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41-487: The Graham/Talent WMD Commission is a legacy of the 9/11 Commission , which within the 9/11 Commission Report recommended for the creation of a commission to further examine these grave threats. House Resolution 1 (Sec. 1851) established the Graham/Talent WMD Commission. Chaired by former U.S. Senator Bob Graham of Florida, along with vice-chair and former U.S. Senator Jim Talent of Missouri,

82-462: A final report on corrective measures to the President and Congress. The 13 Recommendations from the report, World at Risk , are listed below. Bob Graham Daniel Robert Graham (November 9, 1936 – April 16, 2024) was an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the 38th governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States senator from Florida from 1987 to 2005. He

123-607: A founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War , it was part of the Third Military District . Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every 4 years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit, but

164-661: A seat in the United States Senate. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson , who served three days following Graham's resignation. The current officeholder is Ron DeSantis , a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019. Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty , which took effect July 10, 1821. Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi ;

205-485: A well-known habit of meticulously logging his daily activities (some as mundane as when he ate a tuna sandwich or rewound a tape of Ace Ventura ) on color-coded notebooks, which Salon.com suggested in 2003 may have harmed his standing as a possible vice presidential candidate. The notebooks are now housed at the University of Florida library. Graham was considered as a Democratic nominee for Vice President of

246-535: Is housed within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida . It provides students with opportunities to train for future leadership positions, and allows them to engage with policy makers and scholars in the university community. On February 9, 2008, The James and Alexis Pugh Hall, funded by longtime friends of the Graham family, was dedicated in the historic area of campus. Pugh Hall serves as

287-485: Is more likely than not that a weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013.” After the publication of its final report, the commission was reauthorized by Congress to implement the recommendations. The creation of the Commission, which was established by House Resolution 1, implements a key recommendation of the independent, bipartisan 9/11 Commission to address

328-781: The Democratic Leadership Council and eventually became Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee . Graham ran for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out before the first primaries. He declined to seek reelection in 2004 and retired from the Senate. Graham co-chaired the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling and as a member of

369-586: The U.S. state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature , to convene the legislature and grant pardons , except in cases of impeachment. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory

410-654: The joint congressional investigation into 9/11 . As chair of the Intelligence Committee, Graham opposed the War in Iraq and was one of the 23 senators to vote against President George W. Bush 's request for authorization of the use of military force. After meeting with military leaders in February 2002 and requesting and reviewing a National Intelligence Estimate , he said he "felt we were being manipulated and that

451-513: The Center's home as well as the university's oral history and African and Asian languages programs. In 2009, Graham published America, The Owner's Manual: Making Government Work for You , a book about inspiring and teaching citizens to effectively participate in democracy. In 2016, Sen. Graham and co-author Chris Hand released an update to America: The Owner's Manual , entitled America, The Owner’s Manual: You Can Fight City Hall — And Win. In

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492-689: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the University of Florida awarded Graham an honorary doctorate, the Doctor of Public Service. On November 18, 2005, the Florida Legislature renamed the Sunshine Skyway Bridge , which was rebuilt during Graham's time as governor, the Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge. List of governors of Florida The governor of Florida is the head of government of

533-2071: The Commission is working to improve understanding of its findings—and to turn those concrete recommendations into actions. Specifically, the Commission is focusing on activities relating to: Chairman Bob Graham Vice Chairman Jim Talent Commissioners Graham Allison Robin Cleveland Wendy Sherman Henry Sokolski Stephen Rademaker Timothy Roemer Richard Verma Commission Staff Evelyn N. Farkas , Executive Director Eric K. Fanning , Deputy Director Rajesh De , General Counsel Professional Staff Amir M. Abdmishani, Professional Staff Member Erin R. Mahan, Professional Staff Member Georgia A. Adams, Professional Staff Member Maurice A. Mallin, Professional Staff Member Amy A. Berg, Staff Assistant David E. McCracken, Professional Staff Member Jennifer C. Boone, Professional Staff Member Jamison D. Pirko, Staff Assistant Sylvia Boone, Administrative Officer Neal A. Pollard, Director for Counterterrorism Robert DiNardo, Professional Staff Member Don A. Puglisi, Professional Staff Member Andrew B. Duberstein, Intern William R. Reed, Professional Staff Member Alice Falk, Editor Constance T. Rybka, Chief of Security Thomas W. Graham, Professional Staff Member Martin Schram, Consultant Stephen G. Heil, Professional Staff Member Wade R. Sharp, Security Officer Joseph Helman, Director for Intelligence Jonathan B. Tucker, Professional Staff Member Adam J. Jones, Professional Staff Writer Jenee B. Tyler, Intern Abraham C. Kanter, Staff Assistant Adam K. VanDervort, Professional Staff Member Sam E. Kessler, Special Assistant to

