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132-522: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas , United States. It was established by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico on October 17, 1825, while the land known today as Texas was still part of Mexico. The Port of Galveston is the oldest port in the Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans . Located on the upper Texas Gulf Coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island , it
264-572: A collection of historic homes constructed from the Civil War through World War II. The East End Historic District on both sides of Broadway and Market Streets, contains 463 buildings. Other historic districts include Cedar Lawn, Denver Court and Fort Travis . The Strand National Historic Landmark District is a National Historic Landmark District of mainly Victorian era buildings that have been adapted for use as restaurants, antique stores, historical exhibits, museums and art galleries. The area
396-472: A component of bad breath odor. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations. Sulfur mustard , a potent vesicant , was used in World War ;I as a disabling agent. Sulfur–sulfur bonds are
528-401: A deep-water port and was able to handle larger ships. By the time World War I began, Galveston "was the leading cotton port in the world, the third-largest exporter of wheat, and an important sugar import center." The port also became a major immigration center, with almost 50,000 people entering the country between 1906 and 1914. In March 1920 local longshoreman called for a strike, seeking
660-462: A female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was 23.4% under the age of 13, 11.3% from 13 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 88, and 13.7% who were 89 years of age or older in 2010. The median age
792-595: A gift from the state's citizens. On September 8, 1900, the island was struck by a devastating hurricane . This event holds the record as the United States' deadliest natural disaster . The city was devastated, and an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people on the island were killed. Following the storm, a 10-mile (16 km) long, 17 foot (5.2 m) high seawall was built to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surges. A team of engineers including Henry Martyn Robert ( Robert's Rules of Order ) designed
924-524: A long stagnation. Many businesses relocated off the island during this period, but health care, insurance, and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy. By 1959, the city of Houston had long outpaced Galveston in population and economic growth. Beginning in 1957, the Galveston Historical Foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings. The 1966 book The Galveston That Was helped encourage
1056-587: A major industrial product, especially in automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named vulcanization , after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism . Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah ( Genesis ). English translations of the Christian Bible commonly referred to burning sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to
1188-527: A red-brick Victorian Italianate home, was constructed in 1859 by James Moreau Brown. One of the first brick structures in Texas, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The structure is also the site of what was to become the holiday known as Juneteenth , where on June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger, standing on its balcony, read
1320-587: A single generation Galveston went from being Texas' most populous (and most important) city to being a tragic footnote to a century of frontier violence, urban lawlessness and civic greed, throughout the state. Apart from reducing Galveston to rubble, the one-two punch that nature dealt the island stiffened the spines of those who survived. As Gary Cartwright observes (see fn 40), residents prided themselves on having stayed behind, though it meant being marooned for decades. They became cynical, hard-boiled, and had no use for outsiders (including Texans, and those who fled to
1452-779: A square bell tower with trefoil window. The U.S. Custom House began construction in 1860 and was completed in 1861. The Confederate Army occupied the building during the American Civil War , In 1865, the Custom House was the site of the ceremony officially ending the Civil War. Galveston's modern architecture include the American National Insurance Company Tower ( One Moody Plaza ), San Luis Resort South and North Towers, The Breakers Condominiums, The Galvestonian Resort and Condos, One Shearn Moody Plaza, US National Bank Building,
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#17328020845781584-542: A storm surge which nearly wiped out the town. The natural disaster on the exposed barrier island is still ranked today as the deadliest in United States history, with an estimated death toll between 6,000 and 12,000 people. The city subsequently reemerged during the Prohibition era of 1919–1933 as a leading tourist hub and a center of illegal gambling , nicknamed the Free State of Galveston until this era ended in
1716-416: A structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below). In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber , elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer. This process, patented in 1843, made rubber
1848-401: A terminal [[50 Cent|switching]] railroad, facilitates movement of cargo by rail. Del Monte uses one wharf to import bananas. In April 2016, a new vehicle distribution center for BMW Group was opened at the port. This was the result of a public-private partnership that the port entered into with Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics Vehicle Services Americas. The new 20 acres (8.1 ha) site has
1980-433: A tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have measurably different S values than lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. The radioactive S is formed in cosmic ray spallation of
2112-643: A wage increase and recognition of their union, the International Longshoreman's Association. Some of the port traffic was diverted to the Port of Port Arthur . Some businesses threatened to pull out of Galveston completely if the port wasn't reopened. Governor William P. Hobby declared martial law and sent the Texas National Guard to take control of the city and the port. The city was under martial law until January 1921, when
2244-546: A wide beach were left with a narrow strip of sand at low tide and a gloomy vista of waves on rocks when the tide was high." To further its recovery and rebuild its population, Galveston actively solicited immigration . Through the efforts of Rabbi Henry Cohen and Congregation B'nai Israel , Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the Galveston Movement that, between 1907 and 1914, diverted roughly 10,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants from
