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28-853: It has no statutory force but many of its recommendations will be given force of law at individual grounds by their inclusion in General Safety Certificates issued under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 or the Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sports Act 1987. It is written by the Sports Grounds Safety Authority (formally the Football Licensing Authority). Following the Ibrox disaster in 1971 when 66 people were killed,

56-779: A form of cronyism . In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $ 32billion in 2009/2010. Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the Conservative Party to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s. One UK example is the Forestry Commission , which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in England . The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by

84-480: A quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as executive agencies providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context,

112-721: A result of Lord Wheatley's report the first guide was published in 1973. Following the Bradford City stadium fire in 1985 when 56 people were killed, Justice Popplewell was commissioned to produce a report into safety at sporting venues. The results of his report were incorporated into an expanded second edition of the Green Guide which was published in 1986. Following the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, when 97 people were killed, Lord Justice Taylor in his report noted that "..evidence I have received suggesting that

140-838: Is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). Until 2011 it was known as the Football Licensing Authority , having been set up under the Football Spectators Act 1989 . The SGSA was established through the Sports Grounds Safety Authority Act 2011 , which received royal assent in July 2011 and commenced on 1 November 2011. The aim of

168-410: Is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term was originally a shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the acronym for a non-government organisation . As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and public sector bodies. The term is most often applied in the United Kingdom and, to a lesser degree, other countries in

196-801: The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of federal agencies that might be classed as quangos. The Indonesian Ulema Council is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by

224-605: The Sports Grounds Safety Authority Act 2011 received royal assent. The Act transformed the Football Licensing Authority into the Sports Grounds Safety Authority. On 10 November 2014 it was announced that the Sports Grounds Safety Authority will be retained as an Independent body. Quangos A quango or QUANGO (less often QuANGO or QANGO ) is an organisation to which a government has devolved power, but which

252-475: The acronym QUANGO (later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject. It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government, By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause. An essential feature of

280-509: The core and middle Anglosphere . In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including " non-departmental public bodies " (NDPBs), non-ministerial government departments , and executive agencies . In its pejorative use, it has been widely applied to public bodies of various kinds, and a variety of backronyms have been used to make the term consistent with this expanded use. The most popular has been "Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization", often with

308-655: The Green Guide may not be followed as closely as is desirable, I consider that when it is revised it needs to be given more effect". This led to a third edition, published in 1990, which incorporated changes of the guidelines following a re-examination of the Hillsborough disaster . The fourth edition was published in 1997 and was a major revision which contained several recommendations following consultations between statutory and regulatory authorities. This edition added substantially new guidance on providing access and hosting spectators with disabilities. The fifth and edition

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336-596: The Parliamentary timetable, but failed to do so. Although the formal role of the FLA was limited to professional football grounds, they did respond to requests for general advice and information in relation to other sporting venues – where the issues and needs are often the same. On 14 October 2010 it was announced that the FLA was one of the 192 Quangos to be axed by Her Majesty's Government , with its expertise and functions transferred to another body. On 12 July 2011

364-480: The Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion. The Irish majority party, Fine Gael , had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be the governing party in the 2016 election. Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which

392-669: The SGSA is to ensure that all spectators regardless of age, gender, ethnic origin, disability, or the team that they support are able to attend sports grounds in safety, comfort and security. The Football Licensing Authority was originally conceived as the body that would implement the Football Membership Scheme in response to the disaster at the Heysel Stadium in 1985. However, the Government shelved this in

420-523: The UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government. Use of the term quango is less common in the United States although many US bodies, including Government Sponsored Enterprises , operate in

448-694: The United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the Water Services Regulation Authority . The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was: A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers . The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos , claimed that

476-538: The acronym modified to "qango" or "QANGO". In Canada, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Corporations ' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the ' Saskatchewan Power Corporation ' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and ' Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board ' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by

504-523: The arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)." By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments. This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as

532-556: The following key objectives with the United Kingdom Government: In December 1998, following a major review, the Government of the United kingdom announced that the FLA would in due course become the Sports Grounds Safety Authority. It presented legislation to this effect to Parliament but the 2001 General Election intervened. Ministers were committed to reintroducing it when they could find a place in

560-892: The former government had already planned to remove. In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Entities ', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of neoliberalisation of the state sector. In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Board of Trustees (similar to the American model of boards of education ). Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to

588-628: The government commissioned a report by Lord Wheatley the following year. In his report Lord Wheatley said: While not seeking to set out a code of practice in the sense of statutory regulations which have to be observed in all cases, I have, with the assistance of the Technical Support Group, provided what should be regarded as guidelines towards a proper standard. I trust that these will be of benefit both to clubs in deciding what they should do in making improvements, and to licensing authorities in deciding what should be looked for." As

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616-601: The light of Lord Justice Taylor's Final Report on the Hillsborough disaster of April 1989. Instead it was eventually charged with implementing some of the Report's key recommendations by: In 1992 the Government of the United Kingdom decided to allow clubs in the Football League Second and Third Divisions to retain some standing accommodation, provided that this satisfied certain criteria. The FLA enforced this through their licensing scheme. The FLA had agreed

644-426: The original acronym was often replaced by a backronym spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango' This spawned the related acronym qualgo , a 'quasi-autonomous local government organisation'. The less contentious term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in

672-576: The province of Manitoba . Saskatchewan is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix Sask - followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows: In 2006, there were 832 quangos in

700-535: The same fashion. Paul Krugman has stated that the US Federal Reserve is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees." Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include

728-559: The state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side. As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts ( fatwas ) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige. The term "quasi non-governmental organisation"

756-549: Was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based Carnegie Foundation , in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to

784-470: Was published in 2008 and provided more advice to stadium authorities as to risk management, counter terrorism and guidance on training and qualifications of stewards. The sixth editions was published in 2018. It provides new additions on Zone Ex, the areas outside the stadium where spectators arrive and depart, as well as changes and updates on the advances in technology. Sports Grounds Safety Authority The Sports Grounds Safety Authority (SGSA)

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