Misplaced Pages

#886113

74-629: A Gemarkung (also Markung , in Switzerland also Gemarchen ) is the entirety of all land plots of a specific municipality, or a specific large part of a municipality, recorded in the cadastre in the countries of Germany and Switzerland (For an equivalent concept in Austria and adjacent countries see Katastralgemeinde ). Gemarkung may be variously translated into English as: district , cadastral district , local subdistrict , cadastral area , tithing , township , parish , section of

148-461: A Flur , usually a tract of open land or forest. In sum, the sequence of the three subdivisions is: Gemarkung - Flur - Flurstück. Cadastre In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. A land parcel or cadastral parcel is defined as "a continuous area, or more appropriately volume, that

222-497: A State , argues that all maps, but particularly cadastral maps, are designed to make local situations legible to an outsider, and in doing so, enable states to collect data on their subjects. He sees the origins of this in Early Modern Europe , where taxation became more complex. Cadastral maps, he argues, are always a great simplification, but they in themselves help change reality. Cadastral documentation comprises

296-463: A community area Gemarkung registers record the parcels' location, usage and geomorphology and the like qualities, however, the rights to the land (as property, or collateral liened by a mortgage) are kept in the Grundbuch ( land register ). A Gemarkung is made up of a number of, usually contiguous, plots of land/parcels ( Flurstücke ). In many cases, several "Flurstücke" are grouped together to form

370-545: A comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the forerunner of most modern versions. Cadastral survey information is often a base element in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Land Information Systems (LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure

444-470: A divine power that could work miracles . The praefectus Aegypti was Tiberius Julius Alexander , who had been governor since Nero's reign. He proclaimed Vespasian emperor at Alexandria on 1 July 69 AD. The prefect was himself of Hellenized Jewish descent and related to Philo of Alexandria . The importance of the Egyptian grain harvest (Latin: claustra annonae , lit.   'key to

518-553: A means of more precise tax assessment. A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps. James C. Scott , in Seeing Like

592-604: A number of omens and oracles that reinforced this belief. Although Vespasian and Titus resolved to challenge for the Principate in February 69, they made no move until later in the year. Throughout the early months of 69, Vespasian convened frequently with the Eastern generals. Gaius Licinius Mucianus was a notable ally. Governor of Syria and commander of three legions, Mucianus also held political connections to many of

666-521: A pro-Republic philosopher, was executed for his teachings. Numerous other philosophers and writers had their works seized, destroyed and denounced for being deemed too critical of Vespasian's reign, some even posthumously. Between 71 and 79, much of Vespasian's reign is a mystery. Historians report that Vespasian ordered the construction of several buildings in Rome. Additionally, he survived several conspiracies against him. Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after

740-593: A tight framework of legislation'. With the view of assessing transaction costs, a European project: Modelling real property transactions (2001–2005) charted procedures for the transfer of ownership and other rights in land and buildings. Cadastral documentation is described, e.g. for Finland as follows '8. Surveyor draws up cadastral map and cadastral documents … 10. Surveyor sends cadastral documents to cadastral authority.' In Australia, similar activities are referred to as 'lodgement of plans of subdivision at land titles offices' Cadastre management has been used by

814-444: A title register. The International Federation of Surveyors defines cadastre as follows: A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often

SECTION 10

#1732797982887

888-411: A village north-east of Rome called Falacrinae . His family was relatively undistinguished and lacking in pedigree. Vespasian was the son of Titus Flavius Sabinus , a Roman moneylender, debt collector, and tax collector. His mother, Vespasia Polla , also belonged to the equestrian order in society, with her father rising to the rank of prefect of the camp and her brother becoming a Senator . He

962-401: A year of civil wars . Galba was murdered by supporters of Otho , who was defeated by Vitellius . Otho's supporters, looking for another candidate to support, settled on Vespasian. According to Suetonius, a prophecy ubiquitous in the Eastern provinces claimed that from Judaea would come the future rulers of the world. Vespasian eventually believed that this prophecy applied to him, and found

1036-445: Is a significant part of the scenario. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners. Land registration and cadastre are both types of land recording and complement each other. By clearly assigning property rights and demarcating land, cadasters have been attributed with strengthening state fiscal capacity and economic growth. The word cadastre came into English through French from

1110-509: Is identified by a unique set of homogeneous property rights". Cadastral surveys document the boundaries of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans ( plats in the US), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early England is the Domesday Book in 1086. Napoleon established

