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46-500: Foundation is a liquid, cream, or powder makeup applied to the face and neck to create an even, uniform color to the complexion , cover flaws and, sometimes, to change the natural skin tone . Some foundations also function as a moisturizer , sunscreen , astringent or base layer for more complex cosmetics . Foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as " body painting " or "body makeup". The use of cosmetics to enhance complexion reaches back into antiquity. "Face painting"

92-501: A complexion whose particularities may have differed from that of the village or town's population, and thus attracted enough notice to warrant a nickname. The Irish surname Rogan (from Ruadhán ) referred to a person with red hair , or a ruddy complexion. The Scottish surname Bain (from bàn ) referred to a fair -haired person, while Dunn (from donn ) implies brown/ dark hair , and Duff (from dubh ) implies black hair. The English surname Brown , an extremely common surname in

138-400: A proper match. Lady Gaga's Haus Labs announced foundation line with 51 shades, making it the beauty brand with the most number of shades as of 2023. The use of color corrector products can also help to reduce discoloration. Coverage refers to the opacity of the makeup, or how much it will conceal on the skin. There are various tools that can be used to apply foundation including your fingers,

184-403: A rose to red tint, mature skin that has lost its color and appears pale and dull can be brightened with a tint of clear pink, and olive or "ashy" skin can be brightened with a shot of peach. A crucial point in selecting a foundation shade is to recognize that the appearance of the shade in the container may not accurately gauge the colour impact on the skin – a foundation that appears very yellow in

230-508: A sense of tact or moderation... They have no sense of temperance in anything they do, and only bang their head against the wall. They're very iniquitous, petulant, miserable..." Complexion, in its original sense, engaged the attention of philosophers and musical theorists from ancient times right through to the Renaissance and beyond, in relation to the most favourable balancing of the 'qualities' or elements in order to heal and invigorate

276-404: A serious fire hazard. Between 2010 and 2018, paraffin was linked to 50 fire incidents (49 of which were fatal) in the U.K. A West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service study found that clothing contaminated with cream containing only 21% paraffin, when set alight, was fully engulfed in flame in 3 seconds. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) released a warning in 2008 about

322-416: A shiny complexion. Many men and women died from wearing lead-based make-up. In the 18th century, Louis XV made it fashionable for men to wear lead-based makeup. Theatrical actors wore heavy white base. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Victorian women wore little or no makeup. Queen Victoria abhorred make-up and deemed that it was only appropriate for prostitutes and loose women to wear it. It

368-527: A sponge, and several varieties of foundation brushes, each providing a different finish. Before applying foundation always start with clean and moisturized skin. Dry and flaky skin patches will often be highlighted when base makeup is applied so users should exfoliate their skin first if necessary. The formula refers to the ingredients blended together, and how the makeup is formulated. A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFAS , in more than half of

414-473: A warm foundation. The difference in naming is not attributed to different definitions of warm and cool on the colour wheel. Although most artists differ over the significance of selecting an exact match to the wearer's skin tone, intentionally using a mismatch can achieve the desired result. An excessively red complexion can be minimized by using a neutral (meaning neither yellow nor pink) beige toned foundation. A sallow or pallid complexion can be brightened with

460-505: A warning in 2014 that natural lotion containing ingredients commonly found in food (such as goats milk, cow's milk, coconut milk, or oil) may introduce new allergies, potentially causing an allergic reaction upon later consuming such foods. A paper published in 2021 noted that frequent skin moisturization in early life might promote the development of food allergy, even when skin conditions such as eczema are taken into account. Paraffin-based skincare products and contaminated clothing can pose

506-550: Is mentioned in the Old Testament (Ezekiel 23:40). Ancient Egyptians used foundation. In 200 BC, ancient Greek women applied white lead powder and chalk to lighten their skin. It was considered fashionable for Greek women to have a pale complexion. Roman women also favoured a pale complexion. Wealthy Romans favoured white lead paste, which could lead to disfigurements and death. Men also wore makeup to lighten their skin tone; using white lead powder, chalk, and creams. The cream

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552-460: Is the natural color , texture, and appearance of the skin , especially on the face. The word "complexion" is derived from the Late Latin complexi , which initially referred in general terms to a combination of things, and later in physiological terms, to the balance of humors . The four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. The concept

