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40-404: A gigue is usually in 8 or in one of its compound metre derivatives, such as 8 , 4 , 8 or 8 , although there are some gigues written in other metres, as for example the gigue from Johann Sebastian Bach 's first French Suite (BWV 812), which is written in 2 and has a distinctive strutting "dotted" rhythm . Gigues often have

80-430: A contrapuntal texture as well as often having accents on the third beats in the bar, making the gigue a lively folk dance. In early French theatre, it was customary to end a play's performance with a gigue, complete with music and dancing. A gigue, like other Baroque dances, consists of two sections. An early Italian dance called the giga probably derives its name from a small accompanying stringed instrument called

120-435: A fixed sequence of basic steps with a defined tempo and time signature . The English word "measure", originally an exact or just amount of time, came to denote either a poetic rhythm, a bar of music, or else an entire melodic verse or dance involving sequences of notes, words, or movements that may last four, eight or sixteen bars. Metre is related to and distinguished from pulse , rhythm (grouping), and beats: Meter

160-462: A 3-beat unit with a stress at the beginning of each unit. Similar metres are often used in Bulgarian folk dances and Indian classical music . Hypermetre is large-scale metre (as opposed to smaller-scale metre). Hypermeasures consist of hyperbeats . "Hypermeter is metre, with all its inherent characteristics, at the level where bars act as beats". For example, the four-bar hypermeasures are

200-431: A book about musical metre, which "involves our initial perception as well as subsequent anticipation of a series of beats that we abstract from the rhythm surface of the music as it unfolds in time". This "perception" and "abstraction" of rhythmic bar is the foundation of human instinctive musical participation, as when we divide a series of identical clock-ticks into "tick–tock–tick–tock". "Rhythms of recurrence" arise from

240-500: A larger unit called a metron (pl. metra) or dipody. The foot is a purely metrical unit; there is no inherent relation to a word or phrase as a unit of meaning or syntax , though the interplay between these is an aspect of the poet's skill and artistry. Below listed are the names given to the poetic feet by classical metrics. The feet are classified first by the number of syllables in the foot ( disyllables have two, trisyllables three, and tetrasyllables four) and secondarily by

280-459: A limited range of metres, leading to interchangeability of melodies. Early hymnals commonly did not include musical notation but simply texts that could be sung to any tune known by the singers that had a matching metre. For example, The Blind Boys of Alabama rendered the hymn " Amazing Grace " to the setting of The Animals ' version of the folk song " The House of the Rising Sun ". This

320-488: A musical phrase or melody might consist of two bars x 4 . The level of musical organisation implied by musical metre includes the most elementary levels of musical form . Metrical rhythm, measured rhythm, and free rhythm are general classes of rhythm and may be distinguished in all aspects of temporality: Some music, including chant , has freer rhythm, like the rhythm of prose compared to that of verse . Some music, such as some graphically scored works since

360-459: A pulse-group can be identified by taking the accented beat as the first pulse in the group and counting the pulses until the next accent. Frequently metres can be subdivided into a pattern of duples and triples. For example, a 4 metre consists of three units of a 8 pulse group, and a 8 metre consists of two units of a 8 pulse group. In turn, metric bars may comprise 'metric groups' - for example,

400-462: A simple metre. More specifically, it is a simple triple metre because there are three beats in each measure; simple duple (two beats) or simple quadruple (four) are also common metres. Compound metre (or compound time), is a metre in which each beat of the bar divides naturally into three equal parts. That is, each beat contains a triple pulse. The top number in the time signature will be 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, etc. Compound metres are written with

440-679: A time signature that shows the number of divisions of beats in each bar as opposed to the number of beats. For example, compound duple (two beats, each divided into three) is written as a time signature with a numerator of six, for example, 8 . Contrast this with the time signature 4 , which also assigns six eighth notes to each measure, but by convention connotes a simple triple time: 3 quarter-note beats. Examples of compound metre include 8 (compound duple metre), 8 (compound triple metre), and 8 (compound quadruple metre). Although 4 and 8 are not to be confused, they use bars of

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480-476: Is 8–8–8–8 beats, the cadences dividing this musically into two symmetrical "normal" phrases of four bars each. In some regional music, for example Balkan music (like Bulgarian music , and the Macedonian 3+2+2+3+2 metre), a wealth of irregular or compound metres are used. Other terms for this are "additive metre" and "imperfect time". Metre is often essential to any style of dance music, such as

520-430: Is a metre in which each bar is divided into three beats, or a multiple thereof. For example, in the time signature 4 , each bar contains three (3) quarter-note (4) beats, and with a time signature of 8 , each bar contains three dotted-quarter beats. Metres with more than four beats are called quintuple metres (5), sextuple metres (6), septuple metres (7), etc. In classical music theory it

