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26-840: Glowworm or glow-worm is the common name for various groups of insect larvae and adult larviform females that glow through bioluminescence . They include the European common glow-worm and other members of the Lampyridae , but bioluminescence also occurs in the families Elateridae , Phengodidae and Rhagophthalmidae among beetles ; as well as members of the genera Arachnocampa , Keroplatus and Orfelia among keroplatid fungus gnats . Four families of beetles are bioluminescent . The wingless larviform females and larvae of these bioluminescent species are usually known as "glowworms". Winged males may or may not also exhibit bioluminescence. Their light may be emitted as flashes or as

52-508: A blue-green light. The larvae spin sticky webs to catch food. They are found in caves, overhangs, rock cavities, and other sheltered, wet areas. They are usually classified under the family Keroplatidae , but this is not universally accepted and some authors place them under Mycetophilidae instead. Despite the similarities in function and appearance, the bioluminescent systems of the three genera are not homologous and are believed to have evolved separately. Larva A larva's appearance

78-538: A code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Individuals who are planning to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), need to obtain at around 1-4 years of experience in pest management and successfully pass an exam, that is based on the information, that they are acquainted with (ESA Certification Corporation). Like in Public Health Entomology (PHE), those who want to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs) also have to "agree to ascribe to

104-499: A code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals must also be approved to use pesticides (ESA Certification Corporation). For those who plan on becoming Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs), individuals have to pass two exams and "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). As with this, they also have to fulfill a certain amount of educational requirements every 12 months (ESA Certification Corporation). Forensic entomology

130-508: A constant glow, and usually range in colour from green, yellow, to orange. The families are closely related, and are all members of the beetle superfamily, Elateroidea . Phylogenetic analyses have indicated that bioluminescence may have a single evolutionary origin among the families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, and Rhagophthalmidae; but is likely to have arisen independently among Elateridae. Three genera of fungus gnats are bioluminescent, and known as "glowworms" in their larval stage. They produce

156-583: A distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population. Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form. In some organisms like polychaetes and barnacles , adults are immobile but their larvae are mobile, and use their mobile larval form to distribute themselves. These larvae used for dispersal are either planktotrophic (feeding) or lecithotrophic (non-feeding) . Some larvae are dependent on adults to feed them. In many eusocial Hymenoptera species,

182-815: Is a taxon -based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology, therefore, overlaps with a cross-section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics , environmental archaeology , behavior , neuroscience , biomechanics , biochemistry , systematics , physiology , developmental biology , ecology , morphology , and paleontology . Over 1.3   million insect species have been described, more than two-thirds of all known species. Some insect species date back to around 400   million years ago. They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth. For example, species such as P. pyralis conduct bioluminescent reactions in their light-emitting organs, which have been

208-411: Is a branch of forensic science that studies insects found on corpses or elsewhere around crime scenes. This includes studying the types of insects commonly found on cadavers , their life cycles, their presence in different environments, and how insect assemblages change with decomposition . Medical entomology is focused upon insects and arthropods that impact human health. Veterinary entomology

234-441: Is based on Antonio Berlese classification in 1913. There are four main types of endopterygote larvae types: Entomology Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (entomon)  'insect' and - λογία ( -logia )  'study') is the scientific study of insects , a branch of zoology . In the past the term insect was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include

260-561: Is generally very different from the adult form ( e.g. caterpillars and butterflies ) including different unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form. Their diet may also be considerably different. In the case of smaller primitive arachnids, the larval stage differs by having three instead of four pairs of legs. Larvae are frequently adapted to different environments than adults. For example, some larvae such as tadpoles live almost exclusively in aquatic environments, but can live outside water as adult frogs . By living in

286-434: Is included in this category, because many animal diseases can "jump species" and become a human health threat, for example, bovine encephalitis. Medical entomology also includes scientific research on the behavior, ecology, and epidemiology of arthropod disease vectors , and involves a tremendous outreach to the public, including local and state officials and other stake holders in the interest of public safety. Anthecology

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312-428: Is the study of pollination and the relationships between flowers and their pollinators . It has received increasing attention in the interest of agriculture science amid the impacts of pollinator decline from human actions. Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from

338-639: The Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world; earlier antecedents, such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s. In the late 19th century, the growth of agriculture, and colonial trade spawned the "era of economic entomology" which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology. Entomology developed rapidly in

364-500: The 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as Charles Darwin , Jean-Henri Fabre , Vladimir Nabokov , Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ), and twice Pulitzer Prize winner E. O. Wilson . There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance, such as Sophie Lutterlough at

390-569: The Entomological Society of America have varying credential requirements. These different programs are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in public health entomology (PHE), one must pass an exam on the types of arthropods that can spread diseases and lead to medical complications (ESA Certification Corporation). These individuals also have to "agree to ascribe to

416-653: The Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists. As such, other credential programs managed by

442-530: The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and (to a lesser extent) dragonflies being the most popular. Most insects can easily be allocated to order , such as Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) or Coleoptera (beetles). However, identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of identification keys and monographs . Because

468-424: The class Insecta contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species of beetles alone) and the characteristics distinguishing them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. This has led to the development of automated species identification systems targeted on insects, for example, Daisy , ABIS, SPIDA and Draw-wing. In 1994,

494-503: The collectors tended to be from the aristocracy, and there developed a trade involving collectors around the world and traders. This has been called the "era of heroic entomology". William Kirby is widely considered as the father of entomology in England. In collaboration with William Spence , he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, Introduction to Entomology , regarded as the subject's foundational text. He also helped found

520-407: The larvae are fed by female workers. In Ropalidia marginata (a paper wasp) the males are also capable of feeding larvae but they are much less efficient, spending more time and getting less food to the larvae. The larvae of some organisms (for example, some newts ) can become pubescent and do not develop further into the adult form. This is a type of neoteny . It is a misunderstanding that

546-525: The larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history . This could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases , the larval form may differ more than the adult form from the group's common origins. Within Insects , only Endopterygotes show complete metamorphosis, including a distinct larval stage. Several classifications have been suggested by many entomologists , and following classification

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572-412: The modern sense began only relatively recently, in the 16th century. Ulisse Aldrovandi 's De Animalibus Insectis (Concerning Insect Animals) was published in 1602. Microscopist Jan Swammerdam published History of Insects , correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and metamorphosis . In 1705, Maria Sibylla Merian published the book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium about

598-448: The scientific name of the group: Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas. Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes. "I suppose you are an entomologist?" "Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on

624-553: The study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arachnids , myriapods , and crustaceans . This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. The field is also referred to as insectology in American English, while in British English insectology implies the study of the relationships between insects and humans. Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology , entomology

650-530: The subject of much research, especially in recent years. Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture (especially biological control and beekeeping ). The natural Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) wrote a book on the kinds of insects, while the scientist of Kufa , Ibn al-A'rābī (760–845 CE) wrote a book on flies, Kitāb al-Dabāb ( كتاب الذباب ). However scientific study in

676-465: The tropical insects of Dutch Surinam . Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining cabinets of curiosity , predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of private collections, and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species. Many of

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