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34-512: On June 10, 2016, Gawker Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after the company was ordered to pay $ 115 million in compensatory damages and a further $ 25 million in punitive damages in Bollea v. Gawker . On August 16, 2016, Univision Communications purchased Gawker for $ 135 million. The purchase did not include the flagship website Gawker. It included the websites Gizmodo, Jezebel, Deadspin, Kotaku, Jalopnik, and Lifehacker. Univision named

68-509: A bankruptcy auction on August 16, 2016. The sale to Univision included six Gawker websites— Deadspin , Gizmodo , Jalopnik , Jezebel , Kotaku , and Lifehacker —which were not involved with the publication of the Bollea materials. The sale did not include the continued operations of the flagship Gawker website. On August 18, 2016, it was announced that the main Gawker site would be shut down by

102-427: A celebrity sex tape non-newsworthy if the subject was under the age of four. Daulerio later told the court he was being flippant in his response. On March 18, 2016, the jury delivered a verdict in favor of Bollea. The jury awarded him $ 115 million in compensatory damages, which included $ 60 million for emotional distress. The jury awarded Bollea an additional $ 25 million in punitive damages on March 21. Reactions to

136-484: A compact disc or DVD ). This act is sometimes done illegally, by pirating copyrighted material without permission from the original artists. To burn an optical disc, one usually first creates an optical disc image with a full file system , of a type designed for the optical disc, in temporary storage such as a file in another file system on a disk drive. One may test the image on target devices using rewriteable media such as CD-RW , DVD±RW and BD-RE . Then, one copies

170-497: A motion for a stay of execution of judgment pending appeal. In the motion and accompanying affidavits from Gawker Media personnel, the company stated that it could not afford to pay the $ 140.1 million judgment or the $ 50 million appeal bond . On June 10, 2016, Gawker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and put itself up for sale. Denton personally filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on August 1. Univision Communications bought Gawker Media's assets for $ 135 million at

204-411: A public matter, although on cross-examination , when asked by Bollea's lawyer whether a depiction of his genitalia had any "news value", former Gawker editor AJ Daulerio responded "no". Bollea said that comments made in interviews were done in his professional wrestling character , an on-air persona different from his own. The court was shown a taped deposition where Daulerio said that he would consider

238-454: A user to construct a disc incrementally, as it could be on a rewritable medium like a floppy disk or rewritable CD . However, if the disc is non-rewritable, a given bit can be written only once. Due to this limitation, a non-rewritable disc whose burn failed for any reason cannot be repaired. (Such a disc is colloquially termed a "coaster", a reference to a beverage coaster .) There are many optical disc authoring technologies for optimizing

272-560: Is most common for CDs and UDF is most common for DVDs and BDs. ISO 9660 is a format mainly used on CDs. The ISO 9660 can be extended with El Torito , Joliet , Rock Ridge , or the Apple ISO 9660 Extensions . El Torito makes it possible to boot from a CD. The Joliet extension by Microsoft makes it possible to have long file names encoded in UCS-2 , among other things. Rock Ridge is a system providing file-ownership , fewer restrictions on

306-414: Is usually sold with the recorder. Some operating systems come bundled with them. Creating an optical disc usually involves first creating an optical disc image with a full file system designed for the optical disc, and then actually burning the image to the disc. Many programs create the disc image and burn in one bundled application (Quick Copy or Copy On-the-fly), such that end-users do not even know

340-534: The Gawker website, and several Gawker employees and Gawker-affiliated entities for posting portions of a sex tape of Bollea with Heather Clem, at that time the wife of radio personality Bubba the Love Sponge . Bollea's claims included invasion of privacy , infringement of personality rights , and intentional infliction of emotional distress . Prior to trial, Bollea's lawyers said the privacy of many Americans

374-545: The Mike Calta Show ), and Matthew Christian Lloyd (a radio personality formerly employed by Bubba the Love Sponge). Optical disc authoring Optical disc authoring , including CD , DVD , and Blu-ray Disc authoring, is the process of assembling source material—video, audio or other data—into the proper logical volume format to then be recorded ("burned") onto an optical disc (typically