560-504: Is an example. This practice is sometimes called mixed metres . A metric modulation is a modulation from one metric unit or metre to another. The use of asymmetrical rhythms – sometimes called aksak rhythm (the Turkish word for "limping") – also became more common in the 20th century: such metres include quintuple as well as more complex additive metres along the lines of 2+2+3 time, where each bar has two 2-beat units and

600-448: Is divided into two beats , or a multiple thereof ( quadruple metre ). For example, in the time signature 4 , each bar contains two (2) quarter-note (4) beats. In the time signature 8 , each bar contains two dotted-quarter-note beats. Corresponding quadruple metres are 4 , which has four quarter-note beats per measure, and 8 , which has four dotted-quarter-note beats per bar. Triple metre

640-408: Is identified at the beginning of a composition by a meter signature (time signature). ... Although meter is generally indicated by time signatures, it is important to realize that meter is not simply a matter of notation". A definition of musical metre requires the possibility of identifying a repeating pattern of accented pulses – a "pulse-group" – which corresponds to the foot in poetry. Frequently

680-437: Is no in-principle distinction between metre and hypermetre; instead, they are the same phenomenon occurring at different levels. Lee (1985) and Middleton have described musical metre in terms of deep structure , using generative concepts to show how different metres ( 4 , 4 , etc.) generate many different surface rhythms. For example, the first phrase of The Beatles ' " A Hard Day's Night ", excluding

720-403: Is possible because the texts share a popular basic four-line ( quatrain ) verse -form called ballad metre or, in hymnals, common metre , the four lines having a syllable-count of 8–6–8–6 (Hymns Ancient and Modern Revised), the rhyme-scheme usually following suit: ABAB. There is generally a pause in the melody in a cadence at the end of the shorter lines so that the underlying musical metre

760-461: Is presumed that only divisions of two or three are perceptually valid, so a metre not divisible by 2 or 3, such as quintuple metre, say 4 , is assumed to either be equivalent to a measure of 4 followed by a measure of 4 , or the opposite: 4 then 4 . Higher metres which are divisible by 2 or 3 are considered equivalent to groupings of duple or triple metre measures; thus, 4 , for example,

800-405: Is rarely done because it disrupts conducting patterns when the tempo changes. When conducting in 8 , conductors typically provide two beats per bar; however, all six beats may be performed when the tempo is very slow. Compound time is associated with "lilting" and dancelike qualities. Folk dances often use compound time. Many Baroque dances are often in compound time: some gigues ,

840-415: Is rarely used because it is considered equivalent to two measures of 4 . See: hypermetre and additive rhythm and divisive rhythm . Higher metres are used more commonly in analysis, if not performance, of cross-rhythms , as lowest number possible which may be used to count a polyrhythm is the lowest common denominator (LCD) of the two or more metric divisions. For example, much African music

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880-633: Is recorded in Western notation as being in 8 , the LCD of 4 and 3. Simple metre and compound metre are distinguished by the way the beats are subdivided. Simple metre (or simple time) is a metre in which each beat of the bar divides naturally into two (as opposed to three) equal parts. The top number in the time signature will be 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. For example, in the time signature 4 , each bar contains three quarter-note beats, and each of those beats divides into two eighth notes , making it

920-575: Is the measurement of the number of pulses between more or less regularly recurring accents. Therefore, in order for meter to exist, some of the pulses in a series must be accented—marked for consciousness—relative to others. When pulses are thus counted within a metric context, they are referred to as beats . The term metre is not very precisely defined. Stewart MacPherson preferred to speak of "time" and "rhythmic shape", while Imogen Holst preferred "measured rhythm". However, Justin London has written

960-534: The courante , and sometimes the passepied and the siciliana . The concept of metre in music derives in large part from the poetic metre of song and includes not only the basic rhythm of the foot, pulse-group or figure used but also the rhythmic or formal arrangement of such figures into musical phrases (lines, couplets) and of such phrases into melodies, passages or sections (stanzas, verses) to give what Holst (1963) calls "the time pattern of any song". Traditional and popular songs may draw heavily upon

1000-758: The giga . Historians, such as Charles Read Baskerville, claim that use of the word in relation to dancing took place in England prior to such usage on the Continent. Giga probably has a separate etymology. Jonathan Littell 's novel The Kindly Ones is structured in different parts, each one of these named after a Baroque dance, the last part being called Gigue . Compound metre In music, metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling) refers to regularly recurring patterns and accents such as bars and beats . Unlike rhythm , metric onsets are not necessarily sounded, but are nevertheless implied by

1040-458: The quantitative meter of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry . The unit is composed of syllables , and is usually two, three, or four syllables in length. The most common feet in English are the iamb , trochee , dactyl , and anapaest . The foot might be compared to a bar , or a beat divided into pulse groups , in musical notation . The English word "foot" is a translation of

1080-400: The syncopation on "night", may be generated from its metre of 4 : The syncopation may then be added, moving "night" forward one eighth note, and the first phrase is generated. Foot (poetry) The foot is the basic repeating rhythmic unit that forms part of a line of verse in most Indo-European traditions of poetry , including English accentual-syllabic verse and