598-526: The Leipziger Stadt theatre in Germany. He is the inventor of greasepaint . He wanted to conceal the joint between his wig and forehead, so he developed a flesh-coloured paste made of zinc white , ochre , and vermillion in lard . This formulation was so popular with other actors that Baudin began producing it commercially, and, as such, gave birth to the first theatrical makeup. This would be

644-451: The dead skin cells . Moisturizers modify the rate of water loss, with active ingredients of moisturizers falling into one of two categories: occlusives and humectants . Occlusives form a hydrophobic coating on the surface of the skin, keeping moisture from escaping. The more occlusive the formulation, the greater the effect. Ointments are more occlusive than aqueous creams , which are more occlusive than lotion . Water loss through

690-640: The English-speaking world, was originally applied to anyone with a slightly darker complexion, in the same manner that the surname White was applied to anyone with a particularly light complexion. The surname Gough is derived from the Welsh goch or coch , meaning "red" or "ruddy." King William II of England was called William Rufus ("the Red") because of his ruddy complexion. Ludovico il Moro ("the Moor")

736-696: The Journal of Human Evolution proposes that people in the Tropics have developed dark skin to block out the sun and protect their body's folate reserves. Those living away from the equator have developed a fair skin to absorb enough sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D in their bodies. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chambers, Ephraim , ed. (1728). "Complexion". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. Emollient In

782-531: The association of pale skin with affluence. In the 6th century, women would often bleed themselves to achieve a pale complexion. During the Italian Renaissance , many women applied water-soluble lead paint to their faces. Throughout the 17th century and the Elizabethan era , women wore ceruse , a lethal mixture of vinegar and white lead. They also applied egg whites to their faces to create

828-467: The bottle may apply much less yellow, or not appear yellow at all. Trying the color on in stores like Ulta or Sephora is usually the best way to find an accurate match. Another issue that can arise when searching for a foundation shade is an inability to find a shade that suits the wearer. This may be because the prospective user cannot tell the undertone of their skin, but it can also be from available products not being light or dark enough to properly match

874-467: The brand's current owner, confirmed that the original formula that Factor developed and used himself is still sold today. Color may be identified by a name, number, letter, or any combination of the three. However, unlike the Pantone or Munsell systems used in the art and fashion industries, commercial cosmetic product names are not standardized. If a make-up artist requests a "Medium Beige" foundation,

920-1364: The dermis into the epidermis, making deeper skin dryer. When used in practical applications, humectants are combined with occlusives. Moisturizers commonly contain water, which acts as a temporary hydration agent. There are many different types of moisturizers. Petrolatum is one of the most effective moisturizers, although it can be unpopular due to its oily consistency. Other popular moisturizers are cetyl alcohol , cetearyl alcohol , cocoa butter , isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , lanolin , liquid paraffin , polyethylene glycols , shea butter , silicone oils , stearic acid , stearyl alcohol and castor oil , and other oils. Moisturizers may also be available as lotions , creams , ointments , bath oils , or soap substitutes . Mineral oils and waxes are not prone to oxidation or rancidity . For this reason, they have essentially replaced vegetable oils in emollients and topical medication. Moisturizer cosmetics may additionally contain antioxidants , ceramides , emulsifiers , fragrances , penetration enhancers , preservatives , and solvents . Some products are marketed as having anti-wrinkle and skin enhancement effects. Many plant and animal extracts have been claimed to impart skin benefits, but such claims are presented with little scientific evidence. Moisturizers are used for

966-399: The description of important characters, and to the power of music above all to 'charm the savage breast', adjust the elements, and restore the equilibrium and balance, the 'harmony' of the soul: his characters call for music and are spellbound or restored by it, and in elevated mood, may hear it in the air, or sense its immortal harmonies everywhere. Many surnames arose out of the existence of

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1012-454: The elements. These elements are so minutely intermingled as each to lie in very intimate relationship to one another. Their opposite powers alternately conquer and become conquered until a quality is reached which is uniform throughout the whole: this is the complexion." As Matthew Simon writes, "Since it served as a fundamental concept, not only in physiology but also in pathology and therapy , complexion theory provided important support for

1058-423: The first year of life does not help to prevent the development of atopic dermatitis, and might even increase the risk of skin infections. Persistent moisturization to the skin via water contact may contribute to an allergic reaction or contact dermatitis. This could allow foreign objects to penetrate the skin. Changes in the skin's normal ecological environment–either atop or within the skin–can also allow for

