63-667: Glaber , a Latin word meaning bald , may refer to : Arduin Glaber (died c. 977), the Count of Auriate from c. 935 and Margrave of Turin from c. 950 Gaius Claudius Glaber , a Roman praetor in 73 BC. that failed to hem in Spartacus and his fellow slaves on Mt. Vesuvius during the Third Servile War Rodulfus Glaber (985–1047), a monk and chronicler of
126-413: A = {\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}=} 4.61 Minoxidil, 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine, is synthesized from barbituric acid , the reaction of which with phosphorus oxychloride gives 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine. Upon reaction with ammonium, this turns into 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine. Next, the resulting 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine undergoes
189-425: A reflex tachycardia and thus is prescribed with a beta blocker . Minoxidil, when applied topically, is used for the treatment of hair loss. It is effective in helping promote hair growth in people with androgenic alopecia regardless of sex. Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth. Low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM)
252-493: A shaved head . The general public became more accepting of men with shaved heads in the early 1950s, when Russian-American actor Yul Brynner began sporting the look; the resulting phenomenon inspired many of his male fans to shave their heads. Male celebrities then continued to bring mainstream popularity to shaved heads, including athletes such as Michael Jordan and Zinedine Zidane and actors such as Dwayne Johnson , Ben Kingsley , and Jason Statham . Female baldness
315-481: A 0.22 fold change for 5α-R2 (p < 0.0001). This antiandrogenic effect of minoxidil, shown by significant downregulation of 5α-R2 gene expression in HaCaT cells, may be one of its mechanisms of action in alopecia. Minoxidil is less effective when the area of hair loss is large. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men who have experienced hair loss for less than 5 years. Minoxidil use
378-494: A dermatology resident at the University of Miami had been the first to observe and report hair development on patients using the minoxidil patch) and discussed the possibility of using minoxidil for treating hair loss . Kahn, along with his colleague Paul J. Grant, had obtained a certain amount of minoxidil and conducted their own research, since they were first to make the side effect observation. Neither Upjohn or Chidsey at
441-533: A few weeks, but regrows permanently within months. Hypothermia caps may be used to prevent hair loss during some kinds of chemotherapy , specifically, when taxanes or anthracyclines are administered. It is not recommended to be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or for lymphoma or leukemia. There are generally only minor side effects from scalp cooling given during chemotherapy. Instead of attempting to conceal their hair loss, some people embrace it by either doing nothing about it or sporting
504-446: A loss of hair from part of the head or body. Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Inflammation or scarring is not usually present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress . Common types include male- or female-pattern hair loss , alopecia areata , and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium . The cause of male-pattern hair loss
567-1186: A medication. As of June 2017 , Minoxidil is sold under many brand names worldwide: Alomax, Alopek, Alopexy, Alorexyl, Alostil, Aloxid, Aloxidil, Anagen, Apo-Gain, Axelan, Belohair, Boots Hair Loss Treatment, Botafex, Capillus, Carexidil, Coverit, Da Fei Xin, Dilaine, Dinaxcinco, Dinaxil, Ebersedin, Eminox, Folcare, Follixil, Guayaten, Hair Grow, Hair-Treat, Hairgain, Hairgaine, Hairgrow, Hairway, Headway, Inoxi, Ivix, Keranique, Lacovin, Locemix, Loniten, Lonnoten, Lonolox, Lonoten, Loxon, M E Medic, Maev-Medic, Mandi, Manoxidil, Mantai, Men's Rogaine, Minodil, Minodril, Minostyl, Minovital, Minox, Minoxi, Minoxidil, Minoxidilum, Minoximen, Minoxiten, Minscalp, Mintop, Modil, Morr, Moxidil, Neo-Pruristam, Neocapil, Neoxidil, Nherea, Nioxin, Noxidil, Oxofenil, Pilfud, Pilogro, Pilomin, Piloxidil,Re-Stim, Re-Stim+, Recrea, Regain, Regain, Regaxidil, Regro, Regroe, Regrou, Regrowth, Relive, Renobell Locion, Reten, Rexidil, Rogaine, Rogan, Scalpmed, Si Bi Shen, Splendora, Superminox, Trefostil, Tricolocion, Tricoplus, Tricovivax, Tricoxane, Trugain, Tugain, Unipexil, Vaxdil, Vius, Women's Regaine, Xenogrow, Xtreme Boost, Xtreme Boost+, Xue Rui, Ylox, and Zeldilon. It
630-412: A process would cycle until the minoxidil is otherwise metabolized and would result in rapid glutathione depletion with glutathione disulphide formation and therefore with concomitant consumption of NADPH / NADH and other reducing equivalents. Minoxidil inhibited PHD by interfering with the normal function of ascorbate , a cofactor of the enzyme, leading to a stabilization of HIF-1α protein and
693-420: A reaction with 2,4-dichlorophenol in the presence of potassium hydroxide, giving 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-pyrimidine. Oxidation of this product with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid gives 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)pyrimidine-3-oxide, the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyl group of which is replaced with a piperidine group at high temperature, giving minoxidil. Another synthesis approach is depicted here: Minoxidil
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#1732780134510756-443: A receding hairline and/or a thinning crown, through to a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the head and on to total baldness. In almost all cases of thinning, and especially in cases of severe hair loss, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or dermatologist . Many types of thinning have an underlying genetic or health-related cause, which a qualified professional will be able to diagnose. One method of hiding hair loss
