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30-528: In 1876 Swiss-born professor Hermann Müller joined the Geisenheim Institute , where he developed his namesake grape variety Müller-Thurgau , which became Germany's most-planted grape variety in the 1970s. He was selecting yeasts for the institutes necessities. But it was Julius Wortmann on whose initiative the foundation of the renowned yeast breeding center in 1894 took place under director Rudolf Goethe . This center continued and transferred

60-603: A process known as necrotrophic mycoparasitism . Geisenheim has started to unravel the molecular biology behind this process and look for collaborations to apply these organisms for a more sustainable agriculture . 49°59′03″N 7°57′41″E  /  49.98417°N 7.96139°E  / 49.98417; 7.96139 Hermann M%C3%BCller (Thurgau) Hermann Müller (21 October 1850 in Tägerwilen , Thurgau , Switzerland – 18 January 1927, in Wädenswil , Zurich),

90-546: A total of 18 years, until 1921. As director, Wortmann led the work of his predecessor and father-in-law Rudolf Goethe. In 1905 a modern winery was founded, with a wine press house and the educational establishment acquired the Geisenheim vineyard ″Fuchsberg″ still famous today comprising 5 ha of grape stock. Under Julius Wortmann it came also to important future-oriented changes. In the course of studies, teaching and examination contents have been adapted consequently. In 1924

120-494: Is composed of five districts. Its capital is Frauenfeld . Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland . It is named after the river Thur , and the name Thurgovia was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century. Thurgau

150-462: Is given in the following table: Since January 2011, Thurgau has been divided into five districts which are named after their capitals. Before this date, there were eight districts - ( Steckborn District , Bischofszell District and Diessenhofen District formed their own districts with their surrounding municipalities). As of 2009 , there are 80 municipalities in the canton . The ten largest municipalities by population are: The canton of Thurgau

180-457: Is known for its agricultural produce. Particularly, apples, pears. The many orchards in the canton are mainly used for the production of cider. Wine is produced in the Thur valley. There is also industry in the canton of Thurgau. The main industries are printing, textiles and handicrafts. Small and middle-sized businesses are important for the cantonal economy. Many of these are concentrated around

210-762: The Polytechnikum Zürich (1872 graduate). He then attended the University of Würzburg for graduate studies under Julius von Sachs , was awarded his PhD in 1874 and stayed some time as Sachs' assistant. During the years 1876–1890 he worked at the Prussian Institute for Horticulture and Viticulture ( Königlich Preussische Lehranstalt für Obst- und Weinbau ) in Geisenheim , Rheingau where he led its experimental station for plant physiology. In 1891 he returned to Switzerland as director of

240-688: The canton of Zürich . The most important cities of Thurgovia in the early medieval period were Konstanz as the seat of the bishop and St. Gallen for the Abbey of Saint Gall . The dukes of the House of Zähringen and the counts of the Kyburg family took over much of the land in the High Middle Ages . The town of Zürich was part of the Thurgau until it became reichsunmittelbar in 1218. When

270-419: The "yeast breeding center" was integrated in the "plant physiological experimental station" of the educational and research institute for wine, fruit and vegetables and horticulture under the direction of Prof. Dr. Karl Kroemer . In 1932 a renaming of the "Plant Physiological Experimental Station" to "Botanical Institute" under the direction of Prof. Dr. Hugo Schanderl took place. Essential research areas were

300-588: The 1531 Second War of Kappel ended Reformed predominance. Instead, the First Peace of Kappel protected both Catholic and Reformed worship , though the provisions of the treaty generally favored the Catholics, who also made up a majority among the seven ruling cantons. Religious tensions over the Thurgau were an important background to the First War of Villmergen (1656), during which Zurich briefly occupied

330-504: The Catholic and emerging Reformed parties sought to swing the subject territories, such as the Thurgau, to their side. In 1524, in an incident that resonated across Switzerland, local peasants occupied the cloister of Ittingen in the Thurgau, driving out monks, destroying documents, and devastating the wine-cellar. Between 1526 and 1531, most of the Thurgau's population adopted the new Reformed faith spreading from Zurich; Zurich's defeat in

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360-658: The Kyburg dynasty became extinct in 1264 the House of Habsburg took over that land. The Old Swiss Confederacy allied with ten freed bailiwicks of the former Toggenburg seized the lands of the Thurgau from the Habsburgs in 1460, and it became a subject territory of seven Swiss cantons (Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus). During the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland , both

390-569: The Thurgau. In 1798 the land became a canton for the first time as part of the Helvetic Republic . In 1803, as part of the Act of Mediation , the canton of Thurgau became a member of the Swiss confederation. The cantonal coat of arms was designed in 1803, based on the coat of arms of the Kyburg family, which ruled the Thurgau in the 13th century, changing the background to green-and-white, at

420-445: The direction of Prof. Dr. Manfred Großmann . His research and development work was in the areas of stress research, aroma development and biotechnological implementation of the findings of microbial processes in juice, wine and wine-associated production areas such as cool climate. New Research fields to be added were genetically modified wine yeasts and risk accompanying research for their use as well as aroma development in wines through

450-405: The foreground such as studies on origin and avoidance of microbially conditioned false aromas such as acetic acid, ester tone, buckwheat and lactic acid note. New drying technologies simplified the application of pure yeast cultures as dry instant powder and the breeding of cultures regained importance. A hundred years after its foundation the "Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry" came under