574-407: The Commission to: (1) give particular attention to activities, initiatives, and programs to secure all nuclear weapons-usable material around the world; (2) significantly accelerate, expand, and strengthen U.S. and international efforts to prevent, stop, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons capabilities and related equipment, material, and technology to terrorists and states of concern; (3) address

615-658: The Executive Director Kenneth D. Ward, Professional Staff Member George W. Look, Director for Nonproliferation/Counterproliferation Subtitle E: Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism - (Sec. 1851) Establishes the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism to assess and provide a clear and comprehensive strategy and concrete recommendations for prevention activities, initiatives, and programs. Directs

656-797: The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission and the CIA External Advisory Board. He worked at the Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida . He also served as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism . Through the WMD policy center he advocated for the recommendations in the Commission's report, "World at Risk". In 2011, Graham published his first novel,

697-540: The Owner's Manual . Later, he would credit his undergraduate assistants at Harvard, as well as professors Archon Fung , David King, and Robert D. Putnam , as having helped him understand and conceive of the ideas that would become the book. After his year at Harvard, Graham focused on founding a center to train future political leaders at the University of Florida , where he earned his bachelor's degree in political science in 1959. The Bob Graham Center for Public Service

738-460: The United States in 1988, 1992, 2000, and 2004. He was a finalist on Bill Clinton 's shortlist of running mates in 1992, and was reportedly on Al Gore 's shortlist in 2000. In December 2002, Graham announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2004 election . However, he withdrew from the race in October 2003, several months after heart surgery, and retired from the Senate

779-629: The University of Florida Hall of Fame, and Florida Blue Key . He earned a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1962. Graham was elected to the Florida Senate in 1970, from Dade County . Redistricted into a seat encompassing portions of northern Dade and southern Broward County , Graham was reelected to District 33 in 1972 and 1976. Graham's campaign trademark was to work full eight-hour days at various jobs representing Florida's constituents. The idea arose in 1974. Graham

820-461: The commission consists of seven additional individuals. The commission's final report was released on December 3, 2008. The report was based on extensive research and provides 13 recommendations. The Commission held more than 250 interviews with government and nongovernmental experts, eight major commission hearings and one public hearing. The risk assessment of the report states, “Unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it

861-532: The following year. Graham spent the 2005–2006 academic year at Harvard University , where he was a fellow at the Institute of Politics . He and his wife lived among undergraduates in Mather House for the year. As a fellow, Graham taught a weekly study group about effective citizenship. During his time at Harvard, Graham began work on a book about effective citizenship, which would later become America,

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902-642: The governor at the time was also out of state. Therefore, the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, A.K. Allison, became acting governor on September 16, 1853. He served for 17 days. Article IV Section 3 (b) of the Florida Constitution now calls for the lieutenant governor to "act as Governor" during the governor's physical or mental incapacity. This provision has been invoked one time. On June 18, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist filed

943-532: The grave threat that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction poses to our country. In its first year, the Commission assessed the nation's current activities, initiatives, and programs aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism while providing a clear, comprehensive strategy with concrete recommendations to achieve this crucial goal. The Commission issued its report in December 2008. During its second year of activity,

984-576: The president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket . Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig Party (the Democrats' chief opposition at

1025-415: The press at a distance, and performed all aspects of the job. Graham performed more than 400 workdays during his political career. Graham was elected to the governorship of Florida in 1978 after a seven-way Democratic primary race in which he initially placed second to Robert L. Shevin . His supporters at the time dubbed themselves " Graham crackers ." Graham emphasized education and focused on improving

1066-553: The remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated. Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida. The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861, as

1107-640: The result was going to distract us from where our real enemies were". He continued to oppose the Iraq War, saying in 2008: "I'm afraid I never wavered from my belief that this was a distraction that was going to come to a bad end in Iraq and an even worse end in Afghanistan ". In 2004, Graham published Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia and the Failure of America's War on Terror . Graham had

