The Dangu ( Dhaŋu , Dhangu ) are an Aboriginal Australian people of Arnhem Land , in the Northern Territory , one of many Yolŋu peoples. They are, according to Norman Tindale , to be carefully distinguished from the Djaŋu .
51-621: Two prominent clans of the Dangu are the Rirratjingu and Galpu clans. The extent of Dangu territory could not be established by Tindale, who located them in the general area of Yirrkala Mission , Cape Arnhem, Melville Bay, and Port Bradshaw. Like all Yolŋu societies, the Dangu, identified as a grouping of clans sharing similar dialects, were organised according to the Dhuwa and Yirritja ( Jiritja ) moieties . Their ethnonymic identity as
102-669: A Miss Proctor. She was not a trained teacher, but had worked at the mission on Goulburn Island for three years. The mission received child endowment for every Aboriginal child there, regardless of attendance at the school. During World War II, a RAAF airbase operated close by. Many mission residents worked there, as boat pilots for the RAAF and the Royal Australia Navy , or assisted the war effort by other means. The school did not operate during this time, and all "white women" were evacuated in 1942. Around 1974, control of
153-638: A base for several major artists, including Gulumbu Yunupingu , Banduk Marika , Gunybi Ganambarr , Djambawa Marawili , and Yanggarriny Wunungmurra . Women artists who have worked at the centre include five sisters: Nancy Gaymala Yunupingu , Gulumbu Yunupingu , Barrupu Yunupingu , Nyapanyapa Yunupingu , and Eunice Djerrkngu Yunupingu ; as well as Dhuwarrwarr Marika ; Malaluba Gumana ; Naminapu Maymuru-White ; Nonggirrnga Marawili ; Dhambit Mununggurr ; and Margaret Wirrpanda . At Yirrkala School, formerly Yirrkala Community School, renamed "Yirrkala Community Education Centre" or "Yirrkala CEC" after it became
204-424: A cabinet minister. The cabinet consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a cabinet reshuffle . Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. The cabinet
255-502: A location of one of the trial Community Education Centres (CEC) in 1988, students undertake a method of bilingual studies dubbed "both ways", incorporating a cultural curriculum called Galtha Rom, meaning cultural lessons. Despite a 2009 Northern Territory Government order to teach English for the first four hours each day, the school continued to teach in its own way, with the child's first language, Yolngu Matha , taught alongside English. The method has proven effective against reducing
306-404: A parcel of their land was to be sold to a bauxite mining company. Although the petition itself was unsuccessful in the sense that the bauxite mining at Nhulunbuy went ahead as planned, it alerted non-Indigenous Australians to the need for Indigenous representation in such decisions, and it prompted a government report recommending compensation payments, protection of sacred sites , creation of
357-672: A permanent parliamentary standing committee to scrutinise developments at Yirrkala, and also acknowledgments of the Indigenous people's moral right to their lands. The Bark Petition is on display in the Parliament House in Canberra . The settlement was funded as an outstation during the 1980s. Yirrkala is a small community in East Arnhem Region , Northern Territory, 18 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of
408-642: A predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence. However, in 2007 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd , assumed the power to choose the ministry alone. Later, the caucus regained this power in 2013. According to reporting by the Sydney Morning Herald , ministerial positions are allocated by the Left and Right factions proportionally according to their representation in
459-457: A unified group was based on their common word for the demonstrative pronoun "this". They are divided into six clans according to which moiety they belong to, of four Dua, and six Yirritja. The Dua moiety: The Yirritja moiety: In the Gälpu clan legends, Wititj, the huge ancestral rainbow serpent , was said to create thunder and lightning as it moved across the land, but is also associated with
510-483: Is also home to a number of Mission Aviation Fellowship pilots and engineers based in Arnhem Land, providing air transport services. At the 2021 census , Yirrkala had a population of 657, of whom 79.8% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people . There has been an Aboriginal community at Yirrkala throughout recorded history, but the community increased enormously in size when Yirrkala mission
561-418: Is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for statutory instruments and Henry VIII clauses . Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than
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#1732765784449612-582: Is not a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council , which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the cabinet. All members of the cabinet are members of
663-545: Is one member of the famous Marika family of north-east Arnhem Land, and is the daughter of artist Mathaman Marika and the sister of artist, cultural leader and environmentalist Dr B Marika . She was married to former Yothu Yindi lead singer and educator Dr M Yunupingu (1956–2013). She has translated children's books into Yolngu Matha languages, and taught " both ways " bilingual education for her whole career, standing firm against Northern Territory Government policies which dictated that NT schools should teach only in
714-496: The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 . At the 2021 census , Yirrkala had a population of 657, of whom 79.8% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people . Yirrkala is home to a number of leading Indigenous artists, whose traditional Aboriginal art , particularly bark painting , can be found in art galleries around the world, and whose work frequently wins awards such as
765-722: The Australian Capital Territory . The head offices of all the federal departments are located in Canberra, along with Parliament House and the High Court . The name of the government in the Constitution of Australia is the "Government of the Commonwealth". This was the name used in many early federal government publications. However, in 1965 Robert Menzies indicated his preference for
816-484: The Australian Labor Party (ALP), in office since the 2022 federal election . The prime minister is the head of the federal government and is a role which exists by constitutional convention, rather than by law. They are appointed to the role by the governor-general (the representative of the monarch of Australia ). The governor-general normally appoints the parliamentary leader who commands
