Ottoman Turkish : گلیبولو , Gelibolu ) was a district ( kaymakamlik ) in the Vilayet of Adrianople , with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews. Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War , and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and Istanbul (formerly Constantinople ). In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an 11.5 km (7.1 mi) line of defence to protect

1518-583: The August Offensive and the Australian advance on the main front lines, the Lone Pine trenches took their place. In a preliminary archaeological survey of the battlefield, the site was found to have clear complex trench systems still in place with minimal erosion and backfilling. Similar to the other sites on the peninsula, metal cans and small ceramic pieces were of the few artefacts found in

1584-526: The Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...". Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to Islam . In some cases, Muhacirs appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned

1650-522: The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park was disputed between hundreds of architects since the end of World War I. As stated by architect Tony Watkins, "A visit to Gallipoli has the potential to change people, who they are, and how they see the world. A visit has the potential to lift them up so that they might see beyond their existing horizons. This is no ordinary place. The strong Gallipoli landscape has

1716-477: The Gallipoli Peninsula with the plan of creating a new front in the east. This front was meant to create easy access to supplies from Russia and the Mediterranean Sea . Leaders such as Winston Churchill , and Lord Kitchener supported the strategy to attack the Gallipoli Peninsula. This attack failed and hundreds of thousands of people died. Although exact numbers are still unknown, it is estimated that

1782-590: The Gallipoli peninsula is the ‘ANZAC Walk’. This two-kilometre walk takes tourists through 11 of the areas in which the ANZACs were primarily located during the war. Audio tours and guides are also very popular in the national park. Russell's Top is a stretch of plateau which, for a portion of the Gallipoli Campaign, served as the northern front line of the ANZACs. The plateau is full of a series of trench systems which are still clearly visible today. At

1848-423: The Gallipoli peninsula. Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat , Keşan and Şarköy . After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in Çanakkale Province . 40°21′N 26°27′E  /  40.350°N 26.450°E  / 40.350; 26.450 ANZAC Cove Anzac Cove ( Turkish : Anzak Koyu )

1914-468: The Gallipoli peninsula. Their goal is to “Develop as an open-air museum the Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Historical Area, where we paid the price during the Çanakkale Wars for our national unity and togetherness; to protect this historical area’s emotional, historical, and cultural values, along with its nature, using a universal perspective, a sense of responsibility for the future generations, and cooperation with

1980-568: The Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli. During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, Russia . The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along

2046-616: The Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus. Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice , the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. Within

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2112-482: The Ottoman Empire deported Greek residents from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the sea of Marmara , to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks. The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government. The Turks then plundered the houses and properties. A testimony of

2178-468: The adjacent beaches; firstly onto Brighton Beach to the south of the cove and later onto North Beach beyond Arıburnu. Three wireless radio stations were established on the beach to maintain contact with the fleet. While the cove was relatively sheltered from shellfire from across the peninsula, the Chanak forts, as well as the Turkish battleships Turgut Reis and Barbaros Hayreddin anchored in

2244-421: The area. The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site is not only a place for the commemoration of the lives lost during World War I, but a possible location for ecotourism. The park's "war history, biological diversity , coastal morphology, and climate " all have potential to attract visitors. The Çanakkale Wars and Gallipoli Historic Region Directorate (ÇATAB) controls the administration and long-term planning for

2310-411: The dangers posed by Beachy Bill in his diary: 31.8.15 (31 August 1915) Today Beachey Bill killed a large number on the beach. This gun has now accounted for 2,000 casualties. 2.9.15 (2 September 1915) This morning I went down to medical comforts, after this went down with Harry to draw rations, had a swim at the same time. Just as we were coming out Beachey Bill opened fire with shrapnel, we all made

2376-604: The decisive Battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and Macedon , whose king Philip II sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. After the death of Philip's son Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became

2442-599: The evacuation of Anzac in December 1915, resulted in the beach being further reduced and bounded by a steep earth embankment. The only way onto the beach was via the CWGC cemeteries at each headland, Arıburnu Cemetery, and Beach Cemetery . In 2003 the Australian government announced that it was negotiating with Turkey to place Anzac Cove on the National Heritage List, which included Australian sites such as