2376-401: A year with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm). Temperatures reaching 20 °F (−7 °C) or 100 °F (38 °C) are quite rare, having last occurred on December 23, 1989, and June 25, 2012 , respectively. Record temperatures range from 8 °F (−13 °C) on February 12, 1899 , up to 104 °F (40 °C) on September 5, 2000; the record cold maximum
2508-534: Is 25 °F (−4 °C) on February 7, 1895, and again on the date of the all-time low, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is 87 °F (31 °C) set on August 31 – September 3, 2020. On average, the warmest night is at 84 °F (29 °C), seldom straying far from averages. Hurricanes are an ever-present threat during the summer and fall season, which puts Galveston in Coastal Windstorm Area. Galveston Island and
2640-620: Is 9.3 miles (15.0 km) from the open Gulf or approximately 30 minutes sailing time. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and is managed by the board of trustees of the Galveston Wharves. The port is self-sustaining , and does not receive any taxpayer funding . The Port of Galveston consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island , the north side of Galveston Island, and
2772-482: Is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature . Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals . Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India , ancient Greece , China , and ancient Egypt . Historically and in literature sulfur
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#17328020845782904-465: Is a common reagent in organic synthesis . Bromine also oxidizes sulfur to form sulfur dibromide and disulfur dibromide . Sulfur oxidizes cyanide and sulfite to give thiocyanate and thiosulfate , respectively. Sulfur reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts. Copper, zinc, and silver are attacked by sulfur; see tarnishing . Although many metal sulfides are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of
3036-466: Is a major tourist attraction for the island city. It is the center for two very popular seasonal festivals . It is widely considered the island's shopping and entertainment center. Today, "the Strand" is generally used to refer to the five-block business district between 20th and 25th streets in downtown Galveston, near the city's wharf. Since the early 20th century, Galveston has been popularly known as
3168-511: Is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless. It melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), and boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F). At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur begins slowly changing from α-octasulfur to the β- polymorph . The structure of the S 8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase transition, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Cooling molten sulfur freezes at 119.6 °C (247.3 °F), as it predominantly consists of
3300-599: Is about 2 g/cm , depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators. Sulfur sublimes more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F). Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene . Under normal conditions, sulfur hydrolyzes very slowly to mainly form hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid : The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S 8 clusters, followed by disproportionation into
3432-451: Is also called brimstone , which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum . The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers , and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in matches , insecticides , and fungicides . Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and
3564-417: Is explained by its production in the so-called alpha-process (one of the main classes of nuclear fusion reactions) in exploding stars. Other stable sulfur isotopes are produced in the bypass processes related with Ar, and their composition depends on a type of a stellar explosion. For example, proportionally more S comes from novae than from supernovae . On the planet Earth the sulfur isotopic composition
3696-418: Is higher than the melting point of sulfur. Native sulfur is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria acting on sulfate minerals such as gypsum in salt domes . Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico , and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone. Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes were once
3828-573: Is mildly acidic: Hydrogen sulfide gas and the hydrosulfide anion are extremely toxic to mammals, due to their inhibition of the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and certain cytochromes in a manner analogous to cyanide and azide (see below, under precautions ). The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: Many other sulfur oxides are observed including the sulfur-rich oxides include sulfur monoxide , disulfur monoxide , disulfur dioxides, and higher oxides containing peroxo groups. Sulfur reacts with fluorine to give
3960-399: Is produced by rapid cooling of molten sulfur—for example, by pouring it into cold water. X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn. The long coiled polymeric molecules make the brownish substance elastic , and in bulk it has the feel of crude rubber. This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts to
4092-411: Is referred to as the "West End", roughly corresponding to the area west of the western end of the seawall. Communities in eastern Galveston (the area east of the western end of the seawall) include Havre Lafitte, Offats Bayou, Central City, Fort Crockett, Bayou Shore, Lasker Park, Carver Park, Kempner Park, Old City/Central Business District, San Jacinto, East End, and Lindale. As of 2009 many residents of
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4224-557: Is the 10th most common element in the universe . Sulfur, usually as sulfide, is present in many types of meteorites . Ordinary chondrites contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and carbonaceous chondrites may contain as much as 6.6%. It is normally present as troilite (FeS), but there are exceptions, with carbonaceous chondrites containing free sulfur, sulfates and other sulfur compounds. The distinctive colors of Jupiter 's volcanic moon Io are attributed to various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. In July 2024, elemental sulfur
4356-408: Is used as a reagent to make the polymer rayon and many organosulfur compounds. Unlike carbon monoxide , carbon monosulfide is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems. Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. They are widely known as the odorant in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray, as well as
4488-686: The Carnival Triumph , increasing their capacity by 40%. The following year, Carnival transferred the Carnival Magic , to Galveston, marking the first time that a cruise line had based its newest ship at this port. Both Princess Cruise Lines and Disney Cruise Lines stationed ships in Galveston for the winter season in 2012–2013. From 2014 to 2015, the cruise business expanded substantially, adding an additional 400,000 passengers. To lure larger ships, carrying up to 5,000 passengers,