1148-480: The roles, mission, and structure of all relevant government agencies and other actors, interagency coordination, U.S. commitments to international regimes and cooperation with other countries, and the threat of WMD proliferation and terrorism to the United States and its interests and allies; (4) reassess, update, and expand on the conclusions and recommendations of the Baker-Cutler Report; and (5) submit

1189-456: The state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution. The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to

1230-665: The state's public universities. In addition, Graham's administration focused on economic diversification and environmental policies. During his tenure as governor, the state added 1.2 million jobs, and for the first time in state history, Floridians' per capita income exceeded the U.S. average. Graham also launched the most extensive environmental protection program in Florida history, focused on preserving endangered lands. During his tenure, thousands of acres of threatened and environmentally important lands were brought into state ownership for permanent protection. His keystone accomplishment

1271-473: The succeeding term. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, where it has remained. Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor , who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with

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1312-662: The thriller The Keys to the Kingdom . He also wrote four nonfiction books, Workdays: Finding Florida on the Job , Intelligence Matters , World at Risk, and America: The Owner's Manual , and an illustrated children's book, Rhoda the Alligator . Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida , to Hilda Elizabeth (née Simmons), a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham , a Florida state senator, mining engineer, and dairy/cattleman. He

1353-633: The time). It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Florida has had a number of people serve as acting governor. The state's first three constitutions provided that the succession in office became operative whenever the governor was out of the state. Thus, in 1853 when Governor Thomas Brown attended an event in Boston—the Senate president who would normally succeed

1394-602: The years after his retirement from the Senate, Graham published almost 70 op-eds on state and national issues. He was also a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , a think tank based in Washington, D.C. Graham's health declined after a stroke in 2020. On April 16, 2024, he died at a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida , at the age of 87. On May 6, 2006, at the spring commencement for

1435-556: Was a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Coral Gables, Florida , Graham won election to the Florida Legislature after graduating from Harvard Law School . After serving in both houses of the Florida Legislature, Graham won the 1978 Florida gubernatorial election , and was reelected in 1982 . In the 1986 Senate elections , Graham defeated incumbent Republican Senator Paula Hawkins . He helped found

1476-669: Was established in 1822 and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval , served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date. Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham , in two stints, as well as Reubin Askew , Jeb Bush and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two full terms but resigned with three days left in his term in order to take

1517-823: Was on the Education Committee when it traveled to local Florida jurisdictions. After a public meeting in Miami, a frustrated English teacher, M. Sue Riley, said to Graham, "The main problem with the Education Committee is no one has any experience in education." Taken aback, Graham responded, "Well, what can I do about that?" Riley then arranged for Graham to teach a semester of civics at Miami Carol City Senior High School . Three years later, Graham used his "workday" idea to kick-start his gubernatorial campaign. Throughout 1977 and into 1978, Graham conducted 100 workdays, including bellhop, tomato picker, and road construction paver. To stay legitimate, he worked an entire day, kept

1558-565: Was reelected in 1992 (over Bill Grant , 66% to 34%) and 1998 (over Charlie Crist , 63% to 37%) and chose not to seek reelection in 2004. Upon retiring from the Senate in January 2005, Graham had served 38 consecutive years in public office. Graham served 10 years on the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , which he chaired during and after 9/11 and the run-up to the Iraq war . He led

1599-669: Was student body president his senior year. He was International Trustee of the Key Club , the Kiwanis service organization. While at Miami High Graham was the recipient of the Sigma Chi Award, the school's highest honor. He received a bachelor's degree in 1959 in political science from the University of Florida , where he was a member of the Epsilon Zeta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa ,

1640-583: Was the establishment of the Save the Everglades program, which has now been joined by the federal government in a commitment to restore the Everglades . Graham left the governorship with an 83% approval rating. According to The New York Times , he was one of Florida's most popular politicians. Graham was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986 , defeating incumbent Senator Paula Hawkins , 55% to 45%. He

1681-527: Was the youngest of four children. His older half-brother, Phil Graham , was publisher and co-owner of The Washington Post . He married Adele Khoury , of Miami Shores , in 1959. One of their daughters, Gwen Graham , was a U.S. Representative from Florida from 2015 to 2017. In 2021, Gwen was confirmed as Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of Education . Bob Graham attended Miami Senior High School from 1952 to 1955; he

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