2508-636: The extinction of the Attalid dynasty in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the Roman province of Asia . It was subsequently made a state-owned territory ( ager publicus ) and during the reign of the emperor Augustus it was imperial property. The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, Attila

2574-525: The houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave. Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 , considered part of the Turkish War of Independence . After the Armistice of Mudros of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as Kallipolis . However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after

2640-581: The land as possible. Even though this was the main goal, it is evident through the structures on the sight today that many structures interfered with the framework of the land. In 1994, a fire in the Ariburnu (ANZAC Cove) region of the peninsula resulted in the ruin of 4,049 hectares of forest. This fire sparked the Turkish government to create an inventory of the peninsula's natural and cultural resources. Along with this inventory, research and new development plans began. The project team of urban planners from

2706-608: The land. Most of the elaborate trench system is known to have existed but can no longer be found with the remaining areas displaying the consequences of erosion . Across from Quinn's Post , which was held by the ANZACS, is Turkish Quinn's. Turkish Quinn's was a post controlled by the Ottoman Turks. From the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign, the Turks were able to hold this site until the Allied Forces retreated from

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2772-648: The landing, 25 April, is known as " ANZAC Day ". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and "returned soldiers" in Australia and New Zealand. On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty , Winston Churchill , whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair. Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,

2838-483: The last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916. The campaign, one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating Allied failure. Turks regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity, contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who first rose to prominence as

2904-538: The length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia or about 77.5 km (48.2 mi). In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese (from Greek χερσόνησος , 'peninsula' ) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia , Pactya , Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus ( Ἀλωπεκόννησος ), Sestos , Madytos , and Elaeus . The peninsula

2970-726: The more famous Miltiades the Younger , about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC after the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–478 BC). The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of cleruchies on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. Sparta gained control after

3036-583: The most famous sites in Turkey. Because of the Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site's distinct situation being located near three cultural zones, Anatolia , Balkans , and Aegean , it is isolated from each cultural zone's central area. This makes the park an accessible margin for all surrounding nations. In times of integration or distress, the park serves as a meeting ground for all three cultural zones. The Gallipoli Peninsula

3102-762: The north-western end of the plateau is the Nek. The Nek was held by the Ottoman-Turks and is a link to the Second Ridge. The Second Ridge was also held by the Allies but was never joined with Russell's Top due to the Turkish control of the Nek. Currently, there have been issues with tourists creating their own walking tracks through the trenches, disturbing the historical significance of the land. Very few artefacts were located, but barbed wire, small ceramic pieces, and small metal food containers were found sticking out of

3168-609: The object of contention among Alexander's successors . Lysimachus established his capital Lysimachia here. In 278 BC, Celtic tribes from Galatia in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the Romans , who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC. At

3234-436: The outlines of the battle areas of German Officers’ Trench are still highly visible. The site was given this name due to the position of two German soldiers directing troops on the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign. There were no artefacts found at this site, but trenches were again, backfilled. The Turkish trenches at Lone Pine were a part of the Turkish front line. Originally, they were meant to be reserve trenches, but after

3300-880: The park came about by the Foundation for Turkish Nature Conservation (TTKD), the United States National Park Service (USNPS), the State Planning Organisation in Turkey , and the Turkish National Parks Department . Once the park opened, several plans for commemorative projects to be held in the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park were made. Besides the Çanakkale Martyrs Memorial , architects tried to create as little impact on unsettling

3366-400: The park, such as building structures and sunken ships. The memorials remember soldiers from Turkey, England, France, Australia, and New Zealand. The Gallipoli peninsula and Gallipoli Campaign are especially significant in Turkish, Australian and New Zealand cultures due to the large percentage of each country's population who fought/ died during the war. Commonwealth war graves are cared for by

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3432-424: The peninsula and contained the invading forces. In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople ), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at ANZAC Cove early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting

3498-432: The peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from Ancient Greece , mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC. The Athenian statesman Miltiades the Elder founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew,

