40-420: Gilbert Scott commonly refers to Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878), a British architect principally known for his church buildings. Gilbert Scott may also refer to several other British architects: George Gilbert Scott Sir George Gilbert Scott RA (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), largely known as Sir Gilbert Scott , was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with
80-509: A Gothic revival in Germany. Hamburg's own medieval cathedral had been demolished in 1805. The English architect George Gilbert Scott , who was an expert in the restoration of medieval churches and an advocate of the Gothic architectural style, was commissioned to devise a new design. He designed an 86-metre-long (282 ft) nave , with a 28-metre-high (92 ft) vault. The architecture
120-682: A Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designed ChristChurch Cathedral , Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts by the Anglican Church authorities to demolish it. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the people of Christchurch, and in September 2017 the Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that
160-727: A pulpit for Lincoln Cathedral in 1863. Scott restored the Inner Gateway (also known as the Abbey Gateway) of Reading Abbey in 1860–61 after its partial collapse. St Mary's of Charity in Faversham , which was restored (and transformed, with an unusual spire and unexpected interior) by Scott in 1874, and Dundee Parish Church , and designed the chapels of Exeter College, Oxford , St John's College, Cambridge and King's College, London . He also designed St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee . Lichfield Cathedral 's ornate West Front
200-523: A wooden building, was completed in 1195. It was replaced by a brick church in the 14th century, which was eventually destroyed by fire in 1842. The church was completely rebuilt by 1874, and was the tallest building in the world from 1874 to 1876. It was designed by the English architect George Gilbert Scott . The bombing of Hamburg in World War II destroyed the bulk of the church. The removal of
240-640: The Admiral's House on Admiral's Walk in Hampstead . Scott married Caroline Oldrid of Boston in 1838. Two of his sons George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (founder of Watts & Company in 1874) and John Oldrid Scott , and his grandson Giles Gilbert Scott , were also prominent architects. His third son, photographer, Albert Henry Scott (1844–65) died at the age of twenty-one; George Gilbert designed his funerary monument in St Peter's Church, Petersham , whilst he
280-497: The Allied Air Forces during the extensive air raids on Hamburg. On 28 July 1943, the church was heavily damaged by aerial bombs . The roof collapsed and the interior of the nave suffered heavy damage. The walls began to show cracks, yet neither they nor the tower collapsed. After the war, the basic structure of the Gothic church remained intact to a large extent and reconstruction was a realistic option. Nevertheless, it
320-614: The Gothic Revival . While still in partnership with Moffat. he designed the Martyrs' Memorial on St Giles', Oxford (1841), and St Giles' Church, Camberwell (1844), both of which helped establish his reputation within the movement. Commemorating three Protestants burnt during the reign of Queen Mary , the Martyrs' Memorial was intended as a rebuke to those very high church tendencies which had been instrumental in promoting
360-578: The Rettet die Nikolaikirche e.V. (Rescue St. Nicholas's Church) foundation began to restore the existing fabric of the building and erected a so-called "place of encounters" (a room for events and exhibitions) in the crypt. The organization attempts to salvage pieces of rubble that were removed in 1951, such as pieces from the destroyed nave pulled from the River Elbe in November 2000. A reconstruction of
400-482: The Church of St. Nicholas is described by chroniclers as a particularly moving event for the citizens. It was the first large building to burn, and was an indication of how catastrophic the fire would become. On 5 May, the noon service held by preacher Wendt, who stood in for the minister Carl Moenckeberg, had to be cut short and ended with an intercessory prayer for the saving of the church. One obviously did not count on
440-546: The Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office. Palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scott's use of the Gothic, and the architect – after some resistance – drew up new plans in a more acceptable style. Scott designed the memorial to Thomas Clarkson in Wisbech , where his brother Rev John Scott was vicar. The Clarkson Memorial
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#1732790613857480-541: The Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge. In 1863, after restoration of the chapel at Sudeley Castle , the remains of Queen Catherine Parr were placed in a new neo-Gothic canopied tomb designed by Gilbert Scott and created by sculptor John Birnie Philip . Between 1864 and 1876, the Albert Memorial , designed by Scott,
520-582: The Royal Institute of British Architects . His projects include: Scott was involved in major restorations of medieval church architecture, all across England. Additionally, Scott designed the Mason and Dixon monument in York Minster (1860), prepared plans for the restoration of Bristol Cathedral in 1859 and Norwich Cathedral in 1860 neither of which resulted in a commission, and designed
560-491: The cathedral would be reinstated. The choir stalls at Lancing College in Sussex, which Scott designed with Walter Tower, were among many examples of his work that incorporated green men . Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction,