1184-543: Is known specifically, though. In 78 or 79, Eprius Marcellus and Aulus Caecina Alienus attempted to kill Vespasian. Why these men turned against Vespasian is not known. Agricola was appointed to the command of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix , stationed in Britain, in place of Marcus Roscius Coelius , who had stirred up a mutiny against the governor, Marcus Vettius Bolanus . Britain had revolted during

1258-460: Is often credited with restoring political stability to Rome following the chaotic reigns of his predecessors. After he died in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus, thus becoming the first Roman emperor to be succeeded by his natural son and establishing the Flavian dynasty. Vespasian (born Titus Flavius Vespasianus, pronounced [ˈt̪ɪt̪ʊs ˈfɫaːwijʊs wɛs.pasiˈjaːnʊs] ) was born in

1332-610: Is remembered by Josephus (writing as a Roman citizen), in his Antiquities of the Jews , as a fair and humane official, in contrast with the notorious Herod Agrippa II whom Josephus goes to great lengths to demonize. While under the emperor's patronage, Josephus wrote that after the Roman Legio X Fretensis , accompanied by Vespasian, destroyed Jericho on 21 June 68, Vespasian took a group of Jews who could not swim (possibly Essenes from Qumran ), fettered them, and threw them into

1406-526: The cursus honorum , holding an important military command in the Danube . In preparation for a praetorship , Vespasian needed two periods of service in the minor magistracies , one military and the other public. Vespasian served in the military in Thracia for about three years. On his return to Rome in about 30 AD, he obtained a post in the vigintivirate , the minor magistracies, most probably in one of

1480-656: The Dead Sea to test the sea's legendary buoyancy . Indeed, the captives bobbed up to the surface after being thrown in the water from the boats. At the conclusion of the Jewish war, Josephus discussed a prophecy from sacred scripture that about the time when Jerusalem and the Second Temple would be taken, a man from their own nation would become "governor of the habitable earth", as in the Messiah . Josephus interpreted

1554-497: The Greek katástikhon ( κατάστιχον ), a list or register, from katà stíkhon ( κατὰ στίχον )—literally, "(organised) line by line". A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership , the tenure , the precise location, the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as

SECTION 20

#1732797982887

1628-529: The Nile Valley . By contrast, the Jewish temple at Leontopolis was sacked in 73. In January 70, an uprising occurred in Gaul and Germany, known as the second Batavian Rebellion . This rebellion was headed by Gaius Julius Civilis and Julius Sabinus . Sabinus, claiming he was descended from Julius Caesar , declared himself Emperor of Gaul. The rebellion defeated and absorbed two Roman legions before it

1702-663: The Tithe Commission . In the United States , cadastral survey within the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) maintains records of all public lands . Such surveys often require detailed investigation of the history of land use, legal accounts, and other documents. The Public Lands Survey System is a cadastral survey of the United States originating in legislation from 1785, after international recognition of

1776-518: The Emperor's recitals on the lyre , and found himself in the political wilderness. In 66 AD, Vespasian was appointed to suppress the Jewish revolt underway in Judea . The fighting there had killed the previous governor and routed Cestius Gallus , the governor of Syria , when he tried to restore order. Two legions, with eight cavalry squadrons and ten auxiliary cohorts, were therefore dispatched under

1850-491: The Senatorial and Equestrian orders, removing his enemies and adding his allies. Regional autonomy of Greek provinces was repealed. Additionally, Vespasian made significant attempts to control public perception of his rule. We know from Suetonius that the "unexpected and still quite new emperor was lacking auctoritas [English: backing, support ] and a certain maiestas [English: majesty ]". Many modern historians note

1924-580: The United States. The Dominion Land Survey is a similar cadastral survey conducted in Western Canada, begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to principal meridian and baselines . These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into townships . Some much earlier surveys in Ohio created 25 square mile townships when the design of

1998-639: The circle of courtiers and servants around the Emperor, may have contributed to his success. Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta , stationed in Germania , thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus . In 43, Vespasian and the II Augusta participated in the Roman invasion of Britain , and he distinguished himself under

2072-679: The civil war. He added the temple of Peace and the temple to the Deified Claudius. In 75, he erected a colossal statue of Apollo , begun under Nero , and he dedicated a stage of the theatre of Marcellus. He also began construction of the Colosseum , using funds from the spoils of the Jewish Temple after the Siege of Jerusalem . Suetonius claims that Vespasian was met with "constant conspiracies" against him. Only one conspiracy