819-406: A redistribution of cellular iron through its apparent capacity to bind this metal ion. By binding iron in a Fenton-reactive form, intracellular hydroxyl radical production would ensue, but hydroxyl would be immediately trapped and scavenged by the minoxidil to generate a nitroxyl radical. It is presumed that this nitroxyl radical will be capable of reduction by glutathione to reform minoxidil. Such
882-631: A short resting phase ( telogen ). At the end of the resting phase, the hair falls out (exogen) and a new hair starts growing in the follicle, beginning the cycle again. Normally, about 40 (0–78 in men) hairs reach the end of their resting phase each day and fall out. When more than 100 hairs fall out per day, clinical hair loss ( telogen effluvium ) may occur. A disruption of the growing phase causes abnormal loss of anagen hairs ( anagen effluvium ). Because they are not usually associated with an increased loss rate, male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss do not generally require testing. If hair loss occurs in
945-434: A study of pharmacy prices in four states for 41 over-the-counter minoxidil products which were "gender-specified" found that the mean price for minoxidil solutions was the same for women and men even though the women's formulations were 2% and the men's were 5%, while the mean price for minoxidil foams, which were all 5%, was 40% higher for women. The authors noted this was the first time gender-based pricing had been shown for
1008-401: A subsequent activation of HIF-1 . In an in vivo angiogenesis assay, millimolar minoxidil increased blood vessel formation in a VEGF-dependent manner. Minoxidil inhibition of PHD occurs via interrupting ascorbate binding to iron. The structural feature of positioning amines adjacent to nitric oxide may confer the ability of millimolar minoxidil to chelate iron, thereby inhibiting PHD. Minoxidil
1071-798: A sustained cellular response to the DNA damage that accumulates in renewing stem cells during aging. This damage response involves the proteolysis of type XVII collagen by neutrophil elastase in response to DNA damage in hair follicle stem cells. Proteolysis of collagen leads to elimination of the damaged cells and, consequently, to terminal hair follicle miniaturization. In June 2022 the University of California, Irvine announced that researchers have discovered that hedgehog signaling in murine fibroblasts induces new hair growth and hair multiplication while hedgehog activation increases fibroblast heterogeneity and drives new cell states. A new signaling molecule called SCUBE3 potently stimulates hair growth and may offer
1134-523: A therapeutic treatment for androgenetic alopecia. The term alopecia ( / ˌ æ l ə ˈ p iː ʃ i ə / ) is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ , alōpēx , meaning "fox". The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange . Minoxidil Minoxidil is a medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure and pattern hair loss . It
1197-589: A young man with no family history, drug use could be the cause. There are two types of identification tests for female pattern baldness: the Ludwig Scale and the Savin Scale. Both track the progress of diffused thinning, which typically begins on the crown of the head behind the hairline, and becomes gradually more pronounced. For male pattern baldness, the Hamilton–Norwood scale tracks the progress of
1260-710: Is a combination of genetics and male hormones ; the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear; the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune ; and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event. Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy . Less common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair , certain medications including chemotherapy , HIV/AIDS , hypothyroidism , and malnutrition including iron deficiency . Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection , lupus erythematosus , radiation therapy , and sarcoidosis . Diagnosis of hair loss
1323-428: Is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of men and a quarter of women. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time. Baldness is the partial or complete lack of hair growth, and part of the wider topic of "hair thinning". The degree and pattern of baldness varies, but its most common cause is androgenic hair loss , alopecia androgenetica , or alopecia seborrheica , with
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#17327801345101386-535: Is a complex issue. Hair is considered an essential part of overall identity: especially for women, for whom it often represents femininity and attractiveness. Men typically associate a full head of hair with youth and vigor. People experiencing hair thinning often find themselves in a situation where their physical appearance is at odds with their own self-image and commonly worry that they appear older than they are or less attractive to others. Psychological problems due to baldness, if present, are typically most severe at
1449-477: Is also sold as a combination medication with amifampridine under the brand names Gainehair and Hair 4 U; and as a combination with tretinoin and clobetasol under the brand name Sistema GB. Minoxidil is being investigated as a potential treatment for treating ovarian cancer. Minoxidil is highly toxic to dogs and cats , even in doses as small as a drop or lick. There are reported cases of cats dying shortly after coming in contact with minimal amounts of