4620-528: The 2020 census , there were 53,695 people, 23,375 households, and 12,505 families residing in the city. There were 34,259 housing units. As of the 2010 census , there were 47,743 people, 19,943 households, and 10,779 families residing in the city. As of the 2016 U.S. Census estimate d, the city had a total population of 50,550. The population density was 1,159 people per square mile (447 people/km ). There were 32,368 dwelling units at an average density of 786 per square mile (303/km ). The racial makeup of
4752-690: The American Civil War , Confederate forces under Major General John B. Magruder attacked and expelled occupying Union troops from the city in January 1863 in the Battle of Galveston . On June 19, 1865, two months after the end of the war and almost three years after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation , General Gordon Granger of the Union Army informed the enslaved people of Texas that they were now free. This news
4884-533: The Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk among the communities near the Galveston Bay. However, though the island and peninsula provide some shielding, the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge. Talks of building a coastal storm barrier with a mix of federal and state funding to protect Galveston and Houston have been ongoing for years. Notes: As of
5016-500: The Carnival Cruise Lines ship Celebration debarked from the port of Galveston. The 722 feet (220 m) long Celebration , and other ships based in Galveston in the first few years, were small and older. Over the next 16 years, the port invested more than $ 85 million to build and improve facilities to accommodate these ships. Princess declined to sail from Galveston after the 2007 season. Hurricane Ike hit
5148-497: The Hershey-Chase experiment . Because of the weak beta activity of S, its compounds are relatively safe as long as they are not ingested or absorbed by the body. S is created inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5×10 K, by the fusion of one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium. As this nuclear reaction is part of the alpha process that produces elements in abundance, sulfur
5280-487: The U.S. state of Texas . The community of 211.31 square miles (547.3 km ), with a population of 53,695 at the 2020 census , is the county seat of surrounding Galveston County and second-largest municipality in the county. It is also within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area at its southern end on the northwestern coast of the Gulf of Mexico . Galveston, or Galvez's town,
5412-781: The Western Hemisphere of the Americas in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s. The Port of Galveston was established in 1825 by the Congress of Mexico following its independence from Spain. The city was the main port for the fledgling Texas Navy during the Texas Revolution of 1836, and later served temporarily as the new national capital of the Republic of Texas . In 1865, General Gordon Granger arrived at Ashton Villa and announced to some of
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5544-408: The noble gases . Sulfur polycations, S 2+ 8 , S 2+ 4 and S 2+ 16 are produced when sulfur is reacted with oxidizing agents in a strongly acidic solution. The colored solutions produced by dissolving sulfur in oleum were first reported as early as 1804 by C. F. Bucholz, but the cause of the color and the structure of the polycations involved was only determined in
5676-484: The poverty line , including 32.1% of those under age 13 and 14.2% of those age 89 or over. Sulphur Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English ) is a chemical element ; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant , multivalent and nonmetallic . Under normal conditions , sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S 8 . Elemental sulfur
5808-473: The sulfate minerals , such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate). On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental sulfur occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from hydrothermal vents . The main industrial source of sulfur has become petroleum and natural gas . Common oxidation states of sulfur range from −2 to +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except
5940-541: The " Free State of Galveston ". The island had entered what would later become known as the "open era". The 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the Island City. During World War II , the Galveston Municipal Airport, predecessor to Scholes International Airport , was re-designated a U.S. Army Air Corps base and named "Galveston Army Air Field". In January 1943, Galveston Army Air Field
6072-463: The 'Oleander City' because of a long history of cultivating Nerium oleander , a subtropical evergreen shrub which thrives on the island. Oleanders are a defining feature of the city; when flowering (between April and October) they add masses of color to local gardens, parks, and streets. Thousands were planted in the recovery following the Hurricane of 1900 and Galvestonians continue to treasure
6204-409: The (among others) protein keratin , found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms. Sulfur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is octasulfur , cyclo-S 8 . The point group of cyclo-S 8 is D 4d and its dipole moment is 0 D. Octasulfur
6336-450: The 1850s, the port of Galveston exported approximately goods valued almost 20 times what was imported. The main export was cotton. The Galveston Wharf Company took control of the port in 1869. They built a grain elevator in 1875, leading Galveston to become a major grain exporter over the next few decades. By 1878, the port of Galveston was the nation's 3rd largest cotton exporter; they fell to 5th by 1882. Galveston's wealth and great esteem
6468-476: The 1950s with subsequent other economic and social development. Much of Galveston's economy is centered in the tourism , health care , shipping , and financial industries. The 84-acre (34 ha) University of Texas Medical Branch campus with an enrollment of more than 2,500 students is a major economic force of the city. Galveston is home to six historic districts containing one of the largest historically significant collections of 19th-century buildings in
6600-576: The 1960s came the expansion of higher education in Galveston. Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch, the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy, predecessor of Texas A&M University at Galveston ; and by 1967, a community college , Galveston College , had been established. In the 2000s, property values rose after expensive projects were completed, and demand for second homes by
6732-414: The 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate sulfur isotopes up to 46 permil and fractionation larger than 46 permil recorded in sediments must be due to disproportionation of sulfur compounds in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s as experiments showed that sulfate-reducing bacteria can fractionate to 66 permil. As substrates for disproportionation are limited by