2146-536: The command of Vespasian while his elder son, Titus, arrived from Alexandria with another. During this time he became the patron of Flavius Josephus , a Jewish resistance leader captured at the Siege of Yodfat , who would later write his people's history in Greek. Ultimately, thousands of Jews were killed and the Romans destroyed many towns in re-establishing control over Judea; they also took Jerusalem in 70. Vespasian

2220-481: The conventional cadastre concept include the 3D cadastre , considering the vertical domain; and the multipurpose cadastre , considering non-parcel data. According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe , a " Marine Cadastre describes the location and spatial extent of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment". Marine cadastres apply the same governance principles to

2294-452: The country around Reate , where he spent every summer; however, his illness worsened and he developed severe diarrhea . With the feeling of death overwhelming him on his deathbed, he incited: "Vae, puto deus fio." ("Dear me, I think I'm becoming a god"). Then, according to Suetonius ' The Twelve Caesars : Taken on a sudden with such an attack of diarrhoea that he all but swooned, he said: "An emperor ought to die standing," and while he

Gemarkung - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-467: The documentary materials submitted to cadastre or land administration offices for renewal of cadastral recordings. Cadastral documentation is kept in paper and/or electronic form. Jurisdiction statutes and further provisions specify the content and form of the documentation, as well as the person(s) authorized to prepare and sign the documentation, including concerned parties (owner, etc.), licensed surveyors and legal advisors. The office concerned reviews

2442-467: The emperor on 1 July 69. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus , the governor of Syria , and Primus , a general in Pannonia , leaving his son Titus to command the besieging forces at Jerusalem . Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian took control of Egypt. On 20 December 69, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian

2516-577: The extent of land rather than using more precise surveys. Only in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did the use of cadastral maps resume, beginning in the Netherlands. With the emergence of capitalism in Renaissance Europe, the need for cadastral maps reemerged as a tool to determine and express control of land as a means of production. This took place first privately in land disputes and later spread to governmental practice as

2590-814: The first of his family to do so. Vespasian's renown came from his military success; he was legate of Legio II Augusta during the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 and subjugated Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of 66. While Vespasian was fighting against a Jewish rebellion , emperor Nero committed suicide and plunged Rome into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69. The Roman legions of Roman Egypt and Judaea reacted by declaring Vespasian, their commander,

2664-624: The grain supply') to Rome helped Vespasian assert control over the whole empire. Vespasian was the first emperor (and pharaoh ) since Augustus to appear in Egypt. At the hippodrome of Alexandria he was hailed as pharaoh ; recalling the welcome of Alexander the Great at the Oracle of Zeus-Ammon of the Siwa Oasis , Vespasian was proclaimed the son of the creator-deity Amun (Zeus-Ammon), in

2738-617: The hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes, and captured twenty oppida (towns, or more probably hill forts , including Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset ). He also invaded Vectis (now the Isle of Wight ), finally setting up a fortress and legionary headquarters at Isca Dumnoniorum ( Exeter ). During this time he injured himself and had not fully recovered until he went to Egypt. These successes earned him triumphal regalia ( ornamenta triumphalia ) on his return to Rome. His success as

2812-509: The increased amount of propaganda that appeared during Vespasian's reign. A component of the propaganda was the theology of victory , which legitimized the right to rule through successful conquest. This revolved around Vespasian's victory in Judea. Stories of a supernatural emperor who was destined to rule circulated in the empire. Nearly one-third of all coins minted in Rome under Vespasian celebrated military victory or peace. The word vindex

2886-555: The leadership of Marcus Antonius Primus . They defeated Vitellius' army (which had awaited him in Mevania ) at Bedriacum (or Betriacum), sacked Cremona and advanced on Rome. Vitellius hastily arranged a peace with Antonius, but the Emperor's Praetorian Guard forced him to retain his seat. After furious fighting, Antonius' army entered Rome. In the resulting confusion, the Capitol was destroyed by fire and Vespasian's brother Sabinus

2960-426: The legate of a legion earned him a consulship in 51, after which he retired from public life, having incurred the enmity of Claudius ' wife, Agrippina , who was the most powerful and influential figure in her husband's reign. He came out of retirement in 63 when he was sent as governor to Africa Province . According to Tacitus (ii.97), his rule was "infamous and odious" but according to Suetonius ( Vesp. 4), he

