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33-561: General John Logan Memorial , also known as the John Alexander Logan Monument , is an outdoor bronze sculpture commemorating John A. Logan by sculptors Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Alexander Phimister Proctor , in a setting by architect Stanford White . Installed in Chicago 's Grant Park , in the U.S. state of Illinois , the statue and pedestal sit atop a memorial mound, with a ceremonial stairway leading to

66-479: A patina , a process that allows some control over the colour and finish. Another form of sculptural art that uses bronze is ormolu , a finely cast soft bronze that is gilded (coated with gold) to produce a matte gold finish. Ormolu was popularized in the 18th century in France and is found in such forms as wall sconces (wall-mounted candle holders), inkstands, clocks and garnitures . Ormolu wares can be identified by

99-424: A bronze casting, either from the original moulds or from a new mould made from the refined plaster positive. Once a production mould is obtained, a wax (hollow for larger sculptures) is then cast from the mould. For a hollow sculpture, a core is then cast into the void, and is retained in its proper location (after wax melting) by pins of the same metal used for casting. One or more wax sprues are added to conduct

132-414: A clear ring when tapped, showing that they are made of bronze, not a cheaper alloy such as spelter or pewter . John Henry Waddell John Henry Waddell (February 14, 1921 – November 27, 2019) was an American sculptor, painter and educator . He had a long career in art education and has many sculptures on public display, but he may be best known for That Which Might Have Been —his memorial to

165-740: A professional artist. His career as an art educator began in earnest in 1947 when he started teaching evening adult classes in the Central YMCA Adult Education Program in Chicago, which he did until 1955. Overlapping with this position was the teaching of art and art education at the National College of Education—from 1949 to 1955. He assumed the position of head of art education at the IIT Institute of Design in 1955. While in Chicago, Waddell designed

198-448: A program for students with Down's Syndrome and varied mental and physical challenges at Bruno Bettelheim ’s Orthogenic School . In 1957, Waddell moved his family to Arizona and became head of Art Education at Arizona State College (later known as Arizona State University ). He retired from ASU in 1964 to devote all of his energies to his artwork. In 2007, several life-sized bronze sculptures by Waddell were stolen, probably due to

231-476: A week later. The statue was never moved. General and Mrs. Logan were both buried at the U.S. Soldiers’ and Airmen's Home National Cemetery in Washington, DC and have never been returned to Chicago. In 1939 it was reported that the inscription above the vault that read “Within this crypt the mortal remains of the hero are buried” had been chipped away to just a handful of letters by vandals. In 1968, during

264-567: Is 90% copper and 10% tin. The great civilizations of the old world worked in bronze for art, from the time of the introduction of the alloy for tools and edged weapons. Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-daro , belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation and dating back to c.  2500 BCE , is perhaps the first known bronze statue. Life-sized bronze statues in Ancient Greece have been found in good condition; one

297-407: Is removed to reduce the likelihood of interior corrosion. Incomplete voids created by gas pockets or investment inclusions are then corrected by welding and carving. Small defects where sprues and vents were attached are filed or ground down and polished. For a large sculpture, the artist will usually prepare small study models until the pose and proportions are determined. An intermediate-sized model

330-493: Is the seawater-preserved bronze Victorious Youth that required painstaking efforts to bring it to its present state for museum display. Far more Roman bronze statues have survived. The ancient Chinese knew both lost-wax casting and section mould casting, and during the Shang dynasty created large numbers of Chinese ritual bronzes , ritual vessels covered with complex decoration, which were buried in sets of up to 200 pieces in

363-405: Is then constructed with all of the final details. For very large works, this may again be scaled to a larger intermediate. From the final scale model, measuring devices are used to determine the dimensions of an armature for the structural support of a full-size temporary piece, which is brought to rough form by wood, cardboard, plastic foam, and/or paper to approximately fill the volume while keeping

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396-590: The Romanesque Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège is described as both bronze and brass. In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armour were hammered from mild bronze. According to one definition, modern "statuary bronze"

429-602: The School of the Art Institute . In 1942, Waddell married his first wife, Elizabeth Owen, and they had three children: Sean Owen, Seamus, and Seanchan Waddell. Elizabeth and John divorced in 1948. At the time, he was working at Buick Aviation Plant, Melrose Park, Illinois —as America had entered World War II . Waddell's education was interrupted by a stint in the US Army 1943-1945. Serving as Private First Class during

462-498: The anti-war protests surrounding the Democratic National Convention , demonstrators climbed the statue and organizers spoke from in front of its base. Bronze sculpture Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as the bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from

495-651: The War, one of his contributions was as a muralist of hope. On the GI Bill, Waddell returned to the School of the Art Institute. He earned two Master's Degrees there and later an Honorary Doctorate from the National College of Education, Chicago (now known as National Louis University ). It was at the Art Institute that Waddell met artist Ruth Holland. In 1949, they were married in a small ceremony with friends and fellow students, Leon Golub and Nancy Spero , as witnesses. Through

528-410: The artist starts with a full-sized model of the sculpture, most often a non-drying oil-based clay such as Plasticine model for smaller sculptures or for sculptures to be developed over an extended period (water-based clays must be protected from drying), and water-based clay for larger sculptures or for sculptures for which it is desired to capture a gestural quality – one that transmits