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#17328020845786864-535: The 3rd century, the Chinese had discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite . Chinese Daoists were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in traditional Chinese medicine . The Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD described various formulas for Chinese black powder , which is a mixture of potassium nitrate ( KNO 3 ), charcoal , and sulfur. Indian alchemists, practitioners of
6996-531: The City of Galveston and there are also Oleander-themed tours of the city exploring the history of the plant on the island. Since 1967 the International Oleander Society has operated in Galveston, which promotes the cultivation of the plant, organizes an Oleander festival every spring and maintains a commemorative Oleander garden in the city. Galveston contains a large and historically significant collection of 19th-century buildings in
7128-659: The East End Historic District of Galveston, Texas. The American Institute of Architects listed Bishop's Palace as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States, and the Library of Congress has classified it as one of the fourteen most representative Victorian structures in the nation. The Galvez Hotel is a historic hotel that opened in 1911. The building was named the Galvez, honoring Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez , for whom
7260-559: The Gulf Coast in 1785, the Spanish explorer José de Evia labeled the water features surrounding the island "Bd. de Galvestown" and "Bahia de Galvestowm" [sic]. He was working under the orders of Bernardo de Gálvez. In his early chart, he calls the western end of the island "Isla de San Luis" and the eastern end "Pt. de Culebras". Evia did not label the island itself on his map of 1799. Just five years later Alexander von Humboldt borrowed
7392-571: The Rainforest Pyramid at Moody Gardens, John Sealy Hospital Towers at UTMB and Medical Arts Building (also known as Two Moody Plaza). Galveston's climate is classified as humid subtropical ( Cfa in Köppen climate classification system ), and is part of USDA Plant hardiness zone 10a. Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico . Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C) and
7524-782: The Seas starting in November 2022, which at the time of announcement was the third-largest cruise ship in the world. Later also the passenger port of Galveston is prepared to welcome the arrival of Norwegian Prima (cruise ship from Norwegian Cruise Line), because Norwegian Prima will begin sail in Atlantic Caribbean route begin October 2022 departing from Galveston. The port is equipped to handle all types of cargo including containers, dry and liquid bulk, breakbulk, RO/RO, refrigerated, and project cargoes. The Galveston Railroad ,
7656-573: The Texas Gulf Coast in 2008, causing major damage to the port. The cruise terminals were closed for several months, forcing Carnival to use the Bayport Cruise Terminal temporarily. At Carnival's behest, the port embarked on major improvements to Terminal 1 in 2010. The terminal was expanded to provide more seating, restrooms, and security screening stations. In 2011, Carnival added a second year-round ship in Galveston,
7788-789: The U.S., with over 60 structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places , maintained by the National Park Service in the United States Department of the Interior . Indigenous inhabitants of Galveston Island called the island Auia . Though there is no certainty regarding their route and their landings, Cabeza de Vaca and his crew were shipwrecked at a place he called "Isla de Malhado" in November 1528. This could have referred to Galveston Island or San Luis Island . During his charting of
7920-544: The Union during the Civil War, and join the Republican Party after the war. During this expansion, the city had many "firsts" in the state, with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions: post office (1836), naval base (1836), Texas chapter of a Masonic order (1840); cotton compress (1842), Catholic parochial school (Ursuline Academy) (1847), insurance company (1854), and gas lights (1856). During
8052-580: The United States. Galveston's architectural preservation and revitalization efforts over several decades have earned national recognition. Located in the Strand District, the Grand 1894 Opera House is a restored historic Romanesque Revival style Opera House that is currently operated as a not-for-profit performing arts theater. The Bishop's Palace , also known as Gresham's Castle, is an ornate Victorian house located on Broadway and 14th Street in
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#17328020845788184-589: The West End of Galveston was quickly eroding and the city should reduce construction and/or population in that area. It recommended against any rebuilding of the West End in the event of damage from another hurricane. Galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the National Register of Historic Places. The Silk Stocking National Historic District, between Broadway and Seawall Boulevard and bounded by Ave. K, 23rd St., Ave. P, and 26th St., contains
8316-494: The activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the time of formation of the sample, or suggest the main sources of sulfur in ecosystems. However, there are ongoing discussions over the real reason for the δ S shifts, biological activity or postdeposit alteration. For example, when sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate
8448-607: The addition of the Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier and the replacement of the bascule -type drawbridge on the railroad causeway with a vertical-lift -type drawbridge to allow heavier freight. The city of Galveston is situated on Galveston Island, a barrier island off the Texas Gulf coast near the mainland coast. Made up of mostly sand-sized particles and smaller amounts of finer mud sediments and larger gravel-sized sediments,
8580-513: The area's humidity drives the heat index even higher, while nighttime lows average around 80 °F (27 °C). Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows near 50 °F (10 °C). Snowfall is generally rare; however, 15.4 in (39.1 cm) of snow fell in February 1895, making the 1894–95 winter the snowiest on record. Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches (1,000 mm)
8712-436: The atmospheric Ar . This fact may be used to verify the presence of recent (up to 1 year) atmospheric sediments in various materials. This isotope may be obtained artificially by different ways. In practice, the reaction Cl + n → S + p is used by irradiating potassium chloride with neutrons. The isotope S is used in various sulfur-containing compounds as a radioactive tracer for many biological studies, for example,
