ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
45-458: Ganga Jamna ( ISO 15919 : Gaṅgā Jamunā ), also transliterated as Ganga Jamuna or Gunga Jumna , is a 1961 Indian crime drama film, written and produced by Dilip Kumar , and directed by Nitin Bose , with dialogues written by Wajahat Mirza ; Kumar later said that he also ghost-directed and edited the film. It stars Dilip Kumar with Vyjayanthimala and his real-life brother Nasir Khan in
90-484: A leading role in a film released that year. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Actor winner. The Best Actress award has been presented 97 times, to 79 actresses. The first winner was Janet Gaynor for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans . The most recent winner is Emma Stone for her role in Poor Things (2023); she had previously won
135-526: A United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization
180-512: A contemporary urban context reflecting the changing socio-political climate of 1970s India. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and
225-411: A decent education. After her employer, Hariram, falsely accuses Govindi of theft, their house is searched, evidence is found and she is arrested. The entire village bails her out but the shock kills her. After their mother passes away, Ganga pledges himself to supporting his younger brother as they grow to adulthood. The adult Ganga ( Dilip Kumar ) is a spirited and hardworking fellow, unafraid to take on
270-609: A defining example of the dacoit film genre. It was ranked 11th in Outlook Magazine's poll considering 25 leading Indian directors' vote for Bollywood's greatest films in 2003. After six months of delay, the film was finally released in January 1961 . The film was well received by the critics and the audience. It was one of the biggest hits of the 1960s and one of the most successful Indian films in terms of box office collection, domestically in India and overseas in
315-505: A dialect inspired by Gunga, a mix of Khariboli , Awadhi and Bhojpuri , and a scene depicting an attempted train robbery was also inspired by a similar scene in Ganga Jamna . Dilip Kumar's performance as Ganga is considered one of the finest acting performances in the history of Indian cinema. According to The Hindu : Dilip Kumar is the "super star" as he essays a character that blends rustic comedy, romance, tragedy and villainy in
360-401: A gorgeous backdrop to many scenes". On 26 November 2008, Rediff ranked the film as one of the best 1960s Bollywood film in their "Landmark Film of 60s" list, adding that "Its massive success, not just in terms of business, but also vivid story-telling, endearing camaraderie, uncompromising technique as well as the concept of ideology at odds, has visibly influenced major motion pictures over
405-652: A magnificent role of a lifetime. The "Badshah of Acting" enacts each scene with such ease and finesse that you are left astounded by the sheer brilliance of his genius since his body movements and dialogue delivery change in tune with the development of the character and story. His performance in Gunga Jumna inspired future generations of actors, most notably Amitabh Bachchan , who was inspired by Dilip Kumar's performance in this film. According to Bachchan, he learnt more about acting from Gunga Jumna than he did from any other film. Bachchan, who hails from Uttar Pradesh ,
450-476: A policeman. Widowed Govindi ( Leela Chitnis ) lives a poor lifestyle in Haripur along with two sons, Gungaram and Jumna. Ganga spends his days working with his mother as a servant in the home of the zamindar's obnoxious family while Jumna, a promising student, focuses on his schoolwork. While Jumna is studious, Gungaram is the opposite, but has a good heart and decides to use his earnings to ensure his brother gets
495-473: A robbery charge against Ganga, landing him in prison. Upon his release, Ganga learns that his brother has become destitute and attacks and robs the zamindar in a rage. Soon Ganga finds himself an outlaw, and, with Dhanno at his side, he joins a gang of bandits camping out in the wilderness. In the meantime, Jumna meets a fatherly police officer ( Nazir Hussain ) and becomes a police officer himself. It isn't long before Jumna's professional wanderings take him back to
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#1732786539249540-485: A success in the Soviet Union , where it released as Ганга и Джамна ( Ganga i Djamna ) in 1965, drawing an audience of 32.1 million viewers that year. It came number 11 on the year's Soviet box office chart , where it was the fourth highest Indian film, behind Dhool Ka Phool (number 4), Anuradha (number 8) and Jagte Raho (number 10). Ganga Jamna was one of the top 25 most successful Indian films in
585-409: Is a classic entertainer at its best with a powerful story, outstanding performances and riveting music [...] an eye-opener as to why good stories will always be the real "super stars" and why content must dictate the form rather than the other way round". Gaurav Malani from The Times of India gave it 3/5 stars and praised actor Dilip Kumar for his performance as Ganga. K. K. Rai from Stardust called
630-438: Is also moving about Ganga Jamuna is its tragic irony [...] Of all the conundrums of human relationships that Ganga Jamuna explores, the most affecting is the one between Ganga and Dhanno --- an extraordinary love story between two ordinary people, handled with great thought and charm [...] Director Nitin Bose frames some excellent shots even while keeping a tight rein on the narrative". Deepak Mahan from The Hindu said "Gunga Jumna
675-457: Is considered one of the finest acting performances in the history of Indian cinema, and inspired future generations of Indian actors, most notably Amitabh Bachchan who called it "the ultimate performance". In the West, artists like Academy Award winner Sophia Loren were profoundly influenced by his performance. For his performance, Kumar also received the "Special Honour Diploma" as an actor from
720-659: Is described in the table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
