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19-412: The higher peaks in the area are Gabal Elba (1,435 m (4,708 ft)), Gabal Shellal (1,409 m (4,623 ft)), Gabal Shendib (1,910 m (6,270 ft)) and Gabal Shendodai (1,526 m (5,007 ft)). Average annual rainfall in the region is less than 50 mm (2.0 in), but orographic precipitation in and around Gabal Elba itself amounts to as much as 400 mm (16 in). in

38-514: A cloud . If enough water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, these droplets may become large enough to fall to the ground as precipitation. Terrain-induced precipitation is a major factor for meteorologists to consider when they forecast the local weather. Orography can play a major role in determining the type, amount, intensity, and duration of precipitation events. Researchers have discovered that barrier width, slope steepness, and updraft speed are major contributors when it comes to achieving

57-401: A forced upward movement of air upon encountering a physiographic upland (see anabatic wind ). This lifting can be caused by: Upon ascent, the air that is being lifted expands and cools adiabatically. This adiabatic cooling of a rising moist air parcel may lower its temperature to its dew point , thus allowing for condensation of the water vapor contained within it, and hence the formation of

76-470: A unique ecosystem not found anywhere else in the country. Indeed, Gabal Elba is a "biodiversity hotspot", with a biological diversity unparalleled in any terrestrial environment in Egypt proper. The relative abundance of moisture supports a diverse flora of some 458 plant species – almost 25% of plant species recorded for the entire country. Many Afrotropical species have their northern limits at Gabal Elba, and

95-499: A unique region among the regions dominating North African ecosystems. There is also dense cover of acacias , mangroves and other shrubs, in addition to endemic species of plants such as Biscutella elbensis . The highest peaks in the area are Mount Elba (1,435 m or 4,708 ft), Mount Shellal (1,409 m or 4,623 ft), Mount Shendib (1,911 m or 6,270 ft) and Mount Shendodai (1,526 m or 5,007 ft). Notes This geography of Egypt article

114-461: Is on the windward side, and the leeward side tends to be quite dry, almost desert -like. This phenomenon results in substantial local gradients in the amount of average rainfall, with coastal areas receiving on the order of 20 to 30 inches (510 to 760 mm) per year, and interior uplands receiving over 100 inches (2,500 mm) per year. Leeward coastal areas are especially dry—less than 20 in (510 mm) per year at Waikiki —and

133-413: Is registered at its best in the northeast of the region, where Gabal Elba is located, which explains the fact that Gabal Elba receives higher precipitation than other coastal mountains in the range, including higher ones. Aridity gradually increases to the southwest of the area. Gabal Elba's summit is a "mist oasis" where much of the precipitation is contributed in the form of dew, mist and clouds, creating

152-514: The Greek : όρος , hill, γράφω , to write. Mountain ranges and elevated land masses have a major impact on global climate. For instance, the elevated areas of East Africa substantially determine the strength of the Indian monsoon . In scientific models, such as general circulation models , orography defines the lower boundary of the model over land. When a river's tributaries or settlements by

171-420: The dense cover of acacias and other scrubs represents the only natural woodland in Egypt. In the higher-elevation mist zone, species of acacia, Moringa and Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) form the woodland tree canopy, with ferns, mosses and succulents in the understory. The mountain intercepts moisture-bearing winds from the northeast, and the northern and northeastern slopes are more humid than

190-518: The disputed Halaib Triangle (except its westernmost corner), and an area of comparable size just north of it. It is also known to potentially hold the last population of the Nubian wild ass . However, the purity of these animals is questionable. On December 16, 2014 an adult male leopard was killed by a group of shepherds after it attacked their camel in Wadi Shalal, in the region of Halaib in

209-442: The extreme southeast of Egypt. This was the first sighting of a leopard in Egypt since the 1950s. Orographic precipitation Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains , and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as oreography , orology, or oreology ) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology . The term orography comes from

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228-697: The northern extent of their range on Gabal Elba. Other native species are the black-crowned sparrow-lark ( Eremopterix nigriceps ), fulvous babbler ( Argya fulva ), and common ostrich ( Struthio camelus ), and the raptors Nubian vulture ( Torgos tracheliotos ), bearded vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ), Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ), Verreaux's eagle ( Aquila verreauxii ), and Bonelli's eagle ( Aquila fasciata ). The Gabal Elba National Park ( 22°54′N 35°20′E  /  22.90°N 35.34°E  / 22.90; 35.34 ), declared by Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif in 1986, covers some 3,560,000 ha (8,800,000 acres), including most of

247-466: The optimal amount and intensity of orographic precipitation. Computer models simulating these factors have shown that narrow barriers and steeper slopes produce stronger updraft speeds, which in turn increase orographic precipitation. Orographic precipitation is known to occur on oceanic islands , such as the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand ; much of the rainfall received on such islands

266-474: The river are listed in 'orographic sequence', they are in order from the highest (nearest the source of the river) to the lowest or mainstem (nearest the mouth). This method of listing tributaries is similar to the Strahler Stream Order , where the headwater tributaries are listed as category 1. Orographic precipitation, also known as relief precipitation, is precipitation generated by

285-668: The southern tip of what Egyptians refer to as the Red Sea Riviera and the north eastern corner of Sudan's Red Sea State and is near the ruins of medieval ʽAydhab . De facto control of the area is held by the Egyptian government. The name Halaib represents Arabic Arabic : حلايب , romanized :  Ḥalāyib . The spellings Halayeb , Hala'ib , and Halayib are also found. In the Halaib region, Afrotropical elements have their northern limits at Gabal Elba , making it

304-510: The tops of moderately high uplands are especially wet—about 475 in (12,100 mm) per year at Wai'ale'ale on Kaua'i . Another area in which orographic precipitation is known to occur is the Pennines in the north of England : the west side of the Pennines receives more rain than the east because the clouds are forced up and over the hills and cause the rain to tend to fall on

323-475: The upper areas. This phenomenon is due to the proximity of the Red Sea coast (some 15–30 km (9.3–18.6 miles) east of the mountains) and also to the fact that the coast, slightly curved to the east at this point, presents an unusually broad front to the sea across a 20–25 km (12–16 miles) strip of relatively flat land, which facilitates interception of moisture-laden north-east sea winds. This phenomenon

342-647: The western and southern slopes. Savannas of acacia and Delonix grow in the foothills and along watercourses. The mountain is home to the largest remaining population of Dracaena ombet in Egypt and Sudan. 41 species of birds breed in and around Gabal Elba. The bateleur ( Terathopius ecaudatus ), Namaqua dove ( Oena capensis ), Nubian nightjar ( Caprimulgus nubicus ), shining sunbird ( Cinnyris habessinicus ), Arabian warbler ( Curruca leucomelaena ), rosy-patched bushshrike ( Rhodophoneus cruentus ), African silverbill ( Euodice cantans ), and Sudan golden sparrow ( Passer luteus ) are Afrotropical species who reach

361-541: The western slopes. This is particularly noticeable between Manchester (to the west) and Leeds (to the east); Leeds receives less rain due to a rain shadow of 12 miles (19 km) from the Pennines. Halaib Halaib ( Arabic : حلايب , romanized :  Ḥalāyib [ħæˈlæːjeb] ), is a Red Sea port and town, located in the Halaib Triangle , a 20,580 km (7,950 sq mi) area disputed between Egypt and Sudan . The town lies on

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