8844-600: The basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Such sources have become of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked but commercial production is still carried out in the Osiek mine in Poland. Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals , such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide), and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and
8976-626: The capacity to import 32,500 cars per year, an inventory worth more than $ 1.3 billion. The Ricco Harbor music made me think of yard jockeys at the port. As of 2019, Galveston is the fourth-busiest cruise ship homeport in North America and one of the top 10 homeports in the world. Over the years, the port has welcomed ships from major cruise lines including Carnival Cruise Lines , Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines , Princess Cruises , Disney Cruise Lines , and Norwegian Cruise Lines . In 2019, three Carnival ships and two Royal Caribbean ships call
9108-573: The capital of the Republic of Texas when in 1836 the interim president David G. Burnet relocated his government there. In 1836, the French-Canadian Michel Branamour Menard and several associates purchased 4,605 acres (18.64 km ) of land for $ 50,000 to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston. As Anglo-Americans migrated to the city, they brought along or purchased enslaved African-Americans , some of whom worked domestically or on
9240-411: The city was 62.5% White , 19.2% Black or African American , 0.9% Native American , 3.2% Asian , <0.1% Pacific Islander , 11.0% from other races , and 3.3% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 19,943 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 14.7% had
9372-462: The city was named. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1979. The Michel B. Menard House , built in 1838 and the oldest surviving structure in Galveston, is designed in the Greek revival style. In 1880, the house was bought by Edwin N. Ketchum who was police chief of the city during the 1900 Storm. The Ketchum family owned the home until the 1970s. Ashton Villa ,
9504-468: The city. As these vice industries crashed, so did tourism, taking the rest of the Galveston economy with it. Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward. In 1947, buildings in the city were damaged when a ship carrying 2,200 tons of ammonium nitrate exploded at the nearby Port of Texas City , in what became known as the Texas City disaster . The island's economy began
9636-428: The comparative safety of East Texas) who either pitied or prayed for them. Indifference may have masked anxiety, but it enabled those who committed themselves to Galveston to endure their fate with a measure of dignity, even when they were forced to compromise with conventional morality in order to do so. Thus Galveston became a unique port of call, even as automobile travel became ubiquitous, and ended its isolation from
9768-501: The composition of reaction products. While reaction between sulfur and oxygen under normal conditions gives sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of sulfur trioxide (oxidation state +6) requires a temperature of 400–600 °C (750–1,100 °F) and presence of a catalyst. In reactions with elements of lesser electronegativity , it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state −2. Sulfur reacts with nearly all other elements except noble gases, even with
9900-476: The contents of "General Order No. 3", thereby emancipating all slaves in the state of Texas . St. Joseph's Church was built by German immigrants in 1859–1860 and is the oldest wooden church building in Galveston and the oldest German Catholic Church in Texas. The church was dedicated in April 1860, to St. Joseph, the patron saint of laborers. The building is a wooden gothic revival structure, rectangular with
10032-468: The cost of approximately $ 100,000,000 for Royal Caribbean's Oasis-class ships and will be the home of the Allure of the Seas starting in November 2022. The port receives fees of $ 11–26 per cruise ship passenger, depending on whether port employees are responsible for tying the ship down, or for paying the harbor pilots responsible for bringing the ships into the port. Cruises account for approximately 60% of
10164-598: The cruise terminals are not used for other activities, such as conferences or corporate events. Terminal 1 was expanded and improved in 2010, as a condition of Carnival Cruise Line placing their then-newest ship, the Carnival Magic at the port. Terminal 2 was expanded in 2016 to accommodate Royal Caribbean's desire to base their larger Freedom -class ships in Galveston. The new 150,000 square feet (14,000 m) facility can accommodate up to 5,000 passengers and allows for simultaneous handling of passengers embarking and disembarking. A third terminal, on Pier 10, will be built at
10296-451: The crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic. This process happens over a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed. Sulfur has 23 known isotopes , four of which are stable: S ( 94.99% ± 0.26% ), S ( 0.75% ± 0.02% ), S ( 4.25% ± 0.24% ), and S ( 0.01% ± 0.01% ). Other than S, with a half-life of 87 days, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur have half-lives less than 3 hours. The preponderance of S
10428-668: The devastation caused by the first flood, a second one struck in August, 1915, thanks to a major hurricane that originated in the central Atlantic, tore through the Caribbean, and then left a long trail of destruction across the Gulf of Mexico before it dissipated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly three weeks later. While the newly constructed seawall spared the island the worst, over 400 Galvestonians died, and damages totaled $ 30 million USD, equivalent to $ 903 million in 2023. Thus, in less than
10560-468: The elements. Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past. Some of the main classes of sulfur-containing organic compounds include the following: Compounds with carbon–sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide , a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. It
10692-439: The entrance to Galveston Bay . The Galveston Channel has an authorized minimum depth of 45 feet (14 m) and is 1,200 feet (370 m) wide at its narrowest point. The port has 15–20 lines of business . In 2015, the eastern section of the port, ending at Pier 38, was dredged to a depth of 13.716 metres (45.00 ft). Siltation occurred at a faster than expected pace, requiring more dredging in 2016. The western part of
10824-586: The government constructed Fort Crockett defenses and coastal artillery batteries in Galveston and along the Bolivar Roads. In February 1897, the USS ; Texas (nicknamed Old Hoodoo), the first commissioned battleship of the United States Navy, visited Galveston. During the festivities, the ship's officers were presented with a $ 5,000 silver service, adorned with various Texas motifs, as
10956-406: The highly reactive sulfur tetrafluoride and the highly inert sulfur hexafluoride . Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. Thus, sulfur dichloride , disulfur dichloride , and higher chlorosulfanes arise from the chlorination of sulfur. Sulfuryl chloride and chlorosulfuric acid are derivatives of sulfuric acid; thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 )
