54-592: Gun Hill may refer to Gun (Staffordshire) , a hill in Staffordshire, England Gun Hill, East Sussex , a hamlet in East Sussex, England Gun Hill Signal Station , a military outpost in Bermuda Gun Hill (film) . a 2014 American television action film See also [ edit ] Gun Hill Road (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
108-571: A cause and effect relationship had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs. A 2022 review of international urology guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, unconvincing or weak. Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of polyphenols – including proanthocyanidins , flavonols and quercetin . These phytochemical compounds are being studied in vivo and in vitro for possible effects on
162-435: A 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46 calories and moderate levels of vitamin C , dietary fiber , and the essential dietary mineral manganese , each with more than 10% of its Daily Value . Other micronutrients have low content (table). Dried cranberries are commonly processed with up to 10 times their natural sugar content . The drying process also eliminates vitamin C content. In North America,
216-644: A long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under
270-565: A means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of the pine tree shilling minted by John Hull . In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a banquet in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 book New England Rarities Discovered author John Josselyn described cranberries, writing: Sauce for
324-568: Is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It has an acidic taste which usually overwhelms its sweetness. There are 4–5 species of cranberry, classified by subgenus : Cranberries are related to bilberries , blueberries , and huckleberries , all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium . These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, petals that are not reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. The name cranberry derives from
378-494: Is an account of Europeans coming ashore and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, there is a 1633 account of the husband of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for 16 shillings. In 1643, Roger Williams 's book A Key into the Language of America described cranberries, referring to them as "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott
432-406: Is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product. The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke
486-557: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gun (Staffordshire) Gun is a hill at the southern end of the Peak District , overlooking the town of Leek in the Staffordshire Moorlands . The hill is mainly moorland with some small wooded areas. Neighbouring peaks to the east are The Roaches , Hen Cloud and Ramshaw Rocks. It is a nature reserve of
540-405: Is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with urination disorders or pregnant women. When the quality of meta-analyses on
594-627: Is how white cranberry juice is made. Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests. Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking
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#1732794020980648-551: Is more highly sweetened than even soda drinks that have been linked to obesity. Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a compote or jelly , known as cranberry sauce . Such preparations are traditionally served with roast turkey , as a staple of Thanksgiving (both in Canada and in the United States ) as well as English dinners. The berry is also used in baking ( muffins , scones , cakes and breads ). In baking it
702-444: Is often combined with orange or orange zest . Less commonly, cranberries are used to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews. Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing. There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the cosmopolitan , that include cranberry juice. A 2023 Cochrane systematic review of 50 studies concluded there
756-401: Is scraped off to form dykes around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in). The surface is laser leveled flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on
810-486: Is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in
864-491: The Cape Cod town of Dennis around 1816. In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and Boston from which shipments were also sent to Europe. In 1843, Eli Howes planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts. By 1900, 8,700 hectares (21,500 acres) were under cultivation in
918-491: The Constitutional Convention . Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. William Aiton , a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis . He notes that Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at
972-483: The Eatmor brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell. With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The Ocean Spray cooperative
1026-863: The Middle Low German kraanbere (English translation, craneberry ), first named as cranberry in English by the missionary John Eliot in 1647. Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in New England used the word, cranberry, to represent the expanding flower, stem , calyx , and petals resembling the neck, head, and bill of a crane . The traditional English name for the plant more common in Europe, Vaccinium oxycoccos , fenberry , originated from plants with small red berries found growing in fen (marsh) lands of England. American Revolutionary War veteran Henry Hall first cultivated cranberries in
1080-737: The Narragansett people of the Algonquian nation in the regions of New England appeared to be using cranberries in pemmican for food and for dye. Calling the red berries, sasemineash , the Narragansett people may have introduced cranberries to colonists in Massachusetts . In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and it was the first reference to American cranberries up until this point. In James Rosier's book The Land of Virginia there
1134-635: The Staffordshire Wildlife Trust . The hill has height 385 metres (1,263 ft), and there is a trig point at the summit. Having a prominence of 168 metres (551 ft), it is a Marilyn . Gun has the Summits on the Air reference G/SP-013. The hill often features in the itinerary of the Tour of Britain cycle race. Gun Moor, area 78 hectares (190 acres), is a nature reserve of
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#17327940209801188-445: The Staffordshire Wildlife Trust . There is moorland, woodland and blanket bog . Uncommon species of bird such as lesser redpoll and cuckoo may be seen, and bog asphodel flowers in the summer. There is a circular walk, over hilly terrain, that takes 1½ to 2½ hours. Gun Moor was purchased when it came to the market in 2019. The Trust was aware that the moor was important and that it did not carry any protection; in order to secure
1242-412: The 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide aminotriazole . The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After
1296-631: The Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea. As of 2016 , the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea. From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China
1350-573: The Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production. The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York ( Long Island ). The authority for
1404-469: The New England region. In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was 360,000 metric tons (790 million pounds), with Wisconsin as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by Massachusetts and Oregon . Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil
1458-892: The North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative. In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and won $ 200,000 in real damages plus triple damages, just in time for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming announced that some of