1104-418: The human body, water constantly evaporates from the deeper layers of the skin through an effect known as transepidermal water loss . By regulating its water content, human skin naturally maintains a dry, easily shed surface as a barrier against pathogens, dirt, or damage, while protecting itself from drying out and becoming brittle and rigid. The ability to retain moisture depends on the lipid bilayer between

1150-514: The idea that medicine constituted a unified and rational body of knowledge." By observation and judgment, medieval physicians determined the proper complexion of the individual when healthy. The body was healthy when all was in balance, but diagnosis was difficult, as there was no absolute measure of the right complexion, since this varied for individuals. Balance was thought to be restored by various remedies, which included bloodletting , scarifying , purging , and eating certain foods. Complexion

1196-413: The majority of leave-on treatments (from least to most greasy) are one of the following: lotions, creams, gels, or ointments. As none of the different types of moisturizers are more effective than the others, people with atopic dermatitis need to choose one or more products according to their age, affected body site, climate/season, and personal preference. However using moisturizers daily in infants during

1242-438: The other skin cells of the human epidermis. The melanosomes in each recipient cell accumulate atop the cellular nucleus, where they protect the nuclear DNA from mutations caused by the sun's ionizing radiation. The human body tends to protect itself against harmful surroundings. The epidermis of the body, very sensitive and delicate, reacts almost immediately to most outside effects. People whose ancestors lived for long periods in

1288-565: The overgrowth of pathogens. Aromas or food additives in moisturizers may trigger an immune reaction, including development of an allergy. There is currently no regulation over use of the term "hypoallergenic". In fact, some pediatric skin products marketed as hypoallergenic contained allergens. Those with eczema are especially vulnerable to allergic reaction with lotions and creams, as their compromised skin barrier allows preservatives to bind with and activate immune cells. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology released

1334-516: The qualities of hot, wet, cold, and dry; each human body carried a different mixture of the elements. Thus, the Scythians , who lived in a cold climate, were considered colder and moister in complexion; the Aethiopians were hotter and drier. Complexion was defined as "that quality which results from the mutual interaction and interpassion of the four contrary primary qualities residing within

1380-492: The regions of the globe near the Equator generally have more active melanocytes, and therefore larger quantities of melanin in their skins. This makes their skins very dark and protects them against high levels of exposure to the sun (it also depends on the country). In areas of the globe closer to the poles, people have far less need for protection from ionizing radiation , so their skin is usually lighter. A study published in

1426-432: The result can vary drastically from brand to brand, and sometimes, within one brand across different formulas. Cosmetic companies can also edit and adjust their formulations at any time, resulting in the 'Medium Beige' foundation a consumer has been wearing for years becoming a slightly different shade or colour without prior notice. Cosmetic companies classify their foundations Warm, Neutral, Olive, or Cool based on matching

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1472-426: The results that Max Factor was overwhelmed with demand for the product for their personal use. The breakthrough in his formula was the first "foundation and powder in one"; traditionally, an actor was made up with an oil/ emollient -based make-up, which was then set with powder to reduce the reflection and ensure it would not fade or smudge. Pan-Cake used talc —rather than oil or wax—as the base, and, applied directly to

1518-607: The samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%). As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts , and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS. Complexion Complexion in humans

1564-400: The skin is normally about 4–8 g/(m ⋅h). A layer of petrolatum applied to normal skin can reduce that loss by 50–75% for several hours. Oils naturally produced by the human body moisturize through this same mechanism. Humectants are hydrophilic and absorb water. They absorb water from humid air (when >70% humidity) to moisturize the skin. More commonly, however, they draw out water from

1610-416: The skin tone of the wearer. A handful of professional lines, such as William Tuttle, Ben Nye, Visiora, M.A.C., and even Max Factor, do the opposite, naming their shades based on 'cancelling out' the wearer's natural skin tone so they do not become excessively warm/cool toned in the applied areas. In other words, with some professional lines, a warm skin would choose a cool foundation, and a cool skin would wear

1656-400: The skin with a wet sponge, it offered enough coverage (it could be layered without caking on the skin) to eliminate the need for a foundation underneath. This was considered significantly more lightweight and natural-looking on the skin than the standard method, hence people's eagerness to wear the item in public. Although foundation make-up was widely available and used within the film industry,