561-468: The decades Ruth appeared in many of his paintings and sculptures. Waddell also became a primary muse in Ruth's work. They remained married until Waddell's death in 2019 and had two additional sons and a daughter: Lindsey and William Waddell and filmmaker Amy Waddell, respectively. Waddell began having one-man shows of his artwork as early as 1942. He had dozens of such shows over the course of six decades as

594-602: The four girls killed in the 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama . Waddell was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1921 and moved to Evanston, Illinois , at the age of ten. There he began to study art at the Katherine Lord Studio, and by the age of 16 was teaching classes there. In 1939, he graduated from Evanston Township High School and moved to Chicago where he attended

627-417: The memorial in 1897 was a major event in Chicago. People from across the country attended and the coverage was equally widespread. The dignitaries included Russell A. Alger , Secretary of War represented President McKinley, Governor James A. Mount of Indiana and Governor Silas A. Holcomb of Nebraska. Illinois Governor John Riley Tanner accepted the memorial on behalf of the state of Illinois and an oration

660-451: The model is made in wax, possibly formed over a core, or with a core cast in place, if the piece is to be hollow. If no mould is made and the casting process fails, the artwork will also be lost. After the metal has cooled, the external ceramic or clay is chipped away, revealing an image of the wax form, including core pins, sprues, vents, and risers. All of these are removed with a saw and tool marks are polished away, and interior core material

693-402: The molten metal into the sculptures - typically directing the liquid metal from a pouring cup to the bottom of the sculpture, which is then filled from the bottom up in order to avoid splashing and turbulence. Additional sprues may be directed upward at intermediate positions, and various vents may also be added where gases could be trapped. (Vents are not needed for ceramic shell casting, allowing

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726-413: The motion of the sculptor in addition to that of the subject. A mould is made from the clay pattern, either as a piece mould from plaster, or using flexible gel or similar rubber-like materials stabilized by a plaster jacket of several pieces. Often a plaster master will be made from this mould for further refinement. Such a plaster is a means of preserving the artwork until a patron may be found to finance

759-525: The mould. Their strength and ductility (lack of brittleness) is an advantage when figures in action poses are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (such as marble sculpture ). These qualities allow the creation of extended figures, as in Jeté , or figures that have small cross sections in their support, such as the equestrian statue of Richard the Lionheart . But

792-481: The sprue to be simple and direct). The complete wax structure (and core, if previously added) is then invested in another kind of mould or shell, which is heated in a kiln until the wax runs out and all free moisture is removed. The investment is then soon filled with molten bronze. The removal of all wax and moisture prevents the liquid metal from being explosively ejected from the mould by steam and vapour. Students of bronze casting will usually work in direct wax, where

825-412: The summit. The statue was a notable meeting location for anti-Vietnam War protests in the 1960s, including during the 1968 Democratic National Convention . The monument was created during 1894–1897 and dedicated on July 22, 1897. Henry-Bonnard Bronze Company served as the founder, and additional assistance was provided by Daniel H. Burnham, Annette Johnson, and Mary Lawrence Tonetti. The unveiling of

858-740: The thirteenth century the Chola dynasty in South India represented the pinnacle of bronze casting in India. Making bronzes is highly skilled work, and a number of distinct casting processes may be employed, including lost-wax casting (and its modern-day spin-off investment casting ), sand casting and centrifugal casting . The term "bronze" is also applied to metal sculptures made by electrotyping (or galvanoplasty), although these sculptures are typically pure copper and their fabrication does not involve metal casting. In lost-wax or investment casting,

891-471: The tombs of royalty and the nobility. Over the long creative period of Egyptian dynastic art, small lost-wax bronze figurines were made in large numbers; several thousand of them have been conserved in museum collections. The 7th-8th century Sri Lankan Sinhalese bronze statue of Buddhist Tara , now in the British Museum, is an excellent example of Sri Lankan bronze statues. From the ninth through

924-483: The value of the bronze for uses other than making statues is disadvantageous to the preservation of sculptures; few large ancient bronzes have survived, as many were melted down to make weapons or ammunition in times of war or to create new sculptures commemorating the victors, while far more stone and ceramic works have come through the centuries, even if only in fragments. As recently as 2007 several life sized bronze sculptures by John Waddell were stolen, probably due to

957-425: The value of the metal after the work has been melted. There are many different bronze alloys. Typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin . Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins and a number of mechanical applications. Historical bronzes are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap

990-497: The weight low. Finally, plaster, clay or other material is used to form the full-size model, from which a mould may be constructed. Alternatively, a large refractory core may be constructed, and the direct-wax method then applied for subsequent investment. Before modern welding techniques, large sculptures were generally cast in one piece with a single pour. Welding allows a large sculpture to be cast in pieces, then joined. After final polishing, corrosive materials may be applied to form

1023-579: Was arrested for the stunt but made the sale. In February 1923, the South Park commissioners in Chicago suggested that the Logan Memorial be taken off its mound and put on a pedestal. The mound contains a tomb intended for the General and his wife. Mrs. Logan fought the move, writing letters to the head of the commission. Civil War veterans rallied in support of Mrs. Logan. She died a little over

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1056-513: Was delivered by George R. Peck. Three revenue cutters fired salutes on Lake Michigan and the memorial was unveiled by Logan’s grandson, seven-year-old John A. Logan III. In 1913, Eugene F. McDonald , a representative of the Anderson Electric Car Co. (and future founder of Zenith Radio Corporation) used the steps leading up the memorial to demonstrate the ability of a Detroit Electric to climb hills for one of his customers. He

1089-491: Was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The Benin Bronzes are really brass , and

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