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50-424: Graveyard shift is a work shift running through the late hours of the night through the early hours of the morning, typically from midnight until 8 am. Graveyard Shift may also refer to: Graveyard shift A notation used often identifies day (D), swing (S) and night (N) shifts for the W days and O (off) for rest days. Note that a worker transitioning from N to O works for the first six or seven hours of

100-483: A B-person , in contrast to an early riser being called an A-person . While staying up after dark was considered a negative trait, this changed in 17th and 18th century Europe (and subsequently spread beyond) due to the development and implementation of artificial lighting: more domestic lights, added street lighting, and adaptation by the royal and upper social classes. The introduction of chocolate, coffee and tea, and cafes that stayed open through dawn, became part of

150-441: A "48-hour week" (42-hour average over the year) with long shifts, it may be preferred because it shrinks the work week down to four days, and then gives the employee four days' rest—double the time of a usual weekend. Due to the plan, employees effectively work an eight-day week, and the days they work vary by "week". As with three-shift systems, most employees stay with the same shift rather than cycling through them. A variation of

200-451: A "daily shift" (e.g. 06:00 to 18:00), followed by 24 hours' rest, then a "nightly shift" (18:00 to 06:00), finishing with 48 hours' rest. This plan needs four teams for full coverage, and makes an average 42-hour workweek. The pattern repeats in a 4-week cycle, i.e. over 28 days, and has 14 shifts per employee therein. In four on, one off the employee only gets one day off after a work streak of four days. There are 28 shifts per employee in

250-594: A "night shift" from 22:30 to 07:30. Each shift works for five days straight. The 8-hour shifts allow vacations and absences to be covered by splitting shifts or working double shifts. The run of day shifts is 56 hours, but the 8-hour shift provides time for some socializing after work. This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by an 8 days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation. Graveyard shift , night shift , or third shift means

300-448: A 56- or 42-hour workweek, respectively. Some departments reduce the average workweek by scheduling an extra day off for each firefighter in the work group, frequently reducing a 56-hour workweek to a 48-hour workweek by scheduling a 24-hour "Kelly Day" every three weeks. Departments have many options for scheduling firefighters for coverage. One option is 24 on/48 off, where a firefighter will work 24 hours and have 48 hours off, regardless of

350-581: A base for several shift plans, e.g. three 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week, but to get whole days off groups work alternating double shifts. Four on, four off is a shift plan that is being heavily adopted in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the United States . An employee works for four days, usually in 12-hour shifts (7:00 to 7:00) then has four days off. While this creates

400-438: A day for 5 days a week, this plan works to 80-hours in a two-week pay-period. Since employees work on nine days per cycle, this plan is also referred to as 9/80 . The benefit to working an extra hour a day gives you a normal 2-day weekend followed by a long 3-day weekend the next. Typical working hours for this type of shift would be 06:00 to 15:30 (9 hours with 30 minutes lunch) and 06:00 to 14:30 (8 hours with 30 minutes lunch) on

450-448: A different day off. In four on, two off the employee gets two days off. There are 28 shifts per employee in a six-week cycle (i.e. 42 days), this adds up to an average of 56 hours worked per week with 12-hour shifts, or 37 + 1 ⁄ 3 hours per week with 8-hour shifts. Three groups are needed for each time span, i.e. to cover the whole day and week a company needs 6 groups for 12-hour shifts or 9 groups for 8-hour shifts. This plan

500-434: A five-week cycle (i.e. 35 days). This adds up to an average of 42 hours worked per week with 7½-hour shifts. This plan is mainly adopted by industries in which companies prefers to work for all days of the week, often with four (overlapping) shifts per day, and where laws do not let employees work for 12 hours a day for several days. Five groups of employees are needed to cover a specific shift on all days, where each group gets

550-402: A fortnight. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 60-hour week which can be challenging. 5/4/9s or Five/Four Nines is a mix of 5-day and 4-day work weeks. Employees work in two-week cycles. Week 1, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours followed by 1 day of 8 hours with 2 days off (i.e. 44 hours). Week 2, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours with 3 days off (i.e. 36 hours). Like 8 hours

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600-556: A full 24/7 operation. The 12-day pattern repeats in a cycle of twelve weeks, i.e. 84 days. The Panama plan follows a 2-2-3 pattern throughout a fortnight , in which shift workers generally are allowed every other Friday, Saturday, and Sunday off, with two additional days off during the week, although this may differ depending on organization and industry. The most common form utilizes four shifts, each working twelve hours, with two shifts generally paired together: A working days and B working nights while C and D are off, and vice versa. It

650-461: A night owl is an early bird – a lark as opposed to an owl – which is someone who tends to begin sleeping at a time that is considered early and also wakes early. Researchers traditionally use the terms morningness and eveningness for the two chronotypes or diurnality and nocturnality in animal behavior. In several countries, especially in Scandinavia , one who stays up late is called