765-533: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Academy Award for Best Actress The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It has been awarded since the 1st Academy Awards to an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in
810-442: Is sent to the city for his education and becomes a police officer. Years later, when Ganga is about to become a father, he decides to return to the village to ask for forgiveness. However, Jamna wants him to surrender to the police for his crimes and when Ganga refuses and tries to leave, Jamna shoots him dead. Ganga's death rendered more poignant by the fact that it was his money that paid for Jamna's education and allowed him to become
855-528: Is set in the fictional village of Haripur in the Gonda district of the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh and is based on conflicting characters of two brothers, Ganga and Jamna. Haripur is eventually controlled by an evil landlord Hari Babu. When Ganga is framed by the landlord for a crime he did not commit, he escapes to the mountains with his girlfriend, Dhanno, and joins a band of bandits. His younger brother, Jamna,
900-594: The Czechoslovak Academy of Arts , Prague . The film's plot also inspired screenwriter duo Salim–Javed , who wrote scripts exploring similar themes in later Bachchan-starring hits such as Deewaar (1975), Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and Trishul (1978). Ganga Jamna also had South Indian remakes, including the Tamil film Iru Thuruvam (1971) and the Malayalam film Lava (1980). The film
945-437: The 3rd Academy Awards , held in 1930, only one film was cited in each winner's award regardless of how many they were eligible to be considered for during that span. The current system, in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film, was introduced for the 4th Academy Awards . Starting with the 9th Academy Awards , held in 1937, the category was limited to a maximum five nominations per year. In
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#1732786539249990-529: The 1970s [...] Linguistic coding is artfully used, with Gunga and Dhanno’s raucous arguments in colorful Bhojpuri [ sic ] dialect contrasted with Jumna’s carefully-measured pronouncements in Khari Boli or "high" Delhi speech. Rural life is also celebrated in exhuberant [ sic ] songs and dances [...] The sweeping landscape of the Deccan, with its arid mesas and lush green valleys forms
1035-423: The 1970s onwards. It was a trendsetter, inspiring films such as Deewaar (1975), Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and Trishul (1978). It had a strong influence on screenwriter duo Salim–Javed , who took inspiration from Ganga Jamna when they wrote the stories and scripts of films such as Deewaar and Trishul . Ganga Jamna ' s most immediate successor was Deewaar . Salim-Javed credited Ganga Jamna as
1080-443: The 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. The following individuals received two or more Best Actress awards: The following individuals received three or more Best Actress nominations: Winners are in bold . The following were nominated for their portrayals of the same fictional or non-fictional character in separate films (including variations of
1125-521: The Bhojpuri dialect like a native". The film also gained good response from overseas. Philip Lutgendorf from University of Iowa said that "By focusing its story and its audience’s sympathies on the brother who goes astray, however, the film invites a critical and pessimistic appraisal of the state’s ability to protect the underprivileged, and its tragic central character thus anticipates the "angry" proletarian heroes popularized by Amitabh Bachchan in
1170-624: The Soviet Union , with an estimated footfall of over 84 million tickets sold worldwide. According to various accounts, it is still among the 10 highest grossing Indian films of all time, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. In 2011, with an adjusted net gross of 736 crore, the film was ranked at number 2 by Box Office India magazine behind Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and ahead of Sholay (1975) in their list of "Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years" which feature all-time highest-grossing Bollywood films adjusted to gold -price inflation, which according to
1215-625: The Soviet Union. At an average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s, the film's 32.1 million sold Soviet tickets grossed an estimated 8.03 million Soviet rubles . The Hindu retrospectively criticized the 9th Filmfare Awards for snubbing Dilip Kumar from the Filmfare Award for Best Actor , which was awarded to Raj Kapoor for Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1961). The Hindu described it as "a strange travesty of justice" that Kumar lost out
1260-455: The actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. In the first three years of the awards, actors and actresses were nominated as the best individuals in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. Despite this, at
1305-472: The award for her role in La La Land (2016). The record for most wins is four, held by Katharine Hepburn . Frances McDormand has won thrice, while thirteen other actresses have won the award twice. Meryl Streep has received the most nominations in this category—seventeen—and has won twice. Deborah Kerr holds the record in this category for most nominations (six) without a win —albeit in 1993, she
1350-528: The award, after delivering "a magnificent role of a lifetime." Ganga Jamna is regarded as an important film in the history of Indian cinema . In 1995, this movie was telecast on TV Premier for Bangladesh Television on the occasion of a personal visit by Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu in Bangladesh . Its story of two brothers on opposing sides of the law became a dominant narrative motif in Hindi cinema from
1395-785: The biggest winner at the 25th Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards , where it won nine awards in the Hindi film category. In addition, the film also won Certificate of Merit at the 9th National Film Awards . It also won prizes at international film festivals , including the Boston International Film Festival and the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival . The film was a trendsetter in Indian cinema and inspired numerous filmmakers. Dilip Kumar's performance as Ganga
