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32-559: The J85 was originally designed to power a large decoy missile, the McDonnell ADM-20 Quail . The Quail was designed to be released from a B-52 Stratofortress in-flight and fly for long distances in formation with the launch aircraft, multiplying the number of targets facing the SA-2 surface-to-air missile operators on the ground. This mission demanded a small engine that could nevertheless provide enough power to keep up with

64-542: A B-52 approaching at low altitude. This would force Soviet defenses to divide their missiles and interceptors between multiple targets, reducing the chance that a bomber would be targeted. Design of an improved version of Quail began in January 1968, with the system being termed the Subsonic Cruise Aircraft Decoy. This program incorporated several significant changes to the starting design before

96-713: A B-52. The first glide flight of the XGAM-72 occurred in November 1957. Three test launches were completed in 1957. The first successful powered flight of the XGAM-72 occurred in August 1958. This flight lasted 14 minutes and covered 103 nautical miles (191 km). A total of ten test flights occurred in 1958, seventeen flights in 1959, with the final four flights being completed in 1960. Operational testing then moved to Eglin Air Force Base , Florida , United States where

128-541: A bomber. On January 18, 1956, the USAF released General Operational Requirement (GOR) 139. McDonnell Aircraft Corporation submitted a design which included a cropped-delta-wing decoy constructed largely of fiberglass and carried internally within a B-52. The following month on February 1, 1956, the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was awarded a contract to develop Weapon System 122A which included

160-452: A false impression of Ukrainian weaponry. This is in line with fake HIMARS launchers that have been used by Ukraine since August 2022. Russia has also used fake trenches filled with explosives to kill Ukrainian soldiers. In April 2024, the UK's Ministry of Defence (MoD) reported that Russian occupied Kirovske air base had Su-30 fighter decoys painted on its hardstands and that at least

192-482: A new engine based on the General Electric J85-GE-21B named "OWJ" and presented it at a defense exhibition on 22 August 2016. The Owj engine has been used in several Iranian products like Kowsar , Saeghe and Azarakhsh fighter jets or Yasin training jet. Data from Related development Comparable engines Related lists ADM-20 Quail The McDonnell ADM-20 Quail

224-533: A slightly smaller wing area reduced the maximum range of the GAM-72A to 402 statute miles (647 km). The first production GAM-72A flight was in March 1960. The final GAM-72A was delivered by McDonnell Aircraft on May 28, 1962. A total of 585 GAM-72A missiles were produced by McDonnell Aircraft. The inventory of GAM-72As in the USAF peaked at 492 in 1963. During 1963 all remaining GAM-72A missiles were modified to

256-522: A small jet engine in the 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) thrust class with a high thrust-to-weight ratio of 10:1. On November 28, 1954 General Electric was awarded a USAF development contract to construct the XJ-85-GE-1 . The USAF designated the XJ85 project MX-2273. During April 1955, the USAF began a program to develop a short range air-launched decoy missile to simulate the radar cross section of

288-540: The ADM-160 MALD which can create aircraft-like return signals on enemy radars. Ukraine has made widespread usage of decoys as part of the Russo-Ukrainian War . In particular the usage of fake M777 howitzers costing $ 1000. When the actual weapon costs "several million dollars" to make. Decoys must use steel and wood. This is to match infra-red signature that a real M777 would give off. It also gives

320-577: The AGM-86 ALCM was created. In 1955 the USAF started a major effort to construct decoy missiles . The goal of this effort was to improve the ability of strategic bombers to penetrate air-defense systems . The projects initiated under this effort included the MX-2223, which produced the XSM-73 Goose , a long range ground-launched jet-powered, decoy cruise missile; and MX-2224, which produced

352-468: The Kosovo War , NATO claimed to have destroyed over 100 Serbian tanks and 200 armored personnel carriers using expensive precision-guided munitions , while various estimates place that number much lower. Numerous remains of decoys made of wood and canvas, or from out-of-commission vehicles are instead said to have been found by reporters. In Russia, a former hot air balloon factory has continued in