3034-582: The most powerful Roman military commanders from Illyricum to Britannia by virtue of his service to the famous Neronian general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo . In May 69, Mucianus formally implored Vespasian to challenge Vitellius. His appeal was followed by Vespasian's official proclamation as Emperor in early July. Under instructions from the prefect Tiberius Alexander, the legions at Alexandria took an oath of loyalty to Vespasian on 1 July. They were swiftly followed by Vespasian's Judaean legions on 3 July and thereafter by Mucianus' Syrian legions on 15 July. Vitellius ,

Gemarkung - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-577: The occupant of the throne, had the veteran legions of Gaul and the Rhineland . But the feeling in Vespasian's favour quickly gathered strength, and the armies of Moesia , Pannonia , and Illyricum soon declared for him, and made him the de facto master of half of the Roman world. While Vespasian himself was in Egypt securing its grain supply , his troops entered Italy from the northeast under

3182-503: The overall command of Aulus Plautius . After participating in crucial early battles on the rivers Medway and Thames , he was sent to reduce the south west, penetrating through the modern counties of Hampshire , Wiltshire , Dorset , Somerset , Devon and Cornwall with the probable objectives of securing the south coast ports and harbours along with the tin mines of Cornwall and the silver and lead mines of Somerset. Vespasian marched from Noviomagus Reginorum ( Chichester ) to subdue

3256-621: The passage of the Lex de imperio Vespasiani ; the Egyptians had declared him emperor in the summer. In the short-term, administration of the empire was given to Mucianus , who was aided by Vespasian's son, Domitian . Mucianus started off Vespasian's rule with tax reform that was to restore the empire's finances. After Vespasian arrived in Rome in mid-70, Mucianus continued to press Vespasian to collect as many taxes as possible. Vespasian and Mucianus renewed old taxes and instituted new ones, increased

3330-601: The period such as Tacitus , Suetonius and Josephus speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors who came before him. Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and saviour. Meanwhile, Pliny the Elder dedicated his Natural Histories to Vespasian's son, Titus. Those who spoke against Vespasian were punished. A number of Stoic philosophers were accused of corrupting students with inappropriate teachings and were expelled from Rome. Helvidius Priscus ,

3404-421: The posts in charge of street cleaning. His early performance was so unsuccessful that Emperor Caligula reportedly stuffed handfuls of muck down his toga to correct the uncleaned Roman streets, formally his responsibility. During the period of the ascendancy of Sejanus , there is no record of Vespasian engaging in any significant political activity. After completion of a term in the vigintivirate, Vespasian

3478-400: The prophecy as denoting the government of Vespasian. Tacitus agreed that the prophecy discussed Vespasian (as well as Titus), but that "the common people, with the usual blindness of ambition, had interpreted these mighty destinies of themselves, and could not be brought even by disasters to believe the truth." After the death of Nero in 68, Rome saw a succession of short-lived emperors and

3552-535: The software industry since at least 2005. It mainly refers to the use of technology for management of cadastre and land information in geographic information systems , spatial data infrastructures and software architecture , rather than to general management issues of cadastral and other land information agencies. In 1836, Colonel Robert Dawson of the Royal Engineers proposed that a cadastre be implemented in light of his experiences as on secondment to

3626-531: The state lands which the Emperor Augustus had given to the soldiers of Legion II Gallica, but which for some years had been occupied by private individuals, ordered a survey map to be set up with a record on each 'century' of the annual rental". In this way Vespasian was able to reimpose taxation formerly uncollected on these lands. With the fall of Rome, the use of cadastral maps effectively discontinued. Medieval practice used written descriptions of

3700-529: The style of the ancient pharaohs, and an incarnation of Serapis in the manner of the Ptolemies. As Pharaonic precedent demanded, Vespasian demonstrated his divine election by the traditional methods of spitting on and trampling a blind and crippled man, miraculously healing him, according to Egyptian religious elites. Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate while he was in Egypt on 21 December 69 through

3774-723: The submitted information; if the documentation does not comply with stated provisions, the office may set a deadline for the applicant to submit complete documentation. The concept of cadastral documentation emerged late in the English language, as the institution of cadastre developed outside English-speaking countries. In a Danish textbook, one out of fifteen chapters regards the form and content of documents concerning subdivision and other land matters. Early textbooks of international scope focused on recordings in terms of land registration and technical aspects of cadastral survey , yet note that 'cadastral surveying has been carried out within