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408-704: The GMG Special Projects Desk published an article that highlighted various issues plaguing Univision . On June 28, 2018, The Daily Beast reported that over forty GMG staffers would be taking union-negotiated buyouts, thereby averting layoffs . On July 10, 2018, Univision announced that it would "explore" the option of selling all of the Gizmodo Media Group and The Onion websites under its ownership. In April 2019, private equity firm Great Hill Partners agreed to purchase Gizmodo Media Group and The Onion from Univision. The sale

442-428: The authoring process and preventing errors. Some programs can mount a disc image as a file system type, so these images appear as mounted discs. The disc image can then be tested after it is assembled but before writing to a physical disc. DVD and Blu-ray (sequential) discs also allow the use of multiple sessions. Tracks contain the information to be stored on the disc. A track is a consecutive set of sectors on

476-470: The authoring process more straightforward. Sometimes disc images are even used to emulate the presence of a CD-ROM or DVD drive with the data entirely resident on the hard disc. For the command-line tool cdrdao , a so-called TOC file that can be authored inside a text editor is used to specify the details of the desired disc record. Optical disc file system types include ISO 9660 (often known simply as "ISO") and Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO

510-778: The disc containing a block of data. One session may contain one or more tracks of the same or different types. Tracks can be audio information or data, which use the same format, or video information. Data can include album information and low-resolution graphics such as karaoke lyrics; however, these tracks are not compliant with the Red Book of CD audio standards. Authoring is commonly done in software on computers with optical disc recorders . There are, however, stand-alone devices like personal video recorders which can also author and record discs. Use of optical disc recorders require optical disc authoring software , sometimes called "burning applications" or "burner applications". Such software

544-491: The distinction. Disc file systems include ISO 9660 (often known simply as “ISO”) and Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO is most common for CDs and UDF is most common for DVDs. There are also packet writing applications that do not require writing the entire disc at once, but allow writing parts at a time, allowing the disc to be used as a random access removable medium (somewhat like a very large floppy, though with unique constraints). Sometimes, disc images are made to make

578-512: The economic damages were improperly calculated. In late May 2016, the trial judge denied both motions. In May 2016, it was reported that Bollea had sued Gawker again, alleging that they were responsible for leaking sealed court documents that had quoted him using racial slurs. The transcripts were published by the National Enquirer , and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) subsequently fired him. Gawker denied being responsible for

612-484: The file names, and more. Amiga extensions allow use of Amiga-specific attribute bits and comments. The Apple Extensions enables Macintosh-specific creator codes, file type, and so on. Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a newer filesystem that comes with additional features such as Unicode support, packet writing (UDF 1.50), and defect management on rewritable formats. Packet writing can alternatively be implemented with UDF 1.02 and Mount Rainier extensions. It allows one to use

646-464: The image from the Temporary folder after making one copy. If users override this default, telling the application to preserve the image, they can reuse the image to create more copies. Otherwise, they must rebuild the image each time they want a copy. Some packet-writing applications do not require writing the entire disc at once, but allow writing of different parts at different times. This allows

680-444: The image to the disc (usually write-once media for hard distribution). Most optical disc authoring utilities create a disc image and copy it to the disc in one bundled operation, so that end-users often do not know the distinction between creating and burning. However, it is useful to know because creating the disc image is a time-consuming process, while copying the image is much faster. Most disc burning applications silently delete

714-529: The leak. Bollea would be re-signed by WWE on July 15, 2018. Billionaire Peter Thiel , a co-founder of PayPal and former Facebook board member, paid $ 10 million to help finance lawsuits against Gawker Media, including the Bollea lawsuit. The idea had been brought to him by Australian businessman Aron D'Souza . Thiel called his financial support of Bollea's case "one of my greater philanthropic things that I've done." Gawker had published an article in 2007 outing Thiel as gay. On June 9, 2016, Gawker filed

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748-441: The namesake website, were subsequently sold to Univision Communications . On November 2, 2016, Gawker reached a $ 31 million settlement with Bollea. In 2006, Bollea was videotaped while having sex with Heather Clem; at trial he claimed that the videotaping was without his knowledge or consent. On The Howard Stern Show , Bollea told Stern that he had slept with Heather with Bubba Clem's blessing and his encouragement because he

782-544: The next week. Gawker's article archive would remain online and its employees will either be transferred to the remaining six websites or elsewhere in Univision. On November 2, 2016, Gawker Media and Bollea reached a $ 31 million settlement. As a result of the settlement, Gawker forwent its appeal and three articles from gawker.com were taken down, including the one involving Bollea. Other lawsuits followed naming Hiscox Insurance , Cox Radio , Terry Bollea, Mike Calta (of