1120-458: The waltz or tango , that has instantly recognizable patterns of beats built upon a characteristic tempo and bar. The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing defines the tango, for example, as to be danced in 4 time at approximately 66 beats per minute. The basic slow step forwards or backwards, lasting for one beat, is called a "slow", so that a full "right–left" step is equal to one 4 bar. But step-figures such as turns,

1160-460: The 1950s and non-European music such as Honkyoku repertoire for shakuhachi , may be considered ametric. The music term senza misura is Italian for "without metre", meaning to play without a beat, using time (e.g. seconds elapsed on an ordinary clock) if necessary to determine how long it will take to play the bar. Metric structure includes metre, tempo , and all rhythmic aspects that produce temporal regularity or structure, against which

1200-527: The Latin term pes , plural pedes , which in turn is a translation of the Ancient Greek πούς, pl. πόδες. The Ancient Greek prosodists, who invented this terminology, specified that a foot must have both an arsis and a thesis, that is, a place where the foot was raised ("arsis") and where it was put down ("thesis") in beating time or in marching or dancing. The Greeks recognised three basic types of feet,

1240-418: The arrangement of those syllables as long or short, accented or unaccented. The first coherent system of rhythmic notation in modern Western music was based on rhythmic modes derived from the basic types of metrical unit in the quantitative metre of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry . Later music for dances such as the pavane and galliard consisted of musical phrases to accompany

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1280-630: The beat is divided into two the metre is simple , if divided into three it is compound . If each bar is divided into two it is duple and if into three it is triple . Some people also label quadruple, while some consider it as two duples. Any other division is considered additively, as a bar of five beats may be broken into duple+triple (12123) or triple+duple (12312) depending on accent. However, in some music, especially at faster tempos, it may be treated as one unit of five. In 20th-century concert music , it became more common to switch metre—the end of Igor Stravinsky 's The Rite of Spring (shown below)

1320-470: The corte and walk-ins also require "quick" steps of half the duration, each entire figure requiring 3–6 "slow" beats. Such figures may then be "amalgamated" to create a series of movements that may synchronise to an entire musical section or piece. This can be thought of as an equivalent of prosody (see also: prosody (music) ). In music of the common practice period (about 1600–1900), there are four different families of time signature in common use: If

1360-478: The foreground details or durational patterns of any piece of music are projected. Metric levels may be distinguished: the beat level is the metric level at which pulses are heard as the basic time unit of the piece. Faster levels are division levels, and slower levels are multiple levels. A rhythmic unit is a durational pattern which occupies a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level. In duple metre , each measure

1400-458: The iambic (where the ratio of arsis to thesis was 1:2), the dactylic (where it was 2:2) and the paeonic (where it was 3:2). Lines of verse are classified according to the number of feet they contain, e.g. pentameter . However some lines of verse are not considered to be made up of feet, e.g. hendecasyllable . In some kinds of metre, such as the Greek iambic trimeter , two feet are combined into

1440-459: The interaction of two levels of motion, the faster providing the pulse and the slower organizing the beats into repetitive groups. In his book The Rhythms of Tonal Music , Joel Lester notes that, "[o]nce a metric hierarchy has been established, we, as listeners, will maintain that organization as long as minimal evidence is present". " Meter may be defined as a regular, recurring pattern of strong and weak beats. This recurring pattern of durations

1480-457: The pattern of vowel lengths (in classical languages) or syllable stresses (in English poetry) which they comprise. The following lists describe the feet in terms of vowel length (as in classical languages). Translated into syllable stresses (as in English poetry), "long" becomes "stressed" (" accented "), and "short" becomes "unstressed" ("unaccented"). For example, an iamb , which is short-long in classical meter, becomes unstressed-stressed, as in

1520-509: The performer (or performers) and expected by the listener. A variety of systems exist throughout the world for organising and playing metrical music, such as the Indian system of tala and similar systems in Arabic and African music . Western music inherited the concept of metre from poetry , where it denotes the number of lines in a verse , the number of syllables in each line, and

1560-604: The prototypical structure for country music , in and against which country songs work. In some styles, two- and four-bar hypermetres are common. The term was coined, together with "hypermeasures", by Edward T. Cone (1968) , who regarded it as applying to a relatively small scale, conceiving of a still larger kind of gestural "rhythm" imparting a sense of "an extended upbeat followed by its downbeat" London (2012) contends that in terms of multiple and simultaneous levels of metrical "entrainment" (evenly spaced temporal events "that we internalize and come to expect", p. 9), there

1600-435: The same length, so it is easy to "slip" between them just by shifting the location of the accents. This interpretational switch has been exploited, for example, by Leonard Bernstein , in the song " America ": Compound metre divided into three parts could theoretically be transcribed into musically equivalent simple metre using triplets . Likewise, simple metre can be shown in compound through duples. In practice, however, this

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