867-613: The Dhuwa moiety (including Mawalan Marika , Wandjuk Marika and Mithinarri Gurruwiwi ), who painted one sheet with their major ancestral narratives and clan designs, and eight elders of the Yirritja moiety , including Mungurrawuy Yunupingu , Birrikitji Gumana and Narritjin Maymuru , who painted the other sheet with Yirritja designs. They were discarded by the church in 1974, but were salvaged by Buku-Larrnggay in 1978. As of 2015 it represented more than 300 artists from around
918-461: The English language in 1998. This was despite the fact that Yirrkala School had been identified as the first to undergo bilingual accreditation in 1980, and bilingual students outperformed the non-bilingual students. Yunupingu was appointed senior teacher at the school in 2004, and has often been called "mother of the school", and became known for her mentoring of other teachers. She was awarded
969-608: The Federal government , is the national executive government of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The executive consists of the prime minister and other cabinet ministers that currently have the support of a majority of the members of the House of Representatives (the lower house) and also includes the departments and other executive bodies that ministers oversee. The current executive government consists of Anthony Albanese and other ministers of
1020-843: The Northern Territory Government 's Teaching Excellence Award in the Remote Primary category for her work at Yirrkala, and her artwork has featured in exhibitions in Australia and the US. She has also been an honorary fellow at Charles Darwin University . She retired in early 2023 after 40 years at the school, with family, friends, colleagues and other community members gathering to celebrate her contribution. Since retirement, she has been teaching traditional healing with bush medicines . On 25 January 2024 she
1071-576: The Yidaki (didgeridoo), and some of the world's finest didgeridoos are still made at Yirrkala. The Buku-Larrnggay Mulka Centre , formerly Buku-Larrŋgay Arts, is a world-renowned art centre , with well-known artists such as Nyapanyapa Yunupingu based there. It is often referred to as Buku for short. There is a stage called the Roy Marika Stage at the centre, which is used for the annual Yarrapay Festival. The festival's June 2021 iteration
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#17327657844491122-462: The Constitution . These were defined by High Court Justice Anthony Mason , as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation". They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households during a financial crisis and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" from entering
1173-551: The Dismissal of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply. The propriety of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested. The Federal Executive Council is the body that formally advises the governor-general in the exercise of executive power. Decisions of
1224-680: The Executive Council. A senior member of the cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general. The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities. There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in 1 Bligh Street . Until 1956 all members of
1275-515: The King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers. Powers subject to the governor-general’s discretion are known as reserve powers. While certain reserve powers, such as the ability to choose the prime minister most likely to command the confidence of the lower house, are uncontroversial, others are subject to much greater debate. The most notable example of their use occurring in
1326-549: The Parliament. The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government, belonging (according to the Bagehot formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government. While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative (but since
1377-683: The Telstra National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Awards . Their work is visible to the public at the Buku-Larrnggay Mulka Art Centre and Museum and also at the YBE art centre. Pioneer bark painters from this region who the National Museum of Australia consider old masters include Mithinarri Gurruwiwi , Birrikitji Gumana and Mawalan Marika . It is also a traditional home of
1428-588: The allocation of their portfolios. When Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the Caucus , and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised
1479-488: The application of a strict test. As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the constitution (primarily under section 51 ). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the royal prerogative , such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from section 61 of
1530-444: The appointing of Sir Isaac Isaacs in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers). Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State". As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in cabinet, if those decisions require
1581-414: The body give legal effect to decisions already deliberated at cabinet. All current and formers ministers are members of the council, although only current ministers are summoned to meetings. The governor-general usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the vice-president of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the council. Since 1 June 2022,
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1632-599: The bottom layer includes public servants , police, government departments and independent statutory bodies who directly implement policy and laws. Executive power is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by John Locke as all government power not legislative or judicial in nature. The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition
1683-597: The calm freshwater systems where the spirits reside, among water lilies and palm trees . Yirrkala Yirrkala is a small community in East Arnhem Region , Northern Territory, Australia, 18 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of the large mining town of Nhulunbuy , on the Gove Peninsula in Arnhem Land . Its population comprises predominantly Aboriginal Australians of the Yolngu people, and it
1734-470: The confidence of a majority of the members of the House of Representatives. Also by convention, the prime minister is a member of the lower house. The prime minister and their sworn ministers form the cabinet , the key decision-making organ of the government that makes policy and decides the agenda of the government. Members of the government can exercise both legislative power (through their control of