3564-482: The peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the Mediterranean Sea . During the First Balkan War , the 1913 Battle of Bulair and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli". The Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population. The Ottoman Government, under

3630-403: The peninsula. The Turkish and ANZAC trenches, at certain points in the area, had less than 5 metres between them. During the Gallipoli Campaign, both sides believed these trenches to be the most unsafe spots on the peninsula. The outlines of the trenches at Turkish Quinn's are still highly visible. The site is now covered with new growth and shrubs. Although the outlines of the trenches are clear,

3696-404: The pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to Gallipoli . Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as

3762-430: The range of Turkish artillery , though spurs from the high ground of Plugge's Plateau , which rose above Arıburnu, provided some protection. General William Birdwood , commander of Anzac, made his headquarters in a gully overlooking the cove, as did the commanders of the New Zealand and Australian Division and the Australian 1st Division . On 29 April, General Birdwood recommended that the original landing site between

3828-418: The road to provide a bus parking area for the Commemorative Site covered some of the remaining beach, making it impossible to traverse, and cut into Plugge's Plateau, making the path to the summit and Plugge's Plateau Cemetery impassable. On 18 October 2005 the federal minister for veterans affairs, Danna Vale , called for the battlefield to be recreated in Australia, saying that the physical similarity between

3894-493: The total number of casualties reached half a million. Although the dead were buried and commemorated during the war, the Ottomans and Allied forces both began a more coordinated effort in 1918. Today, there are 31 cemeteries and six commemorative monuments on the land with 23,000 graves being individually marked. After many proposals to create a national historical park on the peninsula, Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park became formal on 2 November 1973. The formation of

3960-442: The trenches are mostly filled. This is a result of the Turks’ decision to come back to the war zone and distribute unburied bodies in the trenches. As of 2005, no artefacts have been found in the area. There is a tourist access road between Turkish Quinn's and Quinn's that would likely have resulted in the removal of surface level artefacts. This area, is what was known as the "killing zone of no mans land". Similar to Turkish Quinn's,

4026-443: The two headlands be known as "Anzac Cove" and that the surrounding, hitherto nameless, area occupied by his corps be known as "Anzac". The beach itself became an enormous supply dump and two field hospitals were established, one at either end. Four floating jetties were quickly constructed for the landing of stores, later replaced in July by a permanent structure known as "Watson's Pier". The volume of stores quickly overflowed onto

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4092-429: The veteran villages”. 40°10′13.156″N 26°22′3.601″E  /  40.17032111°N 26.36766694°E  / 40.17032111; 26.36766694 Gallipoli The Gallipoli peninsula ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ p əl i , ɡ æ -/ ; Turkish : Gelibolu Yarımadası ; Greek : Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης , romanized :  Chersónisos tis Kallípolis ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace ,

4158-410: Was held at Arıburnu Cemetery within the cove until 1999 when the number of people attending outgrew the site. A purpose-built "Anzac Commemorative Site" was constructed nearby on North Beach in time for the 2000 service. Over the years, Anzac Cove beach has been degraded by erosion , and the construction of the coast road from Kabatepe to Suvla , originally started by Australian engineers just prior to

4224-515: Was held in 1998, and was won by Lasse Brøgger and Anne-Stine Reine, Norwegian architects, whose project won awards for its innovation, but never was completed In 1998, Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park was named a World Heritage Site . A year after this, the Australian and New Zealand governments found their citizens having an increasing interest in visiting the park. This sparked the proposal for an ANZAC commemorative site and yearly ceremony. The Australian and New Zealand governments created

4290-399: Was renowned for its wheat . It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia , as well as from its control of the shipping route from Crimea . The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the Hellespont . According to Herodotus , the Thracian tribe of Dolonci ( Δόλογκοι ) (or 'barbarians' according to Cornelius Nepos ) held possession of

4356-413: Was the result of disagreements between all countries involved, the Australian government admitted its faults. In 2005, more projects commemorating the events during the First World War began. New Turkish cemeteries were discovered and therefore were developed for public view. More parking lots and wider roads for tourist buses were also created to increase tourism infrastructure. The landscape design of

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