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384-970: The Scaled Composites White Knight aircraft, the carrier for the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne spacecraft, and the Me 262 Project . The basic engine design is quite small, about 17.7 inches (45 cm) in diameter, and 45.4 inches (115 cm) long. It features an eight-stage axial-flow compressor powered by two turbine stages, and is capable of generating up to 2,100 lb f (9.3 kN) of dry thrust, or more with an afterburner. At full throttle at sea level, this engine, without afterburner, consumes approximately 400 US gallons (1,500 L) of fuel per hour. At cruise altitude and power, it consumes approximately 100 US gal (380 L) per hour. Several variants were produced. The most advanced variant in

416-786: The XGAM-71 Buck Duck , an air-launched rocket powered decoy missile to equip the Convair B-36 . The USAF was at the same time developing the XQ-4 as a supersonic target drone to support the Bomarc Missile Program . A requirement was established by the USAF Power Plant Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to support follow-on production of the XQ-4. This requirement called for

448-411: The 1991 Persian Gulf War , BQM-74C Chukar III drones were used as decoys during the initial air attacks into Iraq. One group of drones flew over 500 kilometers (310 miles) at 630 km/h (390 mph), then began to circle Baghdad for up to 20 minutes. Iraqi air defense radars which probed for the drones were engaged by allied strike aircraft firing AGM-88 HARMs (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiles). During

480-566: The 2010s to make dummy tanks, aircraft, missile launch pads, radar stations, and rocket launchers. The inflatable dummies are designed to present a realistic image to enemy radar and thermal imaging. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , AFU successfully used wooden dummies of HIMARS in order to divert Russian missile strikes. An intercontinental ballistic missile may release decoys in addition to one or more warheads. Military aircraft on SEAD missions may carry decoy missiles such as

512-639: The 4135th Strategic Wing launched a GAM-72 on June 8, 1960. McDonnell Aircraft received a production contract for the GAM-72A on December 31, 1958. Reliability problems encountered during testing resulted in McDonnell replacing the J85-GE-3 with the J85-GE-7 engine in the production GAM-72A. The GAM-72A was also about 200 lb (90 kg) heavier than the GAM-72. This increase in weight when combined with

544-477: The GAM-72 Green Quail missile. In June 1956 General Electric was selected as the engine contractor for the GAM-72. Guidance components were built by Summers Gyroscope and the countermeasures equipment by Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation . The GAM-72 was designed with a high-mounted delta wing and no horizontal stabilizer . A slab-sided fuselage and two sets of vertical stabilizers contributed to

576-464: The GAM-72 using a retractable arm from the airplane's weapons bay into the slipstream below the aircraft. The wings and stabilizers of the GAM-72 were unfolded, the jet engine was started, and the missile was launched. Flight testing of the XGAM-72 began in July 1957 at Holloman Air Force Base and the adjacent White Sands Missile Range . Initially testing involved the XGAM-72 being captively carried by

608-623: The GAM-72B configuration. In 1963 the GAM-72 was re-designated the ADM-20 Although originally planned for deployment with the B-47 and the B-52, the GAM-72A was only deployed with the B-52. The first production GAM-72A was delivered to the 4135th Strategic Wing , at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida, on September 13, 1960. Initial operational capability was reached on February 1, 1961, when

640-516: The GAM-72s ability to simulate the radar cross section of a bomber . Initially the GAM-72 was powered by a YJ85-GE-1. This jet engine produced 1,900-2,100 lbf (8.5-9.3 kN) of thrust with a thrust-to-weight ratio goal of (4.6:1) to (5:1). The GAM-72s guidance system could be pre-programmed on the ground to execute two turns and one speed change during a flight time of 45 to 55 minutes. Flight duration depended on altitude . The GAM-72

672-563: The J85 series is the J85-21 model designed specifically for the F-5E/F during its development process. The J85-21 design replaces AM 355 chromium nickel molybdenum stainless steel alloy, used by previous J85 models for compressor rotors and blades, with a titanium alloy. Its inlet diameter was increased from 17.7 in (45 cm) to 20.8 in (53 cm), and it included an added stage ahead of