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1440-469: The brothers Ganga and Jamna, respectively. The soundtrack for the movie was composed by Naushad and the lyrics were penned by Shakeel Badayuni . The soundtrack consists of 8 songs, featuring vocals by Mohammed Rafi , Lata Mangeshkar , Asha Bhosle and Hemant Kumar . In 2011, MSN ranked Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe at #1 in their list of Top 10 Patriotic songs in Bollywood for Gandhi Jayanti . in
1485-415: The film "the story of two brothers on opposite sides of law repeated over and over again but never with so much power" and applauded Vyjayanthimala for her portrayal of rustic village girl Dhanno where Rai said "Vyjayanthimala’s Dhanno won her the best actress trophy[..]She played the village woman with such simplicity and grace; you’d forget she was one of the most glamorous stars of her time. She also spoke
1530-402: The film was listed at number 2 by Box Office India magazine behind Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and ahead of Sholay (1975) in their list of "Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years" which feature all-time highest-grossing Bollywood films by using the relative price of gold in different years to arrive at a hypothetical current value of box-office collections of past films. Overseas, the film was
1575-485: The following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County ; the ceremonies are always held the following year. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months, from August 1 to July 31. For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933. Since
1620-528: The inspiration for Deewaar , which they described as a "more urban, much more contemporary" take on its themes. Ganga Jamna was a defining example of the dacoit film genre. It went on to inspire Sholay (1975), which combined the dacoit film conventions established by Ganga Jamna and Mother India with that of the Western genre. The villain Gabbar Singh ( Amjad Khan ) is a dacoit speaking with
1665-461: The leading roles. Set in the rural Awadh region of Northern India , the film tells the story of two impoverished brothers, Ganga and Jamna (Kumar and Khan), and their poignancy and sibling rivalry on opposing sides of the law, one a dacoit criminal and the other a police officer. The film was also notable for its Technicolor production, use of the Awadhi dialect , and its rustic setting, being
1710-636: The magazine was a relatively more appropriate method for comparison. The film received critical acclaim and was regarded as one of the best films of all time. Critics praised its story, screenplay, direction, cinematography, and the music along with the performances of the lead actors Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala. Upon release it was nominated in seven categories at the 9th Filmfare Awards , including Best Film and Best Director for Kumar and Bose, respectively, while winning three, Best Actress for Vyjayanthimala, Best Cinematography for V. Balasaheb and Best Dialogue Writer for Wajahat Mirza. It also emerged as
1755-408: The soundtrack) The film has received widespread critical acclaim in India as well as overseas. Karan Bali from Upperstall.com, described it as a "well-structured and briskly paced film" adding that "notable of the use of Bhojpuri [ sic ] dialect, which helps make the film refreshingly real and gives it a proper locale and geography". Dinesh Raheja from Rediff called the film "What
1800-399: The village of his birth, where he must square off against his outlaw brother in a showdown between duty and family. The film was loosely inspired by Mehboob Khan 's Mother India (1957). In later interviews, Dilip Kumar said that he ghost-directed the film, as well as editing. The film stars real-life brothers Dilip Kumar (real name Muhammad Yusuf Khan) and Nasir Khan in the roles of
1845-681: The years, rural or contemporary backdrop, notwithstanding.". In India, the film had a box office gross of ₹ 7 crore , with a nett of ₹ 3.5 crore, becoming the highest-grossing Indian film of 1961 . IBOS Network gave its inflation-adjusted nett as ₹ 604.2 crore. Box Office magazine calculated its inflation-adjusted gross by comparing the collection with the price of gold in 1961, which gave it an adjusted gross of ₹ 736.4 crore in 2011, equivalent to ₹ 1,519 crore ( $ 205 million) in 2016. The film completed its Silver Jubilee theatrical run at Minerva Cinema Hall, Bombay and completed Golden Jubilee run at cinema . In 2011,
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1890-425: The zamindar when necessary, while his brother Jumna ( Nasir Khan ) is more measured and cautious. Ganga sends Jumna to the city to study, and supports him with funds that he earns driving an oxcart and making deliveries for the zamindar. But things get complicated when Ganga saves a local girl, Dhanno ( Vyjayanthimala ), from the zamindar's lecherous assault. The zamindar ( Anwar Hussain ) gets his revenge by trumping up
1935-476: Was an Honorary Oscar recipient . At the 41st Academy Awards , Barbra Streisand and Katharine Hepburn received the same number of votes and thus tied for Best Actress (the only time this has occurred). Italian actress Sophia Loren became the first actor, in any category, to win for a foreign language performance in Two Women (1960). Nominees are currently determined by single transferable vote within
1980-834: Was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which
2025-452: Was particularly impressed by Kumar's mastery of the Awadhi dialect , expressing awe and surprise as to how "a man who’s not from Allahabad and Uttar Pradesh" could accurately express all the nuances of Awadhi. Bachchcan's famous "angry young man" persona was modeled after Kumar's performance as Gunga, with Bachchan's "angry young man" being a sharpened version of Kumar's intensity as Gunga. Bachchan adapted Kumar's style and reinterpreted it in
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