1512-480: Is an antihypertensive and a vasodilator . It is available as a generic medication by prescription in oral tablet form and over the counter as a topical liquid or foam. Minoxidil, when used for hypertension, is generally reserved for use in severe hypertension patients who do not respond to at least two agents and a diuretic . Minoxidil is also generally administered with a loop diuretic to prevent sodium and potassium retention . It may also cause
1575-565: Is an extremely rare side effect reported with large doses of oral minoxidil. In 2013 or 2014, a seven-year-old girl was admitted to a children's hospital in Toulouse in France after accidentally ingesting a teaspoon of Alopexy (a brand name for minoxidil in France). The child vomited constantly after ingestion and showed hypotension and tachycardia for 40 hours. The authors of the report on
1638-489: Is believed to be due to a combination of genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone . The cause in female pattern hair loss remains unclear. Hair loss often follows childbirth in the postpartum period without causing baldness. During pregnancy, the hair is thicker owing to increased circulating estrogens . Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between 2 and 5 months), estrogen levels drop and hair loss occurs, often particularly noticeably around
1701-483: Is capable of tetrahydrobiopterin inhibition as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase. Minoxidil stimulates prostaglandin E 2 production by activating COX-1 and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 but inhibits prostacyclin production. Additionally, expression of the prostaglandin E 2 receptor, the most upregulated target gene in the β-catenin pathway of DP cells, was enhanced by minoxidil, which may enable hair follicles to grow continuously and maintain
1764-871: Is indicated for central ( vertex ) hair loss only. Two clinical studies are being conducted in the US for a medical device that may allow patients to determine if they are likely to benefit from minoxidil therapy. Conditions such as Cantú syndrome have been shown to mimic the pharmacological properties of minoxidil. Minoxidil is an odorless, white to off-white, crystalline powder (crystals from methanol-acetonitrile). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides. It decomposes at 259-261 °C. Solubility (mg/ml): propylene glycol 75, methanol 44, ethanol 29, 2-propanol 6.7, dimethylsulfoxide 6.5, water 2.2, chloroform 0.5, acetone <0.5, ethyl acetate <0.5, diethyl ether <0.5, benzene <0.5, acetonitrile <0.5. p K
1827-540: Is mediated by adenosine , which triggers intracellular signal transduction via both adenosine A1 receptors and two sub-types of adenosine A2 receptors ( A 2A and A 2B receptors). Minoxidil acts as an activator of the Kir6 / SUR2 channel upon selective binding to SUR2. The expression of SUR2B in dermal papilla cells might play a role in the production of adenosine. Minoxidil induces cell growth factors such as VEGF, HGF, IGF-1 and potentiates HGF and IGF-1 actions by
1890-428: Is partly based on the areas affected. Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition, which can also include shaving one's head . Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride ) and hair transplant surgery . Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective. Hair loss
1953-691: Is still viewed as less normal in various parts of the world. Dietary supplements are not typically recommended. There is only one small trial of saw palmetto which shows tentative benefit in those with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia. There is no evidence for biotin . Evidence for most other alternative medicine remedies is also insufficient. There was no good evidence for ginkgo , aloe vera , ginseng , bergamot , hibiscus , or sophora as of 2011. Many people use unproven treatments to treat hair loss. Egg oil , in Indian, Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh) and Chinese traditional medicine ,
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2016-420: Is the comb over , which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective. Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece such as a wig or toupee . The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases
2079-498: Is typically fine, short and brittle, and may lack pigmentation. Baldness may be present by the time the subject is 25 years old. Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild – medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas, e.g., eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears, areas the male pattern baldness usually does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at
2142-400: Is used off-label against hair loss and to promote hair regrowth. Oral minoxidil is an effective and well-tolerated treatment alternative for patients having difficulty with topical formulations. Topically applied minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include itching of the eyes, general itching, irritation at the treated area, and unwanted hair growth elsewhere on
2205-400: The follicles . Moreover, minoxidil contains a nitric oxide moiety and may act as a nitric oxide agonist. This may cause follicles in the telogen phase to shed, which are then replaced by thicker hairs in a new anagen phase . Minoxidil is a prodrug that is converted by sulfation via the sulfotransferase enzyme SULT1A1 to its active form, minoxidil sulfate . The effect of minoxidil
2268-463: The 1980s describing this phenomenon, including topical. and oral formulations. The frequency of these occurrences has previously been reported at 3% but the true frequency is difficult to determine as a large proportion of patients in this cohort also had renal insufficiency and may have had an effusion preceding the use of minoxidil. In February 1996, the FDA approved both the over-the-counter sale and