1785-553: The country . Ministers drawn from the Australian parliament form the core of the Australian Government. A subset of these ministers form the cabinet, the de facto highest executive body of the government. Ministers not part of cabinet belong to the outer ministry. Additionally, there are also assistant ministers (formally parliamentary secretaries ), responsible for a specific policy area, reporting directly to
1836-469: The drop-out rate, and in 2020 eight students were the first in their community to graduate year 12 with scores enabling them to attend university. Yirrkala School and its sister school, Laynhapuy Homelands School, are now being looked to as models for learning in remote traditional communities. Artist and teacher-linguist Yalmay Marika Yunupingu , also known as Yalmay Yunupingu Marika (sometimes hyphenated) or just Yalmay Yunupingu (born c. 1955 ),
1887-419: The formal endorsement of the governor-general in council, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the Federal Executive Council , which is presided over by the governor-general. Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require royal assent before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament. However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers,
1938-554: The homelands, and exhibitions of work by the artists were being shown across Australia and internationally. As of 2020 , the centre comprises two divisions: the Yirrkala Art Centre, which represents the artists exhibiting and selling contemporary art , and The Mulka Project, which incorporates the museum. It is known for its production of bark paintings , weaving in natural fibres, larrakitj (memorial poles), yidaki , and many other forms of art. The centre has been
1989-597: The interaction was on the whole positive in those early days, with a lack of dogmatism by the missionaries, and the Yolngu people accommodating Christianity within a version of their own beliefs. MOM received a government subsidy to run the mission, and school classes operated from 1936, at first outdoors under a tree, and later beneath the Mission House. In 1951, a new school building was built, and, by 1952, it had 47 children regularly attending classes there, taught by
2040-492: The large mining town of Nhulunbuy , on the Gove Peninsula in Arnhem Land . As of 2024 the East Arnhem Regional Council is the local government for Yirrkala, which is in the council's Gumurr Miwatj Ward. It consults with Yirrkala Mala Leaders Association, consisting of 12 elected community members. The Northern Land Council is the land council to the community, responsible for matters under
2091-790: The ministry differs depending on their party. When the Liberal Party and its predecessors (the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on
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2142-464: The ministry were members of the cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the front bench . This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam government . The prime minister's power to select
2193-634: The mission was passed to the Yirrkala Dhanbul Community Association, and it was no longer was operated as a mission thereafter. Yirrkala played a pivotal role in the development of the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians when the document Bark Petition was created at Yirrkala in 1963 and sent to the Federal Government to protest the Prime Minister's announcement that
2244-399: The name "Australian Government" in order to prevent confusion with the new Commonwealth of Nations . The Whitlam government legislated the use of "Government of Australia" in 1973 in line with its policy of promoting national goals and aspirations. However, academic Anne Twomey argues that the government was also motivated by a desire to blur the differences between the Commonwealth and
2295-404: The other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands the king, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally,
2346-418: The parliament) and executive power (as ministers on behalf of the governor-general and the monarch). However, in accordance with responsible government , and to ensure accountability, actions of the government in its executive capacity are subject to scrutiny from parliament. The Australian Government is headquartered in the executive wing of Parliament House , located in the nation's capital, Canberra , in
2397-512: The states in an attempt to increase federal power. The Parliament of Australia website also notes that the name "Australian Government" is preferable in order to avoid confusion with the Commonwealth of Nations and the US federal government by those not familiar with Australia's system of government. This terminology remains preferred by the government. However, the terms Commonwealth Government and federal government are also common. In some contexts,
2448-459: The term "government" refers to all public agencies that exercise the power of the State , whether legislative, executive or judicial. The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch. Unlike
2499-566: Was announced as 2024 Senior Australian of the Year and travelled to Canberra to accept the award. Yirrkala has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: 12°15′10″S 136°53′30″E / 12.25278°S 136.89167°E / -12.25278; 136.89167 Australian Government [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Australian Government , also known as the Commonwealth Government or simply as
2550-531: Was directed by Witiyana Marika , and featured the Andrew Gurruwiwi Band, Yothu Yindi , Yirrmal , and East Journey . The centre was established by local artists in the old Mission health centre in 1976, after the missionaries had left and as the Aboriginal land rights and Homeland movements gathered pace. The historic Yirrkala Church Panels were created in 1963 by Yolngu elders of
2601-706: Was founded in 1935, with people from 13 different Yolngu clans moving to Yirrkala. Around this time, the Methodist Overseas Mission (MOM) was encouraging their senior staff to study anthropology under A. P. Elkin at Sydney University , to learn more about Aboriginal Australian culture, in particular the Yolngu people who lived in East Arnhem. Mission superintendents included founding superintendent Wilbur Chaseling, Harold Thornell, and Edgar Wells, who wrote about their experiences there. The residents were free to come and go as they wished, and
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