11088-513: The influence of Sam Maceo and Rosario Maceo , the city exploited the prohibition of liquor and gambling in clubs like the Balinese Room , which offered entertainment to wealthy Houstonians and other out-of-towners. Combined with prostitution, which had existed in the city since the Civil War, Galveston became known as the "sin city" of the Gulf. Galvestonians accepted and supported the illegal activities, often referring to their island as
11220-515: The island is unstable, affected by water and weather, and can shift its boundaries through erosion. The city is about 45 miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston. The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the Gulf of Mexico on the east and south, West Bay on the west, and Galveston Bay on the north. The island's main access point from the mainland is the Interstate Highway 45 causeway that crosses West Bay on
11352-616: The island's northeast side. A deepwater channel connects Galveston's harbor with the Gulf and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 211.31 square miles (547.29 km ), of which 41.04 square miles (106.29 km ) are land and 170.27 square miles (441.00 km ), or 80.31%, are water. The island is 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Houston . The western portion of Galveston
11484-493: The largest documented single crystal measuring 22 cm × 16 cm × 11 cm (8.7 in × 6.3 in × 4.3 in). Historically, Sicily was a major source of sulfur in the Industrial Revolution . Lakes of molten sulfur up to about 200 m (660 ft) in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with submarine volcanoes , at depths where the boiling point of water
11616-479: The last enslaved African Americans that slavery was no longer legal . This event is commemorated annually on June 19, the federal holiday of Juneteenth . During the 19th century, Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center and one of the largest ports in the United States. It was, for a time, Texas' largest city, known as the "Queen City of the Gulf". It was devastated by the unexpected Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , whose effects included massive flooding and
11748-415: The late 1960s. S 2+ 8 is deep blue, S 2+ 4 is yellow and S 2+ 16 is red. Reduction of sulfur gives various polysulfides with the formula S x , many of which have been obtained in crystalline form. Illustrative is the production of sodium tetrasulfide : Some of these dianions dissociate to give radical anions , such as S − 3 gives the blue color of
11880-449: The longshoreman agreed to return to work for a salary increase that was less than they had sought. Later that decade, the port of Galveston became a major sulphur exporter. As the oil industry expanded in Texas, no pipelines were built to Galveston. The Intracoastal Canal opened in 1933. For several years in the 1990s, port officials attempted to lure modern cruise ships to Galveston. Their efforts paid off in 2000. On September 30,
12012-463: The natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas. It was one of the nation's largest cotton ports, in competition with New Orleans . Throughout the 19th century, the port city of Galveston grew rapidly and the Strand was considered the region's primary business center. For a time, the Strand was known as the "Wall Street of the South ". In the late 1890s,
12144-652: The need to diversify from the traditional port-related industries. In 1905 William Lewis Moody, Jr. and Isaac H. Kempner , members of two of Galveston's leading families founded the American National Insurance Company . Two years later, Moody established the City National Bank, which would become the Moody National Bank . During the 1920s and 1930s, the city re-emerged as a major tourist destination. Under
12276-573: The notoriously unreactive metal iridium (yielding iridium disulfide ). Some of those reactions require elevated temperatures. Sulfur forms over 30 solid allotropes , more than any other element. Besides S 8 , several other rings are known. Removing one atom from the crown gives S 7 , which is of a deeper yellow than S 8 . HPLC analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S 8 , but with S 7 and small amounts of S 6 . Larger rings have been prepared, including S 12 and S 18 . Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur
12408-421: The opera house (1870), and orphanage (1876), and installation of telephone lines (1878) and electric lights (1883). Having attracted freedmen from rural areas, in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3,000, made up mostly of former slaves but also by persons who were free men of color and educated before the war. Blacks comprised nearly 25% of the city's population of 13,818 that year. During
12540-471: The pirate Jean Lafitte . Lafitte organized Galveston into a pirate "kingdom" he called "Campeche", anointing himself the island's "head of government". Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821, when the United States Navy forced him and his raiders off the island. In 1825 the Congress of Mexico established the Port of Galveston and in 1830 erected a customs house . Galveston served as
12672-568: The place names Isla de San Luis, Pte. De Culebras, and Bahia de Galveston. Stephen F. Austin followed his predecessors in the use of "San Luis Island", but introduced "Galveston" to refer to the little village at the east end of the island. Evidence of the name Galveston Island appears on the 1833 David H. Burr. The island first permanent European settlements were constructed around 1816 by the pirate Louis-Michel Aury to support Mexico's rebellion against Spain. In 1817, Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by
12804-427: The plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a seawall so that confidence in the city could be maintained. The city developed the city commission form of city government , known as the " Galveston Plan ", to help expedite recovery. Despite attempts to draw investment to the city after the hurricane, Galveston never returned to its levels of national importance or prosperity. Development
12936-425: The plant for its low water needs, tolerance of heat, salt spray and sandy soils. This makes them especially resistant to the after-effects of hurricanes and tropical storms. Galveston is reputed to have the most diverse range of Oleander cultivars in the world, numbering over 100, with many varieties developed in the city and named after prominent Galvestonians. In 2005 the month of May was declared "Oleander Month" by
13068-449: The port home year-round, while Disney operates one ship for limited sailings. An estimated 1.1 million cruise passengers sailed from the port in 2019, a fourteen percent increase over 2018. A 2019 economic analysis estimated that cruise passengers and crew visits produced and estimated $ 125 million into the local Galveston economy, an average of $ 988 per passenger. There are two dedicated cruise terminals. Unlike many other ports,