816-463: The trial court. In one motion, the company sought to throw out the jury verdict, arguing that "key evidence was wrongly withheld" and the jury instructions on the constitutional standards for newsworthiness were improper. In another motion, Gawker argued that even if the verdict stands, the amount of damages should be greatly reduced , arguing that the emotional damage award exceeded amounts found to be excessive in severe personal injury cases and that

850-398: The unit Gizmodo Media Group after one of its blogs, Gizmodo , in an effort to distance itself from the Gawker name. On September 10, 2016, Univision removed six controversial posts from various Gawker Media sites, each with the note: "This story is no longer available as it is the subject of pending litigation against the prior owners of this site." On September 21, 2016, Raju Narisetti

884-442: The verdict ranged from those supporting it and decrying voyeuristic publications, to those describing it as of limited scope which doesn't damage free speech, to those describing the verdict and the large judgment as having a deeply chilling effect on journalism when courts can decide newsworthiness. Gawker CEO Nick Denton said the company would appeal the verdict. In early April 2016, Gawker Media filed two post-trial motions in

918-562: The video to a DVD, wrote "Hogan" on it, and put it in a desk drawer. On October 4, 2012, Gawker editor A.J. Daulerio published a two-minute extract from the 30-minute video, including 10 seconds of explicit sexual activity. Bollea originally sued Gawker for copyright infringement in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida , seeking a temporary injunction . Bollea's lawyer

952-547: Was Charles Harder . U.S. District Judge James D. Whittemore denied Bollea's motion, ruling that the validity of the copyright was in question, and that given the degree to which Bollea had already put his own private life into the public arena, the publication of the video might be protected by fair use . Bollea withdrew his case in the US district court and sued Gawker in Florida state court. There, his request for an injunction

986-517: Was at stake while Gawker's lawyers said that the case could hurt freedom of the press in the United States. Bollea sought $ 100 million in damages. In March 2016, the jury found Gawker Media liable and awarded Bollea $ 115 million in compensatory damages and $ 25 million in punitive damages . Three months after the verdict, Gawker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and put itself up for sale. Gawker Media's assets, not including

1020-659: Was completed on April 8, 2019, with Gizmodo Media Group and The Onion being combined into a new company named G/O Media . Bollea v. Gawker Bollea v. Gawker was a lawsuit filed in 2013 in the Circuit Court of the Sixth Judicial Circuit in Pinellas County , Florida , delivering a verdict on March 18, 2016. In the suit, professional wrestler Terry Gene Bollea, known professionally as Hulk Hogan , sued Gawker Media , publisher of

1054-487: Was denied in 2014 by the appeals court, which ruled that under the circumstances it was an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech under the First Amendment . Gawker tried to get Judge Campbell to dismiss the case based on that ruling, but the case went to trial. The six-person jury consisted of four women and two men. The trial lasted two weeks. During the trial, Gawker argued that Bollea made his sex life

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1088-421: Was granted by Judge Pamela Campbell in 2013. Gawker announced that it would not comply with the part of the court order requiring the removal of the post and associated commentary because it deemed the order "risible and contemptuous of centuries of First Amendment jurisprudence." Gawker removed the video itself, but linked readers to another site hosting the video. The injunction was quickly stayed on appeal, and

1122-552: Was named as CEO of Gizmodo Media Group. On July 7, 2017, Gizmodo Media Group acquired the blog Very Smart Brothas. In September 2017, Gizmodo Media Group launched its first new stand-alone site since acquisition from Gawker Media, Earther , devoted to environmental news, with Managing Editor Maddie Stone. In December 2017, Gizmodo Media Group announced a partnership with Mexican media conglomerate Televisa to launch Spanish-language editions of websites such as Gizmodo , Deadspin , Kotaku , Jalopnik and Jezebel . On May 8, 2018,

1156-441: Was so burnt-out from the trauma of his coming divorce that he finally gave in to the "relentless" come-ons from Heather who "kept going down that road." Bollea said that he knew that Clem had "an alternative lifestyle" and that he had stopped by their house "just to say hello" when Heather tempted him. Bollea later testified: "I was depressed. I gave up and gave in. I felt that those people loved me." Bubba testified that he burned

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