2331-537: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Olumiant (baricitinib) for adults with severe alopecia areatal. It is the first FDA approved drug for systemic treatment, or treatment for any area of the body. Hair transplantation is usually carried out under local anesthetic . A surgeon will move healthy hair from the back and sides of the head to areas of thinning. The procedure can take between four and eight hours, and additional sessions can be carried out to make hair even thicker. Transplanted hair falls out within
2394-446: The activation of uncoupled sulfonylurea receptor on the plasma membrane of dermal papilla cells. A number of in vitro effects of minoxidil have been described in monocultures of various skin and hair follicle cell types including stimulation of cell proliferation , inhibition of collagen synthesis, and stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor , prostaglandin synthesis and leukotriene B4 expression. Minoxidil causes
2457-401: The anagen phase. Due to the anti-fibrotic activity of minoxidil inhibition of enzyme lysyl hydroxylase present in fibroblast may result in the synthesis of a hydroxylysine -deficient collagen. Minoxidil can also potentially stimulate elastogenesis in aortic smooth muscle cells, and in skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. In hypertensive rats, minoxidil increases elastin levels in
2520-472: The body. Alcohol and propylene glycol present in some topical preparations may dry the scalp, resulting in dandruff and contact dermatitis . Side effects of oral minoxidil may include swelling of the face and extremities, rapid heartbeat, or lightheadedness. Cardiac lesions, such as focal necrosis of the papillary muscle and subendocardial areas of the left ventricle, have been observed in laboratory animals treated with minoxidil. Pseudoacromegaly
2583-527: The brand name 'Loniten') in the form of oral tablets to treat high blood pressure in 1979. When Upjohn received permission from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to test the new drug as medicine for hypertension they approached Charles A. Chidsey, at the University of Colorado School of Medicine . He conducted two studies, the second study showing unexpected hair growth. Puzzled by this side-effect, Chidsey consulted Guinter Kahn (who while
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2646-457: The company to both Kahn and Grant. Meanwhile, the effect of minoxidil on hair loss prevention was so clear that in the 1980s physicians were prescribing Loniten off-label to their balding patients. In August 1988, the FDA approved minoxidil for treating baldness in men under the brand name "Rogaine" (FDA rejected Upjohn's first choice, Regain, as misleading ). The agency concluded that although "the product will not work for everyone", 39% of
2709-631: The course of treatment with minoxidil, over time these values tend to normalize presumably because of accelerated metabolic clearance of aldosterone in association with hepatic vasodilation. Minoxidil may be involved in the inhibition of serotonergic ( 5-HT2 ) receptors. Minoxidil might increase blood-tumor barrier permeability in a time-dependent manner by down-regulating tight junction protein expression and this effect could be related to ROS / RhoA / PI3K / PKB signal pathway. Minoxidil significantly increases ROS concentration when compared to untreated cells. In vitro Minoxidil treatment resulted in
2772-534: The eyebrows. This gives a natural 3D look for those who are worried about an artificial look and it lasts for two years. Micropigmentation (permanent makeup tattooing) is also available for those who want the look to be permanent. Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have limited success. Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: minoxidil , finasteride , and dutasteride . They typically work better to prevent further hair loss, than to regrow lost hair. On June 13, 2022,
2835-528: The hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigs – those that look like real hair – cost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss. Though not as common as
2898-438: The hairbrush after brushing or in the basin after shampooing. Styling can also reveal areas of thinning, such as a wider parting or a thinning crown. A substantially blemished face, back and limbs could point to cystic acne. The most severe form of the condition, cystic acne , arises from the same hormonal imbalances that cause hair loss and is associated with dihydrotestosterone production. The psychology of hair thinning
2961-439: The hairline and temple area. Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated. A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene . Other causes of hair loss include: Genetic forms of localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis include: Hair follicle growth occurs in cycles. Each cycle consists of a long growing phase ( anagen ), a short transitional phase ( catagen ) and
3024-488: The incident stressed that the product should be kept out of reach of children, and urged manufacturers to consider more secure child-resistant packaging. The mechanism by which minoxidil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. Minoxidil is an adenosine 5'-triphosphate -sensitive potassium channel opener , causing hyperpolarization of cell membranes. Theoretically, by widening blood vessels and opening potassium channels, it allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to
3087-469: The last term primarily used in Europe. Hypotrichosis is a condition of abnormal hair patterns, predominantly loss or reduction. It occurs, most frequently, by the growth of vellus hair in areas of the body that normally produce terminal hair . Typically, the individual's hair growth is normal after birth, but shortly thereafter the hair is shed and replaced with sparse, abnormal hair growth. The new hair