13200-462: The port renovated and expanded Terminal 2. A new building was constructed on the foundations of an 80-year-old silo and then connected to the original Terminal 2. The port's contract with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines specified that the work would be completed before the Liberty of the Seas was repositioned to Galveston. Both Royal Caribbean and Carnival expressed public displeasure when the project
13332-402: The port will be dredged from a depth of 12.1 metres (40 ft) to 13.7 metres (45 ft), at a cost of $ 12–15 million. To accommodate cruise ships , the area where the ships turn around is routinely dredged every four years. During the late 19th century, the port was the busiest on the Gulf Coast and considered to be second busiest in the country, next to the port of New York City. In
13464-561: The port's profit comes from parking fees. Approximately two-thirds of Galveston cruise passengers drive to the port. The port operates a large parking lot for cruise passengers to leave their cars. It also charges an access fee for private operators to enter the cruise terminal area to pick up or drop off passengers. Several parking operators sued the port over these fees. In January 2017, the United States Federal Maritime Commission unanimously upheld
13596-509: The port's revenues. Unlike other cruise ports in the United States, the port of Galveston can be affected by fog, particularly in late December, January, and February. This can delay the ships' return to port. Beginning in 2014, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission began collecting taxes from returning cruise passengers on any alcohol and cigarettes they had purchased onboard or in foreign ports. Much of
13728-606: The port's right to charge them. In February 2016, the port completed construction on the Galveston Downtown Transit Terminal. Designed to "connect the port to the city itself", the facility contains a shopping center and parking. Galveston, Texas Galveston ( / ˈ ɡ æ l v ɪ s t ən / GAL -vis-tən ) is a coastal resort city and port off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in
13860-488: The post–Civil War period, leaders such as George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney , who headed the Texas Republican Party and promoted civil rights for freedmen , helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in Galveston and in Texas. Cuney established his own business of stevedores and a union of black dockworkers to break the white monopoly on dock jobs. Galveston
13992-475: The preservation movement. Restoration efforts financed by motivated investors, notably Houston businessman George P. Mitchell , gradually developed the Strand Historic District and reinvented other areas. A new, family-oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years. In September 1961, Hurricane Carla struck the city, generating an F4 tornado that killed eight and injured 200. With
14124-407: The product of sulfate reduction , the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 permil in most sedimentary settings. In forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as
14256-420: The reaction products. The second, fourth and sixth ionization energies of sulfur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of reaction products of sulfur with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on whether releasing of reaction energy overcomes these thresholds. Applying catalysts and/or supply of external energy may vary sulfur's oxidation state and
14388-512: The rest of the region. Galveston has a worldview all its own, as if the Zeitgeist had decided to linger awhile, so that past and present might become one, and the forgotten boom town that went bust, not once but twice, might yet be resurrected, lifting the burden of history while daring fate. Though the storms stalled economic development and the city of Houston developed as the region's principal metropolis, Galveston economic leaders recognized
14520-509: The rock lapis lazuli . This reaction highlights a distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains). Protonation of these polysulfide anions produces the polysulfanes , H 2 S x , where x = 2, 3, and 4. Ultimately, reduction of sulfur produces sulfide salts: The interconversion of these species is exploited in the sodium–sulfur battery . Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives hydrogen sulfide . When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide
14652-491: The same period, the city drew a boundary known as a "fire zone," within which new buildings could not be constructed of wood. In 1867 Galveston suffered a yellow fever epidemic; about 1800 people died in the city. These occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century, as did cholera epidemics. The city's progress continued through the Reconstruction era with numerous "firsts": construction of
14784-719: The smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, bad breath , grapefruit , and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes. Sulfur is an essential element for all life, almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides. Amino acids (two proteinogenic : cysteine and methionine , and many other non-coded : cystine , taurine , etc.) and two vitamins ( biotin and thiamine ) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Many cofactors also contain sulfur, including glutathione , and iron–sulfur proteins . Disulfides , S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of
14916-465: The temperature of equilibration. The δ C and δ S of coexisting carbonate minerals and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. Scientists measure the sulfur isotopes of minerals in rocks and sediments to study the redox conditions in past oceans. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine sediment fractionate sulfur isotopes as they take in sulfate and produce sulfide . Prior to
15048-516: The term " fire-and-brimstone " sermons , in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that await the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of sulfur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity). According to the Ebers Papyrus , a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. Sulfur
15180-495: The usual destinations of the crowded cities of the Northeastern United States . Additionally numerous other immigrant groups, including Greeks , Italians and Russian Jews , came to the city during this period. This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island, as well as many other areas of Texas and the western U.S. Unfortunately, just as the island was starting to recover from
15312-467: The war drastically reduced military investment in the island. Increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of Las Vegas, Nevada , as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island. Finally in 1957, Texas Attorney General Will Wilson and the Texas Rangers began a massive campaign of raids that disrupted gambling and prostitution in