700-544: A night owl. An individual's own tendency can change over time and is influenced by multiple factors, including: The genetic make-up of the circadian timing system underpins the difference between early and late chronotypes, or early birds and night owls. While it has been suggested that circadian rhythms may change over time, including dramatic changes that turn a morning lark to a night owl or vice versa, evidence for familial patterns of early or late waking would seem to contradict this, and individual changes are likely on

750-401: A proxy for intelligence. However, they lag behind larks in academic performance, and they tend to have unhealthier eating habits, as well as higher rates of smoking. Some night owls who have great difficulty adopting desired sleeping and waking times may have delayed sleep phase disorder . Morning light therapy may help to shift sleep rhythms for the night owl. The night-owl pattern

800-407: A shift of nights, the day off between three days and three nights is removed. This example allows for a recovery day after 3 nights before a weekend off and for some workers more appropriately balances work/life. The seven-day eight-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 8-hour shifts with 5 crews. It consists of a "morning shift" from 07:00 to 15:00, a "swing shift" from 15:00 to 22:30 and

850-494: A shift of work running through the early hours of the morning, especially shifts starting around midnight. The origin of this phrase is uncertain. According to Michael Quinion it is an "evocative term for the night shift … when … your skin is clammy, there's sand behind your eyeballs, and the world is creepily silent, like the graveyard." In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that working

900-443: A smaller scale. A 2007 survey of over 55,000 people found that chronotypes tend to follow a normal distribution , with extreme morning and evening types on the far ends. Night owls tend to thrive in careers that do not require working in the early morning. People who want to work in the evening are often employed at restaurants, hotels, entertainment venues, retail stores, and some personal care businesses. Night owls who work

950-459: A three-day weekend. For some types of manufacturing, this is a win-win arrangement. For example, a paint company had been making 3 batches of paint per day, Monday through Friday (3 × 5 = 15). They changed to making 4 batches of paint, Monday through Thursday (4 × 4 = 16). Total worker hours remained the same, but profits increased. In exchange for two additional hours of work per day, over 4 days, workers got an additional day off every week. See also

1000-525: Is 42 per week but contains a 72-hour week which can be challenging. It is used in several manufacturing industries in the US. Companies that have gone to this schedule have noticed a decrease in accidents plus more rest for employees, less call ins, and more coverage when crews are short handed. In all the schedule is designed to improve safety. A particular advantage of this plan is that it can readily be slewed to fit business requirements. For example, if less coverage

1050-414: Is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as a base for several shift plans, e.g. four 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week. The 8-day week with 21 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as

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1100-400: Is a person who tends or prefers to be active late at night and into the early morning, and to sleep and wake up later than is considered normal; night owls often work or engage in recreational activities late into the night (in some cases, until around dawn), and sleep until relatively late in the day. People with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome are often described as night owls. The opposite of

1150-445: Is a straight rotation of 24-hour shifts among three platoon groups. This rotation limits time off to 48 hours in a row, less than 66 hours off in a row most workers get each weekend. Workers on this schedule only get one short weekend off every three weeks. Twenty-four hours off-duty is also the minimum required to completely recover from a period of acute sleep deficit. Night owl A night owl , evening person or simply owl ,

1200-540: Is mainly adopted by industries in which employees do not engage in much physical activity. The three-shift system is the most common plan for five 24-hour days per week. The "first shift" often runs from 06:00 to 14:00, "second shift" or "swing shift" from 14:00 to 22:00 and a "third shift" or "night shift" from 22:00 to 06:00, but shifts may also have different length to accommodate for workload, e.g. 7, 8 and 9 or 6, 8 and 10 hours. To provide coverage 24/7, employees have their days off ("weekends") on different days. All of

1250-402: Is more prevalent in men than in women. Night-owls are more likely to be single than in long-term relationships. A study done in 2013 suggests that they also more commonly possess dark triad traits. The tendency to be a night owl exists on a spectrum , with most people being typical, some people having a small or moderate tendency to be a night owl, and a few having an extreme tendency to be

1300-421: Is not uncommon for shifts to rotate between days and nights, most often with six months spent on nights and six on days. This shift is sometimes known as the 2-2-3 or "two, two and three". In the 7-day fortnight plan or 2-3-2 plan, employees work their allotted hours within 7 days rather than 10 in a fortnight , i.e. fourteen days and nights. Therefore, 41 hours per week equate to 82 hours per fortnight, which

1350-490: Is required on a Sunday, stand-alone shifts are avoided by scheduling the fourth night and first day of four on that day. This also has the additional benefit of the quick turnaround day between three shift days and nights also falling on a Sunday. To balance pay into 36- and 48-hour weeks, many US companies shift the DuPont Schedule so the seven-day rest period ends on Friday night. To allow 3 full days off following