SECTION 50

#1732797982887

3848-726: The system was being explored. Later, the design became square land areas of approximately 36 square miles (six miles by six miles). These townships are divided into sections , each approximately one-mile square. Unlike in Europe, this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Properties are generally rectangular, boundary lines often run on cardinal bearings, and parcel dimensions are often in fractions or multiples of chains . Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Extensions of

3922-550: The treasury. Vespasian's policy was not well received by his son. Writing about Vespasian in their history books, Dio Cassius and Suetonius mentioned "When [Vespasian's] son Titus blamed him for even laying a tax upon urine, he applied to his nose a piece of the money he received in the first instalment, and asked him if it stunk. And he replying no, 'And yet,' said he, 'it is derived from urine". Since then, this phrase "Money does not stink" has been used to whitewash dubious or illegal origin of money . In early 70 Vespasian

3996-452: The tribute of the provinces, and kept a watchful eye upon the treasury officials. The Latin proverb Pecunia non olet ("Money does not stink") may have been created when he had introduced a urine tax on public toilets. Before Vespasian, this tax was imposed by Emperor Nero under the name of vectigal urinae in the 1st century AD. However, the tax was removed after a while; it was re-enacted by Vespasian around AD 70 in order to fill

4070-530: The uprising in Egypt, unrest and civil war continued in the rest of the empire in 70. Judea had been rebelling since 66 . Vespasian's son, Titus , finally subdued the rebellion with the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Jewish Temple in 70. According to Eusebius , Vespasian then ordered all descendants of the royal line of David to be hunted down, causing the Jews to be persecuted from province to province. Several modern historians have suggested that Vespasian, already having been told by Josephus that he

4144-524: The value of the parcel and its improvements. Some of the earliest cadastres were ordered by Roman Emperors to recover state owned lands that had been appropriated by private individuals, and thereby recover income from such holdings. One such cadastre was done in AD 77 in Campania, a surviving stone marker of the survey reads "The Emperor Vespasian , in the eighth year of his tribunician power, so as to restore

4218-498: The water. They help further conservation and sustainability efforts. This is especially a concern in Europe's large aquatic market. In Australia, they are used by many parties to plan around legal, technical, and institutional considerations. A related concept is that of marine spatial data infrastructures . Vespasian Vespasian ( / v ɛ s ˈ p eɪ ʒ ( i ) ən , - z i ən / ; Latin : Vespasianus [wɛspasiˈaːnʊs] ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79)

4292-591: The year of civil war, and Bolanus was a mild governor. Agricola reimposed discipline on the legion and helped to consolidate Roman rule. In 71, Bolanus was replaced by a more aggressive governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis , and Agricola was able to display his talents as a commander in campaigns against the Brigantes in northern England. In his ninth consulship Vespasian had a slight illness in Campania and, returning at once to Rome, he left for Aquae Cutiliae and

4366-540: The years to come. During his time in North Africa, he found himself in financial difficulties and was forced to mortgage his estates to his brother. To revive his fortunes he turned to the mule trade and gained the nickname mulio (muleteer). Returning from Africa, Vespasian toured Greece in Nero 's retinue, but lost Imperial favor after paying insufficient attention (some sources suggest he fell asleep) during one of

4440-560: Was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors , he founded the Flavian dynasty , which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire brought political stability and a vast building program. Vespasian was the first emperor from an equestrian family who rose only later in his lifetime into the senatorial rank as

4514-587: Was "upright and, highly honourable". On one occasion, Suetonius writes, Vespasian was pelted with turnips . Vespasian used his time in North Africa wisely. Usually, governorships were seen by ex-consuls as opportunities to extort huge amounts of money to regain the wealth they had spent on their previous political campaigns. Corruption was so rife that it was almost expected that a governor would come back from these appointments with his pockets full. However, Vespasian used his time in North Africa making friends instead of money, something that would be far more valuable in

SECTION 60

#1732797982887

4588-672: Was declared emperor by the Senate. Little information survives about the government during Vespasian's ten-year rule. He reformed the financial system of the Roman Empire after the campaign against Judaea ended successfully, and initiated several ambitious construction projects, including the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum . Through his general Agricola , Vespasian increased imperial expansion in Britain. Vespasian