480-531: The grape variety Müller-Thurgau in a breeding programme initiated in 1882, by crossing Riesling with Madeleine Royale , although for a long time it was erroneously assumed to be Riesling x Silvaner . Müller's goal was to combine the aromatic properties of Riesling with the earlier and more reliable ripening of Silvaner. Experimental plantations continued in Geisenheim until 1890, and in 1891 150 plants were shipped to Wädenswil where trials continued under Heinrich Schellenberg (1868–1967). The most successful clone of

510-468: The newly created Experimental Station and School for Horticulture and Viticulture ( Versuchsstation und Schule für Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau ) in Wädenswil, where he stayed until his 1924 retirement. From 1902, he was also connected to Polytechnikum Zürich as professor of botany. He worked on teams which investigated fertility of the vine, vine diseases, and malolactic fermentation in wine. In 1890, he

540-522: The north the canton is bound by the Lake Constance across which lies Germany ( Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria ) and Austria ( Vorarlberg ). The Rhine creates the border in the northwest. To the south lies the canton of St. Gallen ; to the west lie the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen . The area of the canton is 991 km (383 sq mi) and commonly divided into three hill masses. One of these stretches along Lake Constance in

570-521: The north. Another is further inland between the Thur and the river Murg . The third one forms the southern border of the canton and merges with the Hörnli mountain in the pre-Alps. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 282,909. The canton is mostly German speaking. The population (as of 2000 ) is split between Protestants (45%) and Roman Catholics (36%). The historical population

600-485: The pathbreaking studies of Louis Pasteur and Emil Christian Hansen , achieved by isolating pure yeast and the dissemination of these, of which in practice makes a significant contribution to the improvement of quality in winemaking. Institutions followed this example all over the world. Julius Wortmann succeeded Goethe as director on 1 April 1903 of the educational institution for wine, fruit and horticulture (the official name since 1901). He held his office as director for

630-514: The province Raetia until 450, when Alemanni settled on the lands. In the sixth century, Thurgovia became a Gau of Francia as part of Alamannia , passing to the Duchy of Swabia in the early 10th century. At this time, Thurgovia included not just what is now the canton of Thurgau, but also much of the territory of the modern canton of St. Gallen , the Appenzell and the eastern parts of

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660-475: The systematic treatment of the problematic yeasts, as well as other biofilm forming yeasts and their interactions with pure yeasts. Hugo Schanderl wrote the first book on the microbiology of must and wine. Since 1966 Prof. Dr. Helmut Hans Dittrich became head of the department research on metabolic physiological performance of microorganisms in the medium must. Fermentation process and selection of yeasts with low formation SO 2 -binding metabolites were also in

690-401: The time considered "revolutionary" colours (c.f. tricolour ); as the placement of a yellow ( or ) charge on white ( argent ) is a violation of heraldic principles, there have been suggestions to modify the design, including a 1938 suggestion to use a solid green field divided by a diagonal white line, but they were unsuccessful. The current cantonal constitution of Thurgau dates from 1987. To

720-466: The trials (serial no. 58) was propagated in 1897 under the designation Riesling x Silvaner 1. Vines of this variety were distributed in Switzerland and abroad from 1908, and in 1913, 100 vines of this variety were taken to Germany by August Dern (1858–1930), who had worked with Müller in Geisenheim. Dern introduced the name "Müller-Thurgau" for the variety, while Müller himself continued to call it Riesling x Silvaner 1, although he did express doubts that this

750-424: The use of microbial mixed cultures. The Geisenheim Yeast Finder supports practitioners in finding suitable yeast for their application. Since 2019 the center focuses on working on lager and wine yeast strain improvements in fermentation and aroma compound production and has started work on biocontrol agents, the necrotrophic mycoparasitic predator yeasts. This group of yeasts is able to kill other fungi in

780-594: Was a Swiss botanist , plant physiologist , oenologist and grape breeder. He called himself Müller-Thurgau, taking the name of his home canton. Hermann Müller was born to Konrad Müller, a master baker and vintner, and his wife Maria Egloff, the daughter of Karl Anton Egloff, a wine merchant of Oestrich, Hessen . He attended the Lehrerseminar Kreuzlingen (Kreuzlingen Teachers College) (1869–70). He taught in Stein am Rhein (1870–72) while studying at

810-458: Was first declared a canton in its own right at the formation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798. The population, as of December 2020 , is 282,909. In 2007, there were a total of 47,390 resident foreigners, constituting 19.9% of the population. In prehistoric times the lands of the canton were inhabited by people of the Pfyn culture along Lake Constance . During Roman times the canton was part of

840-664: Was made an honorary member of the German Viticultural Association and in 1920 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bern . Müller researched and published on a wide range of topics in viticulture and winemaking, including the biology of vine flowering, assimilation of nutrients by the vine, vine diseases, alcoholic fermentation of wine , breeding of strains of yeast with specific properties, malolactic fermentation , development of wine faults , and methods for producing alcohol-free grape juice. During his time in Geisenheim, Müller created

870-540: Was the actual parentage of the new variety, and speculated that some misidentification of vine material could have occurred in the move from Geisenheim to Wädenswil. Many experimental plantations of Müller-Thurgau in Germany were conducted from 1920, and its breakthrough from 1938 is credited to the grape breeder Georg Scheu in Alzey . By the 1950s it had become the most cultivated of any newly created grape varieties. It

900-527: Was the most planted grape variety of Germany from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, and is still the second-most planted. Thurgau Thurgau ( German: [ˈtuːrɡaʊ] ; French : Thurgovie ; Italian : Turgovia ; Romansh : Turgovia ), anglicized as Thurgovia , and formally as the Canton of Thurgau , is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation . It

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