1400-717: Is used by fire services such as London Fire Brigade , where the night shifts are longer than the day shifts. This may be referred to as a ten-fourteen roster, if the day shift lasts for ten hours and the night shift lasts fourteen. Extended night shifts such as these are often a double edged sword; on one hand crews on slower weeknight shifts, or those in areas of low demand will receive excellent levels of rest (when there are no calls for emergency services, crews are encouraged to rest if required). Conversely, those employed on high demand days such as weekend nights, or in particularly high demand areas, will often be required to be awake or working for their entire rostered shift. However, due to

1450-524: Is used primarily in the catering, transport, hotel, and hospitality industry. Waiters and chefs work for four hours in the morning (to prepare and serve Lunch), then four hours in the evening (for an Evening meal). The average working day of a chef on split shifts could be 10:00 to 14:00 and then 17:00 to 21:00 Earlies and lates is used primarily in industries such as customer service (help desk, phone-support), convenience stores, child care (day nurseries), and other businesses that require coverage greater than

1500-780: Is worked in seven days, at 11–12 hours per shift. This shift structure is used in the broadcast television industry, as well as many law enforcement agencies, as well as health care fields such as nursing and clinical laboratories in the US. One of the advantages of using this plan is each shift pair, for example A and B, will get time off on weekends alternatively, because the schedule is fixed and does not drift. A 10-day fortnight plan uses six shifts. Each shift works for seven days straight for their first week. On their "off week", they can choose three days to come in, to support other non-shifted departments, fill gaps in coverage, or participate in training. The five and two or 3-2-2 plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts over

1550-473: The midnight portion of the name, often shortened to cowboy ) and the normal watchstander would then be free. This gave rise to a schedule of six on, twelve off, six on, thirty off, six on, twelve off. Beginning in 2014, the Submarine Force began shifting to a 24-hour day, with watches split into 8 hours on, 16 hours off. This does have the side effect of sailors assigned to a certain shift having

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1600-460: The 8-hour work day. Often the employer will alter the starting times (e.g., start at 07:00 or 08:00). A variation, early weekend or 4½-day week , has the employees work every Friday, but only for 4 hours each. Their weekend thus starts with the Friday lunch break. The DuPont 12-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts while providing a week off. Average hours

1650-673: The Danish "B-Society" of night owls and the American Start School Later movement advocate more school and workplace flexibility for the post-agricultural world. Some research has found that night owls are more intelligent and creative and more likely to get high-paying jobs than larks, or morning persons. A study among 1,000 adolescents by the University of Madrid found that night owls scored higher than early birds on inductive reasoning tests, which often serve as

1700-540: The average 09:00 to 17:00 working day in the UK, but no 24/7 coverage either. Employees work in two shifts that largely overlap, such as early shift from 08:00 to 16:00 and late shift from 10:00 to 18:00 In businesses where two shifts are necessary to cover the day, earlies and lates may be combined with one double shift per week per worker. Six 7-hour shifts in five days and seven 6-hour shifts in six days both result in 42 hours per week. The 6-day week with 28 hours per "day"

1750-403: The book, 4 Days, 40 Hours . Continental plan , adopted primarily in central Europe, is a rapidly changing three-shift system that is usually worked for seven days straight, after which employees are given time off, e.g. 3 mornings, 2 afternoons and then 2 nights. In the 24*7 plan there are 24 consecutive shifts of 7 hours per week, hence covering 24/7. With 4 groups and 6 shifts per group,

1800-476: The business is open to the public to ensure that customers continue to be served during a shift change. Some U.S. states, such as California, accommodate this arrangement by allowing the employee to be paid at their regular rate (as opposed to time-and-a-half , or an overtime rate, that would normally be required for any time past 8 hours) for the 10-hour shift, calling this an "alternative workweek". In four on, three off , each employee works four days and gets

1850-444: The day of the week or the holidays. Often they will be scheduled in an A–B–C pattern. Thus, a firefighter will be assigned to A, B or C shift and work whenever that letter is on the calendar. Most departments have found that a 24-hour work shift, with opportunistic sleeping between calls for service, is a valid means of avoiding some of the health and cognitive problems associated with shift work. The most basic three-platoon schedule

1900-475: The first day "off". Thus, when days off follow night shifts, the first one or more days "off" are, in fact, days of recovery from lack of nighttime sleep. This daily notation refers to the start of a shift. If a shift starts at 23:00, then this is a W day even though only one hour is worked. The day after this shift is an F day if no shift starts on this day, though many hours have been worked from midnight on. One shift system may allow many shift plans. For example,