1512-589: The Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling [ sic ] plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards red, as big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower [ sic ] astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are excellent against the Scurvy. They are also good to allay
1566-475: The Trust was able to purchase and protect it." During summer 2022, the Trust took out a loan to buy Gun Moor Meadow, bordering the north western edge of Gun Moor. In January 2023 the Trust announced that, thanks to donations, it was able to repay the loan. The meadow has area 7 acres (2.8 ha). The land will be allowed to rewet, by filling in drainage ditches, and cattle will lightly graze at certain times of
1620-481: The United Kingdom. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit
1674-645: The actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress. The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand
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1728-507: The aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends. Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $ 65.00 per barrel ($ 0.65 per pound or $ 1.43 per kilogram)—a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kilograms—in 1996 then fell to $ 18.00 per barrel ($ 0.18 per pound or $ 0.40 per kilogram) in 2001. The cause for
1782-401: The barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station. Diseases of cranberry include: In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 tonnes , with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total. Wisconsin (59% of US production) and Quebec (60% of Canadian production) are two of
1836-612: The cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer. However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits. Potential is limited by poor absorption and rapid excretion. Cranberry juice contains a high molecular weight non- dializable material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of plaque by Streptococcus mutans pathogens that cause tooth decay. Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on kidney stone formation. Problems may arise with
1890-517: The cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In 2020, the U.S., Canada, and Chile accounted for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice , sauce, jam, and sweetened dried cranberries , with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. Cranberry sauce is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners in the U.S. and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in
1944-489: The efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of clinical research design and inadequate numbers of subjects. In 2014, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that
1998-457: The fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost. Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the first part of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 in) of water above
2052-665: The fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling [ sic ] them with sugar for sauce to eat with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries. The Compleat Cook's Guide , published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner. In 1787, James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to use at
2106-554: The first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled American Cookery which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts. As fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and bitter, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make cranberry juice and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened. Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At four teaspoons of sugar per 100 grams (one teaspoon per ounce), cranberry juice cocktail
2160-465: The genus Vaccinium . Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, but has an acidic taste. In Britain, cranberry may refer to
2214-493: The lack of validation for quantifying of A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the European Pharmacopoeia method, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry , or a modified 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde colorimetric method. Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing
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2268-816: The largest producers of cranberries in the two countries. Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in Massachusetts , New Jersey , Oregon , and Washington , as well as in the Canadian province of British Columbia (33% of Canadian production). The anticoagulant effects of warfarin may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in adverse effects such as increased incidence of bleeding and bruising . Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or kidney stone formation. Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% carbohydrates , and contain negligible protein and fat (table). In
2322-487: The native species Vaccinium oxycoccos , while in North America, cranberry may refer to V. macrocarpon . Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while V. macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right. Cranberries can be found in acidic bogs throughout
2376-421: The precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate. Cranberry handlers (processors) include Ocean Spray , Cliffstar Corporation , Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors. The Cranberry Marketing Committee
2430-506: The quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another. Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas. In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have
2484-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gun Hill . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_Hill&oldid=1101916443 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2538-559: The site, it was purchased by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation , and the Trust agreed to buy the site within two years, at the original price. After donations from individuals and charitable trusts, this was achieved. Jeff Sim, Head of Nature Reserves and species recovery, said: "The habitat Gun Moor contains is what makes the Peak District Moors of international significance, so it is really important that
2592-432: The surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent, light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year. The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between $ 74,000 and $ 124,000 per hectare ($ 30,000 and $ 50,000 per acre). Cranberries are harvested in
2646-555: The vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years , water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which
2700-431: The vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide irrigation for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection. A common misconception about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year. During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during
2754-487: The winter to protect against low temperatures. In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years. Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on
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#17327940209802808-418: The year, so that bog asphodel and cranberry will be re-established; the land will attract wildlife whose habitat has been reduced in recent years. Cranberry Vaccinium erythrocarpum Vaccinium japonicum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccos Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of
2862-487: Was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for agricultural cooperatives . As of 2006 , about 65% of
2916-632: Was quoted in Thomas Shepard's book Clear Sunshine of the Gospel with an account of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to hunt and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to King Charles ten barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as
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