1702-571: The soul: from Pythagoras and the musical theorist Aristoxenus, through Plato's dialogue Phaedo , Aristotle, Saint Augustine in his thesis on music, and Aquinas; and in the Florentine Renaissance, Marsilio Ficino in his work on the immortality of the soul, the Theologia Platonica . Thus there are many references which filter through into Shakespeare's plays and sonnets derived from this body of thought; particularly in

1748-478: The standard for theatrical make-up until 1914 when makeup artist Max Factor created Flexible Greasepaint that was more reflective of the lighting on movie sets. Although make-up would evolve dramatically from Baudin's invention, theatrical make-up is, to this day, not too far removed from the original blend of fats and pigment. The first commercially available foundation was Max Factor 's Pan-Cake . Originally developed for use in film, actresses were so taken with

1794-902: The treatment of certain skin diseases, such as psoriasis , ichthyosis vulgaris , xerosis , and pruritus in atopic dermatitis . More often, they are bases or vehicles for topical medication , such as in Whitfield's ointment . They are often combined with humectants, such as salicylic acid and urea . Moisturizers are also widely used in sunscreens , antiperspirants , skin cleansers , shaving creams , aftershaves , and hair tonics . Moisturizers are used in disposable diapers to prevent dry skin and diaper dermatitis . Moisturizers show some beneficial effects in treating atopic dermatitis (eczema). Using moisturizers helps to improve skin comfort and may reduce disease flares. They can be used as leave-on treatments, bath additives, or soap substitutes . There are many different moisturizer products, but

1840-499: The use of cosmetics, in general, was still somewhat disreputable, and no one had tried to market foundation (although lipstick , blush and nail polish were popular for daily use) as an everyday item. Factor had the product patented in 1937, and, despite the economic turmoil of the era, Pan-Cake became one of the most successful cosmetic launches of all time. By 1940, it was estimated that one in three North American women owned and wore Pan-Cake. As of February 2009, Procter and Gamble ,

1886-618: The user's skin tone. Some examples of brands that have wide shade ranges are: Fenty Beauty , Haus Labs By Lady Gaga , Bobbi Brown, Hourglass, Maybelline, Nars, and Makeup Forever. When switching from brand to brand, consumers must be mindful of similar shade names for different colors, since the cosmetic industry does not use the Munsell color system. It has been noted that cosmetics brands like Tarte, Beauty Blender, Yves Saint Laurent , and It Cosmetics have limited shade ranges – often making it difficult for individuals with dark skin tones to find

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1932-462: Was called as such because of his swarthy complexion. Puntarvolo: What complexion, or what stature bears he? Gentleman: Of your stature, and very near upon your complexion. Puntarvolo: Mine is melancholy. Carlo Buffone: So is the dog's, just. A person's complexion is a biological trait. The family of biological pigments known as melanin is mainly responsible for variation in tone. Melanocytes insert granules of melanin called melanosomes into

1978-613: Was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and developed further by Galen . People were thought to be either of the four temperaments : choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, or sanguine. During the Middle Ages in Europe , the Latin term complexio served as the translated form of the Greek word crasis , meaning temperament . The term "temperament" referred to the balance of

2024-509: Was made from animal fat , starch , and tin oxide . The fat was rendered from animal carcasses and heated to remove the color. Tin oxide was made out of heating tin metal in the open air. The animal fat provided a smooth texture, while the tin oxide provided color to the cream. Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, it was considered fashionable for women to have pale skin, due to the association of tanned skin with outdoors work, and therefore

2070-520: Was only acceptable for actors or actresses to wear make-up. In the late 19th century, women would apply a whitening mixture made out of zinc oxide , mercury , lead, nitrate of silver , and acids . Some women stayed out of the sun, ate chalk , and drank iodine to achieve whiteness. In the Edwardian era , women wore a base and did not bleach their skin as much as they did in previous centuries. Modern foundation can trace its roots to Carl Baudin of

2116-478: Was thought to be an indicator of one's character. The Spanish work known as Corbacho , written by Alfonso Martínez de Toledo (c. 1398—c. 1470), includes a chapter called "De las complexiones." In it he describes the personalities of men of varying complexions: "There are others who are melancholic: these men correspond to the Earth, which is the fourth element, which is cold and dry. These men are very angry, without

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