15444-485: The waterfront, including on riverboats. In 1839, the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the Republic of Texas . The city was by then a burgeoning port of entry and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of German immigrants to Texas , including Jewish merchants. Together with ethnic Mexican residents, these groups tended to oppose slavery, support
15576-477: The wealthy increased. It has made it difficult for middle-class workers to find affordable housing on the island. Hurricane Ike made landfall on Galveston Island in the early morning of September 13, 2008, as a category-2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per hour. Damage was extensive to buildings along the seawall. After the storm, the island was rebuilt with investments in tourism and shipping, and continued emphasis on higher education and health care, notably
15708-513: The west end use golf carts as transportation to take them to and from residential houses, the Galveston Island Country Club, and stores. In 2009, Chief of Police Charles Wiley said he believed golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses, and West End residents campaigned against any ban on their use. In 2011 Rice University released a study, "Atlas of Sustainable Strategies for Galveston Island", which argued
15840-419: The β-S 8 molecules. Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octasulfur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octasulfur to γ-sulfur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased viscosity due to the formation of polymers . At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F). The density of sulfur
15972-406: Was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 13 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 28,895, and the median income for a family was $ 35,049. Males had a median income of $ 30,150 versus $ 26,030 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,275. About 17.8% of families and 22.3% of the population were below
16104-532: Was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during Reconstruction; the Freedmen's Bureau was headquartered here. German families sheltered teachers from the North, and hundreds of freedmen were taught to read. Its business community promoted progress, and immigrants stayed after arriving at this port of entry. By the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston had a population of 37,000. Its position on
16236-475: Was able to better attract industry and began positioning themselves as a viable alternative to Galveston. The port survived the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 relatively unscathed, but the railroad connecting the island to the mainland suffered significant damage. In response to the hurricane, city leaders dredged the ship channel to raise the island's grade. As a result, the port was now considered
16368-631: Was accidentally discovered to exist on Mars after the Curiosity rover drove over and crushed a rock, revealing sulfur crystals inside it. Sulfur is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth. Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire ; such volcanic deposits are mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. These deposits are polycrystalline, with
16500-596: Was also hindered by the construction of the Houston Ship Channel , which brought the Port of Houston into competition with the natural harbor of the Port of Galveston for sea traffic. Finally, the Seawall itself created an insurmountable problem: passive erosion resulting in the gradual disappearance of the once-wide beach and the resort business with it. "Within twenty years, the city had lost one hundred yards of sand. People who once watched auto racing on
16632-548: Was delayed multiple times. One delay was due to a redesign required when engineers discovered the work area had sandier soil than expected and would thus require a more sturdy foundation. The construction area was thought to be the location of a sunk Texas Navy warship, requiring archaeological analysis before construction could begin. In 2021, the Port announced that a third cruise terminal would be built and Terminal 3 would exclusively serve Royal Caribbean's Oasis-class Allure of
16764-552: Was determined by the Sun. Though it was assumed that the distribution of different sulfur isotopes would be more or less equal, it has been found that proportions of the two most abundant sulfur isotopes S and S varies in different samples. Assaying of the isotope ratio ( δ S ) in the samples suggests their chemical history, and with support of other methods, it allows to age-date the samples, estimate temperature of equilibrium between ore and water, determine pH and oxygen fugacity , identify
16896-571: Was due in large part to the port's activity. As other areas of the United States began to transition to a more industrial economy, Galveston was unable to compete. The port continued to primarily export agricultural goods. Local leaders often blamed the lack of industrial goods to export on the city's lack of an adequate water supply . However, when the city water project finished in the early 1890s, industrialization still did not occur. In reality, many companies were hesitant to invest in machinery on an island prone to floods. The nearby city of Houston
17028-606: Was named after 18th-century Spanish military and political leader Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Count of Gálvez (1746–1786), who was born in Macharaviaya , Málaga , in the Kingdom of Spain . Galveston's first European settlements on the Galveston Island were built around 1816 by French pirate Louis-Michel Aury to help the fledgling empire of Mexico fight for independence from Spain , along with other colonies in
17160-547: Was officially activated with the 46th Bombardment Group serving an anti-submarine role in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1942, William Lewis Moody, Jr., along with his wife Libbie Shearn Rice Moody, established the Moody Foundation , to benefit "present and future generations of Texans". The foundation, one of the largest in the United States, would play a prominent role in Galveston during later decades, helping to fund numerous civic and health-oriented programs. The end of
17292-400: Was transmitted via General Order No. 3 , an event now commemorated on the federal holiday of Juneteenth . After the Civil War, Galveston mandated street improvements and construction standards. The city required property owners facing commercial streets to construct and maintain sidewalks of wooden planks or bricks, or pay an assessment to the city for the construction of the same. During
17424-640: Was used for fumigation in preclassical Greece ; this is mentioned in the Odyssey . Pliny the Elder discusses sulfur in book 35 of his Natural History , saying that its best-known source is the island of Melos . He mentions its use for fumigation, medicine, and bleaching cloth. A natural form of sulfur known as shiliuhuang ( 石硫黄 ) was known in China since the 6th century BC and found in Hanzhong . By
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