1950-476: The four on, four off plan is the two days, two nights, four off plan of working, or 2-2-4. Like the previous example it requires four separate teams to maintain 24/7 coverage. The difference is that all employees work both day and night shifts. Usually employees have to work 12-hour shifts from 06:00 to 18:00 on day shifts and from 18:00 to 06:00 on nights. This plan is currently in use in the UK by HM Coastguard and some ambulance services. A similar shift pattern

2000-578: The graveyard shift would be listed as a "probable" cause of cancer . Employees who work on an on-call basis have no regular schedule. They agree as a condition of employment to report to work when they are called, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is particularly common in American railroad employment, especially for train crews. Other groups of workers may be on-call from home for some days and working normal shifts for others, or will work during normal business hours and then remain on-call from home for

2050-685: The new culture. The term is derived from nocturnal habits of owls . Most owls sleep during the day and hunt for food at night. Usually, people who are night owls stay awake past midnight, and extreme night owls may stay awake until just before or even after dawn. Some night owls have a preference or habit for staying up late, or stay up to work the night shift . Night owls who work the day shift often have difficulties adapting to standard daytime working hours. Night owls have often been blamed for unpunctuality or attitude problems. Employers, however, have begun to learn to increase productivity by respecting body clocks through flexible working hours, while

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2100-653: The night shift may work in emergency services , in transportation, or at round-the-clock facilities, such as hospitals and some manufacturing plants. Many businesses that operate in the evening or at night need employees at all levels, from entry-level employees to managers to skilled staff, whenever they are open. For example, most hospitals employ many types of workers around the clock: Industries that tend to be less favorable to night owls include farming, construction, education, and public utilities . Many employees in these industries start work before 7:00 a.m. A list of famous night owls includes: So we'll go no more

2150-426: The off shift there is time to perform maintenance, study for qualifications, and handle collateral duties. During off time the sailor has time to sleep, relax, and perform personal tasks, such as laundry. With sufficient personnel, a given watchstation may benefit from a fourth man (the midnight cowboy or "Balls-to-6"). He would stand the same 6-hour watch in a given 24-hour period, usually from midnight to 06:00 (hence

2200-427: The rest of that night until the following morning (this working pattern is common for senior doctors, for example). In many North American fire departments, firefighters work 24-hour shifts. They are authorized to sleep in the fire station during the time spent on night shift. Most departments split the 168-hour-long week between 3 or 4 work groups (sometimes referred to as 'shifts' or 'platoon groups'), resulting in

2250-417: The same meals every day, and so the shifts are periodically rotated in order to provide variety. The Surface Fleet began its shift in 2017, transitioning from their "five and dimes" approach of 5 hours on, 10 hours off. This does not apply to the attached air wing, which will work a 12 on, 12 off schedule 7 days a week. In the 12/24/12/48 or 12/24 plan, employees work in shifts of 12 hours; first

2300-588: The scheduled nature, most ambulance and fire employees can attempt to obtain sufficient rest before or after a particularly busy 14-hour night shift. The 6 on, 4 off plan is commonly used in British police forces. The pattern worked consists of 2 early shifts, 2 late shifts, 2 night shifts and 4 days off. Shifts last 9–10 hours, creating some overlap between the 5 teams. The 6 on, 6 off plan consists of 3 days and 3 nights of work, then 6 days off. These will alternate between other crews, also known as teams, for

2350-469: The shifts have desirable and less desirable qualities. First shift has very early starts, so time in the evening before is heavily cut short. The second shift occupies the times during which many people finish work and socialize. The third shift creates a situation in which the employee must sleep during the day; it may be preferred for night owls , for whom this is a desired sleep pattern. To provide an overlap in shifts, some employers may require one of

2400-444: The shifts to work four 10-hour shifts per week (as opposed to five 8-hour shifts, both are 40 hours per week). In that scenario, the night shift might extend from 21:00 to 07:00, but the night- shift would have nearly four days off (86 hours) between work weeks. This change, along with first shift moving a half-hour later, or second moving a half-hour earlier, ensures at least a half-hour overlap between shifts, which might be desirable if

2450-525: The twelve-hour, 2 n W:2 n F system with n = 1 allows twelve different plans in three serially-identical sets. Within a set, DONO has the same sequence as NODO. DNOO is the preferred sequence because days off follow night work and there are two consecutive days off. Prior to 2014, the U.S. Navy used a three shift system with an 18-hour day instead of a 24-hour day. The 24-hour period was divided into four shifts: 00:00-06:00, 06:00-12:00, 12:00-18:00, and 18:00-00:00. A sailor stood watch on their shift. During

2500-436: The work time is 42 hours per week. Several sub-patterns are possible, but usually each group is responsible for one of four time slots per day. Each of these is 6 hours long and if a shift begins in their time slot, a group has to work it. This way there are 14, 21 or 42 hours of rest between shifts, every group gets one whole day off. Shifts can be swapped to make double-shifts and increase the minimum time of rest. Split shift

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