3150-421: The loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of hair loss, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Loss of growth in the outer one third of the eyebrow is often associated with hypothyroidism . Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Eyebrow embroidery is another option which involves the use of a blade to add pigment to
3213-536: The men studied had "moderate to dense hair growth on the crown of the head". "Men's Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson went off-patent on January 20, 2006. In 1991, Upjohn made the product available for women. "Women's Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson, went off-patent in February 2014. Minoxidil has been implicated in causing pericardial effusions including life-threatening cases of cardiac tamponade. There have been case reports dating back to
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#17327801345103276-464: The mesenteric, abdominal, and renal arteries by a decrease in " elastase " enzyme activity in these tissues. In rats, potassium channel openers decrease calcium influx which inhibits elastin gene transcription through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ( ERK 1/2 )-activator protein 1 signaling pathway. ERK 1/2 increases, through elastin gene transcription, adequately cross-linked elastic fiber content synthesized by smooth muscle cells, and decreases
3339-573: The number of cells in the aorta. Minoxidil possesses alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist activity, stimulates the peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by way of carotid and aortic baroreceptor reflexes . Minoxidil administration also brings an increase in plasma renin activity, largely due to the aforementioned activation of the SNS . This activation of the renin-angiotensin axis further prompts increased biosynthesis of aldosterone ; whereas plasma and urinary aldosterone levels are increased early in
3402-562: The onset of symptoms. Hair loss induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image . Body image does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. In such cases, patients have difficulties expressing their feelings ( alexithymia ) and may be more prone to avoiding family conflicts. Family therapy can help families to cope with these psychological problems if they arise. Although not completely understood, hair loss can have many causes: Male pattern hair loss
3465-462: The production of generic formulations of minoxidil. Upjohn replied to that by lowering prices to half the price of the prescription drug and by releasing a prescription 5% formula of Rogaine in 1997. In 1998, a 5% formulation of minoxidil was approved for nonprescription sale by the FDA. The 5% aerosol foam formula was approved for medical use in the US in 2006. The generic versions of the 5% aerosol foam formula were approved in 2017. In 2017,
3528-432: The relationship depends upon the severity of baldness, while frontal baldness is not. Thus, vertex baldness might be a marker of CHD and is more closely associated with atherosclerosis than frontal baldness. A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle. Ordinarily, hair follicle renewal is maintained by the stem cells associated with each follicle. Aging of the hair follicle appears to be primed by
3591-464: The temples and the crown and hair either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal . People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies but on average is 100. In order to maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs than usual left in
3654-451: The time were aware of the side effect of hair growth. The two doctors had been experimenting with a 1% solution of minoxidil mixed with several alcohol-based liquids. Both parties filed patents to use minoxidil for hair loss prevention, which resulted in a decade-long trial between Kahn and Upjohn, which ended with Kahn's name included in a consolidated patent (U.S. #4,596,812 Charles A Chidsey, III and Guinter Kahn) in 1986 and royalties from
3717-497: The title Glaber . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaber&oldid=698441540 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bald Hair loss , also known as alopecia or baldness , refers to
3780-409: The years around 1000 and is one of the chief sources for the history of France in that period See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing glaber includes several species names List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names Glabrousness Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
3843-480: Was developed in the late 1950s by the Upjohn Company (later became part of Pfizer ) to treat ulcers . In trials using dogs, the compound did not cure ulcers but proved to be a powerful vasodilator. Upjohn synthesized over 200 variations of the compound, including the one it developed in 1963 and named minoxidil. These studies resulted in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approving minoxidil (with
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#17327801345103906-432: Was needed. Environmental factors are under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe male pattern hair loss and smoking status. Vertex baldness is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and
3969-433: Was traditionally used as a treatment for hair loss. Research is looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset male pattern hair loss and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery disease. The dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study
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