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704-647: The Quail was only slightly better than nothing." The last ADM-20C operational test was flown at Eglin Air Force Base on July 13, 1972. On June 30, 1978, the last ADM-20C came off alert status. The last ADM-20C was removed from the United States Air Force inventory on December 15, 1978. The number of GAM-72A s in service, by year: Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Decoy missile Dummies and decoys are fake military equipment that are intended to deceive

736-417: The aircraft. Up to 100 lb (45 kg) of payload could be accommodated internally by the GAM-72. This internal space could be used to house a radar repeater or a chaff dispenser. An infrared burner in the tail could produce intense heat to simulate the heat signature of a bomber. The GAM-72 was not armed. Eight GAM-72A decoys could be accommodated in the B-52's weapons bay but the normal decoy load

768-414: The area seem stronger than they were. Likewise, Fleet tender was the codename for a number of British merchant ships that fitted with dummy structures to resemble warships. During the late Cold War , East German S-200 surface-to-air missile sites employed decommissioned and modified PRV-9 height finding radars as decoys to confuse NATO electronic signals intelligence gathering operations. In

800-444: The base 8-stage compressor for a total of 9 stages. Its multiple disk rotors were replaced with a single-spool rotor, thus improving dry thrust to 3,600 lb f (16 kN) and wet thrust to 5,000 lb f (22 kN) while reducing mechanical complexity along with the weight gain of the J85-21 model. More than 12,000 J85 engines had been built by the time production ended in 1988. The Iranian Ministry of Defense constructed

832-522: The enemy. Dummies and decoys are only one aspect of military deception . During World War II , dummy airfields and even towns were used in England to divert German bombers from the real targets. At the Battle of La Ciotat in 1944, American aircraft dropped hundreds of dummy paratroopers ( paradummies ) just north of La Ciotat , France . The goal of this operation was to divert German troops away from

864-419: The first squadron of the 4135th Strategic Wing was equipped with the GAM-72A. On January 1, 1962 B-52 aircraft carried the GAM-72A decoy on airborne alert for the first time. Full operational capability was reached when the GAM-72A was deployed with the fourteenth and final B-52 squadron on April 15, 1962. The operational version of the GAM-72 carried internal radar reflectors facing forward and to each side of

896-659: The jet bomber. Like the similar Armstrong Siddeley Viper being built in the UK, the engine on a Quail drone had no need to last for extended periods of time, so therefore could be built of low-quality materials. The fit was a success on the Quail, but again like the Viper it was later built with normal grade materials and subsequently used to power small jet aircraft, including the Northrop T-38 Talon , Northrop F-5 , Canadair CT-114 Tutor , and Cessna A-37 Dragonfly light attack aircraft. More recently, J85s have powered

928-643: The main landing zones of Operation Dragoon . Additionally, during World War II, Operation Quicksilver was an attempt to mislead the Germans as to the location of the D-Day invasion using dummy military equipment. A naval example was the British battleship HMS Centurion . Obsolete and disarmed by World War II, she spent two years in the Mediterranean fitted with wooden guns, to make British naval forces in

960-491: Was a subsonic , jet powered, air-launched decoy cruise missile built by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. The Quail was designed to be launched by the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress strategic bomber and its original United States Air Force designation was GAM-72 (GAM standing for Guided Aircraft Missile). Quail contained electronics and radar reflectors intended to make it indistinguishable from

992-409: Was designed to operate at altitudes between 35,000 ft (10,668 m) to 50,000 ft (15,240 m) at speeds between Mach 0.75 to Mach 0.9. Range varied between 357 nm and 445 nm (661 to 716 km), also depending on altitude. Two GAM-72s with folded wings and stabilizers were packaged together for mounting in the bomber weapons bay . Before launch the bomber's radar navigator lowered

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1024-607: Was two. Ground radar continued to improve, and the effectiveness of the GAM-72B, redesignated in 1963 as the ADM-20C, decreased over time. The AGM-69 Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) allowed bombers to attack air-defense systems from a distance. By 1971, the USAF no longer considered the ADM-20C a credible decoy. The commander of the Strategic Air Command wrote the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force "that

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