600-545: The church, as done with the Church of Our Lady in Dresden , is not intended. However, a 51-bell carillon was installed in 1993 as a memorial. The current condition of the Church of St. Nicholas is the result of the bombing of Hamburg in World War II , the removal of its ruinous walls and rubble in 1951 and restoration work to the tower in the 1990s and 2012. The Rettet die Nikolaikirche e.V. foundation works to restore
640-540: The design of workhouses, a field in which Scott was to begin his independent career. Scott's first work was built in 1833; it was a vicarage for his father in the village of Wappenham , Northamptonshire. It replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to design several other buildings in the village. In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as his partner. Over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than forty workhouses in
680-590: The design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses . Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him. Scott was the architect of many notable buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station , the Albert Memorial , and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow ,
720-452: The fire, the church was rebuilt again. In 1843, a so-called " shilling collection" was started, and in 1844 there was an architectural competition, won by the architect Gottfried Semper (a native of nearby Altona ) with the draft of a Romanesque domed structure. His design, however, was not realized, as it did not fit into Hamburg's townscape. Shortly before this time, the completion of the medieval Cologne cathedral in 1842 had led to
760-538: The high church ecclesiological movement. In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild the Nikolaikirche in Hamburg (completed 1863), following an international competition. Scott's design had originally been placed third in the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style by Gottfried Semper , but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design. Scott's entry had been
800-419: The loss of the church as most art treasures were not saved. The tower was engulfed by the fire at about four o'clock in the afternoon. Despite desperate efforts, it was not possible to contain the fire due to the equipment of the day, which did not allow water to be carried in sufficient quantity to the heights of the tower. It finally collapsed, setting the nave on fire and burning it completely. Shortly after
840-741: The main building of the University of Glasgow , St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King's College Chapel, London . Born in Gawcott , Buckingham , Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of the Reverend Thomas Scott (1780–1835) and grandson of the biblical commentator Thomas Scott . He studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts . He also worked as an assistant for his friend, Sampson Kempthorne , who specialised in
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#1732790613857880-513: The minister Henning Kissenbrügge resigned in 1524, the residents chose as minister Johannes Bugenhagen , a profiled Reformer and confidant to Martin Luther . The conservative city council was able to prevent his appointment by making Kissenbrügge stay. However, they could not stop the general wave of elected Lutheran ministers in Hamburg; in the Church of St. Nicholas, Johann Zegenhagen was appointed after Kissenbrügge's final departure. The Reformation
920-525: The new authentic approach to Gothic architecture. St Giles' was in plan, with its long chancel, of the type advocated by the Ecclesiological Society : Charles Locke Eastlake said that "in the neighbourhood of London no church of its time was considered in purer style or more orthodox in its arrangement". It did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches and highly disapproved of by
960-482: The old Church of St. Nicholas was designed by Peter Marquardt. The Marquardt tower had a height of 122 metres (400 ft), and with its characteristic dome was a landmark of the city and jewel of its skyline. As the center of one of the four Hamburg parishes, the Church of St. Nicholas was heavily involved in all of the theological debates that were fought out in the city, especially during the Reformation . After
1000-536: The old church are the second-tallest structure in Hamburg . In 2005, an elevator was installed to a 75.3-metre-high (247 ft) platform. With the founding of the Nikolai settlement and a harbor on the Alster in the 12th century, a chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas , patron saint of sailors, was erected. This wood building was the second church in Hamburg, after St. Mary's Cathedral . In 1335, some years before
1040-547: The only design in the Gothic style. In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell , a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions. He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling. Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849, and in 1853 he built
1080-503: The onslaught of the Black Death , construction on a new brick building began. The structure was to be a three-naved hall church in the typical North German Brick Gothic style. This building stood until the middle of the 19th century, undergoing changes, expansions, and withstanding several partial destructions. The tower, which was erected in 1517, burned down in 1589. The tower built to replace it collapsed in 1644. The last tower of
1120-468: The rubble left only its crypt, its site and tall-spired tower, largely hollow save for a large set of bells. These ruins continue to serve as a memorial and an important architectural landmark. When Hamburg residents mention the Nikolaikirche , it is generally to this church that they are referring, and not the new Hauptkirche dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Harvestehude district. The remains of