4662-469: Was educated in the countryside, in Cosa , near what is today Ansedonia , Italy , under the guidance of his paternal grandmother, so much so that even when he became emperor, he often returned to the places of his childhood, having left the former villa exactly as it had been. Early in his life he was somewhat overshadowed by his older brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus , who had entered public life and pursued

4736-614: Was entitled to stand for election as quaestor ; a senatorial office. But his lack of political or family influence meant that Vespasian served as quaestor in one of the provincial posts in Crete , rather than as assistant to important men in Rome. Next he needed to gain a praetorship, carrying the Imperium , but non- patricians and the less well-connected had to serve in at least one intermediary post as an aedile or tribune . Vespasian failed at his first attempt to gain an aedileship but

4810-475: Was especially generous to men of letters and rhetors , several of whom he pensioned with salaries of as much as 1,000 gold pieces a year. Quintilian is said to have been the first public teacher who enjoyed this imperial favor. Pliny the Elder 's work, the Natural History , was written during Vespasian's reign, and dedicated to Vespasian's son Titus. Vespasian distrusted philosophers in general. It

4884-507: Was killed by a mob. At Alexandria , on receiving the tidings of his rival's defeat and death, the new emperor at once forwarded supplies of urgently-needed grain to Rome, along with an edict assuring he would reverse the laws of Nero, especially those relating to treason . While in Egypt, he visited the Temple of Serapis where he reportedly experienced a vision . Later, he was confronted by two labourers, who were convinced that he possessed

4958-627: Was prophesied to become emperor whilst in Judaea, was probably reacting to other widely known Messianic prophecies circulating at the time, to suppress any rival claimants arising from that dynasty. Titus attended the consecration of a new Apis bull at Memphis in 70, and Vespasian's reign saw imperial patronage given to Egyptian temples: at the Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert as well as Esna , Kom Ombo , Medinet Habu , Silsila in

5032-419: Was removed from coins so as not to remind the public of rebellious Vindex . Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors. A temple of peace was constructed in the forum as well. Vespasian approved histories written under his reign, ensuring biases against him were removed. Vespasian also gave financial rewards to writers. The ancient historians who lived through

5106-418: Was still criticizing him, he sent the exiled philosopher the message: "You are doing everything to force me to kill you, but I do not slay a barking dog." According to Suetonius, Vespasian "bore the frank language of his friends, the quips of pleaders, and the impudence of the philosophers with the greatest patience". He was also noted for his benefactions to the people. Much money was spent on public works and

5180-610: Was still in Egypt, the source of Rome's grain supply, and had not yet left for Rome. According to Tacitus , his trip was delayed due to bad weather. Modern historians theorize that Vespasian had been and was continuing to consolidate support from the Egyptians before departing. Stories of a divine Vespasian healing people circulated in Egypt. During this period, protests erupted in Alexandria over his new tax policies and grain shipments were held up. Vespasian eventually restored order and grain shipments to Rome resumed. In addition to

5254-580: Was struggling to get on his feet, he died in the arms of those who tried to help him, on the ninth day before the Kalends of July [June 23], at the age of sixty-nine years, seven months and seven days. He died on June 23, 79 AD, and was succeeded by his sons Titus and then Domitian . Vespasian was known for his wit and his amiable manner alongside his commanding personality and military prowess. He could be liberal to impoverished Senators and equestrians and to cities and towns desolated by natural calamity. He

5328-436: Was successful in his second attempt, becoming an aedile in 38. Despite his lack of significant family connections or success in office, he achieved praetorship in either 39 or 40, at the youngest age permitted (30), during a period of political upheaval in the organisation of elections. His long-standing relationship with freed-woman Antonia Caenis , confidential secretary to Antonia Minor (the Emperor's grandmother) and part of

5402-430: Was suppressed by Vespasian's son-in-law, Quintus Petillius Cerialis , by the end of 70. In mid-70, Vespasian first went to Rome, dating his tribunician years from 1 July 69. Vespasian immediately embarked on a series of efforts to stay in power and prevent future revolts. He offered gifts to many in the military and much of the public. Soldiers loyal to Vitellius were dismissed or punished. Vespasian also restructured

5476-477: Was the talk of philosophers, who liked to glorify the Republic , that provoked Vespasian into reviving the obsolete penal laws against this profession as a precautionary measure. Only Helvidius Priscus was put to death after he repeatedly affronted the Emperor with studied insults which Vespasian initially tried to ignore. The philosopher Demetrius was banished to an island and when Vespasian heard that Demetrius

#886113