1160-435: The style of the existing Medieval and Elizabethan buildings" and subsequently began the restoration of St Mary's chapel, with the assistance of John Drayton Wyatt. St. Nicholas%27 Church, Hamburg The Church of St. Nicholas (German: St.-Nikolai-Kirche ) was a Gothic Revival cathedral that was formerly one of the five Lutheran Hauptkirchen (main churches) in the city of Hamburg, Germany . The original chapel,
1200-499: The tower further and improve its memorial role, supported by the city of Hamburg, the congregation of the Hauptkirche and various corporate sponsors and private contributors. The organization is charged with maintaining the building's existing structure, restoration, arranging events and displays in the church, and operating an information center housed in the church's crypt. Since 1 September 2005, an elevator has taken visitors to
1240-580: The wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 . Their first churches were St Mary Magdalene at Flaunden , Bucks (1838, for Samuel King, Scott's uncle); St Nicholas, Newport, Lincoln (1839); St John, Wall, Staffordshire (1839); and the Neo-Norman church of St Peter at Norbiton , Surrey (1841). They built Reading Gaol (1841–42) in a picturesque, castellated style. Meanwhile, he was inspired by Augustus Pugin to participate in
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1280-464: The war there were other priorities as far as reconstruction was concerned. Compared to the Church of Michael the Archangel , the Church of St. Nicholas was not regarded as one of Hamburg's most important landmarks. The tower and some remains of the wall have since been preserved as a memorial against war. For several decades they were not cared for, and, consequently, they gradually decayed. In 1987,
1320-615: Was completed after his death under the direction of his son John in 1881. Scott was awarded the RIBA 's Royal Gold Medal in 1859. He was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of the Turners' Company ; and on 9 August 1872 he was knighted , choosing the style Sir Gilbert Scott. He died in 1878 and is buried in Westminster Abbey . A London County Council " blue plaque " (in fact brown) was placed in 1910 to mark Scott's residence at
1360-493: Was completed peacefully, and in 1528 Bugenhagen appeared in Hamburg and became the preacher at the Church of St. Nicholas. He is known for establishing a church order in Hamburg which regulated finances and other church affairs such as the school curriculum. This order continued for 200 years. The old Church of St. Nicholas was the first large public building to burn in the Great Fire of Hamburg of May 1842. The destruction of
1400-516: Was constructed in Hyde Park . It was a commission on behalf of Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert . Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called "the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical." He was the winner of a competition to design new buildings in Whitehall to house
1440-489: Was decided to demolish the nave while leaving the tower untouched. As the vicinity of the church was no longer a residential area, a new Church of St. Nicholas was built in the district of Harvestehude . In 1951, the nave was finally demolished and the rubble was partially used for the reinforcement of the banks of the River Elbe . The loss of a valuable Gothic revival architectural monument was regretted by many, but after
1480-463: Was extensively renovated by Scott from 1855 to 1878. He restored the cathedral to the form he believed it took in the Middle Ages , working with original materials where possible and creating imitations when the originals were not available. It is recognised as some of his finest work. In 1854 Gilbert Scott began a restoration of Sudeley Castle "working on the western side of the inner court in
1520-446: Was finished in 1874. At that time, the Church of St. Nicholas became the tallest building in the world, which it remained until the completion of the cathedral of Rouen in 1876. Second only to the TV tower , the tower of the church is still the second tallest building in Hamburg. The clearly visible tower of the Church of St. Nicholas served as a goal and orientation marker for pilots of
1560-1505: Was living at The Manor House at Ham in Richmond. His fifth and youngest son was the botanist Dukinfield Henry Scott . He was also great-uncle of the architect Elisabeth Scott . Scott's success attracted a large number of pupils and many would go on to have successful careers of their own, not always as architects. Some notable pupils are as follows, their time in Scott's office shown after their name: Hubert Austin (1868), Joseph Maltby Bignell (1859–78), George Frederick Bodley (1845–56), Charles Buckeridge (1856–57), Somers Clarke (1865), William Henry Crossland (dates uncertain), C. Hodgson Fowler (1856–60), Thomas Garner (1856–61), Thomas Graham Jackson (1858–61), John T. Micklethwaite (1862–69), Benjamin Mountfort (1841–46), John Norton (1870–78), George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1856–63), John Oldrid Scott (1858–78), J. J. Stevenson (1858–60), George Edmund Street (1844–49), and William White (1845–47). Additionally he wrote over forty pamphlets and reports. As well as publishing articles, letters, lectures and reports in The Builder , The Ecclesiologist , The Building News , The British Architect , The Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal , The Illustrated London News , The Times and Transactions of
1600-511: Was strongly influenced by French and English Gothic styles, though the pointed spire is typically German. The amount of sculptures made from sandstone in the interior and on the tower was unusual. The new church was built to the southeast, a short distance from the old location, where the Neue Burg (New Castle) had once stood. Construction began in 1846, and on 27 September 1863 the church was consecrated. The 147.3-metre-high (483 ft) tower
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