41-731: Gwadar District ( Balochi : گوادر دمگ , Urdu : ضلع گوادر ) is a district in the Balochistan province of Pakistan . The name Gwadar originates from Gwat and Dar ( Balochi : گوات ءُ در )، which means the door of air. Gwadar was notified as a separate district on 1 July 1977. The city of Gwadar serves as the district headquarters. It is located in the south of the Balochistan province, It's bordered by Arabian Sea to its south, Lasbela district to its east, Kech district and Awaran district to its north, Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran to its west. Gwadar District
82-839: A HDI score of 0.688. The government of Iran has been implementing new plans such as creating the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone . Industry is new to the province. Efforts have been done and tax, customs and financial motivations have caused more industrial investment, new projects, new producing jobs and improvement of industry. The most important factories are the Khash cement factory with production of 2600 tons cement daily and three other cement. Factories under construction: The province has important geological and metal mineral potentials such as chrome, copper, granite, antimony, talc, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, platinum, gold and silver. One of
123-416: A greater disadvantage. Lack of science labs and subject specialist teachers are also a major concern. Overcrowding, teachers teaching two classes at the same time, and lack of playing grounds are the issues faced by the residents of Gwadar. 25°20′N 63°20′E / 25.333°N 63.333°E / 25.333; 63.333 Balochi language Balochi ( بلۏچی , romanized: Balòci )
164-594: A majority 90% of the population and the Persian Sistani a minority. Smaller communities of Kurds (in the eastern highlands and near Iranshahr ); the expatriate Brahui (along the border with Pakistan); and other resident and itinerant ethnic groups, such as the Romani , are also found within the province. Most of the population are Balōch and speak the Baluchi language , although there also exists among them
205-547: A professional setting and by educated folk. The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000). a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs) In 1933, the Soviet Union adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows: The alphabet
246-453: A railway from Bam, Iran to Zahedan has been inaugurated. There may be plans to build railway lines from Zahedan to Chabahar . Sistan and Baluchistan province has two main passenger airports: The Port of Chabahar in the south of the province is the main port. It is to be connected by a new railway to Zahedan . India is investing on this port. The port stands on the Coast of Makran and
287-649: A small community of speakers of the Indo-Aryan language Jadgali . Baluchestan means "Land of the Balōch"; Sistani are the second largest ethnic group in this province who speak the Sistani dialect of Persian. The minority Sistani people of Sistan and Baluchestan province are Shia Muslims, and the majority Baloch people of the Baluchestan area in the province are Sunni Muslims, specially Deobandis . At
328-532: Is subject–object–verb . Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity . The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object . Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the Old Iranian gender distinctions. Much of the Balochi number system
369-1024: Is 70 km west of Gwadar , Pakistan . Iran ranks among the most water stressed countries in the world. However, Sistan-Baluchestan province suffers from major water problems that were aggravated by corruption in Iran's water supply sector, lack of transparency, neglect of marginalized communities, and political favoritism . The IRGC and other politically connected entities control water resources, prioritizing projects for political and economic gain rather than public need. They divert supplies to favored regions, causing shortages in vulnerable provinces like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. For example, water diversion projects in Isfahan and Yazd provinces receive priority despite critical shortages in Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan. Reports also indicate that certain agricultural and industrial enterprises with ties to
410-697: Is a Northwestern Iranian language , spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan . In addition, there are speakers in Oman , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , Turkmenistan , East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world. The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue , is 8.8 million. Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan. According to Brian Spooner , Literacy for most Baloch-speakers
451-588: Is also characterized by an overreliance on dam construction and large-scale diversion projects, primarily benefiting politically connected enterprises and urban elites. This has led to the drying of rivers, wetlands, and other vital ecosystems, intensifying dust storms and land subsidence in regions like Khuzestan and Sistan-Baluchestan . Such environmental degradation, combined with insufficient governmental oversight and transparency, worsens living conditions for marginalized communities, reinforcing cycles of poverty and socio-political marginalization. Landmarks such as
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#1732775514397492-601: Is identical to Persian . According to Mansel Longworth Dames , Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows: Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century, and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary. However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script. Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted
533-614: Is mentioned as one of the eastern territories of Darius the Great . The name Sistan, as mentioned above, is derived from Saka (also sometimes Saga , or Sagastan ), a Central Asian tribe that had taken control over this area in the year 128 BC. During the Arsacid dynasty (248 BC to 224 AD), the province became the seat of Suren-Pahlav Clan . From the Sassanid period until the early Islamic period, Sistan flourished considerably. During
574-602: Is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu. Balochi belongs to the Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region. Balochi is an Indo-European language , spoken by
615-424: Is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ] . Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ] . /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪] . Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks
656-478: Is ranked nationally at 61, with an education score of 59.47 and learning score of 62.65. Enrollment levels are low in Gwadar because of fewer schools in the district, and the level of enrollment declines as the classes move up. The school infrastructure score of Gwadar is 29.91, giving it a national rank of 122. 33% of all the schools in the district cater to girls as compared to 67% schools for boys, putting girls at
697-460: Is still used very frequently. آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے The Balochi Standard Alphabet , standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters. It is an extension of the Perso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs from Urdu . It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in
738-509: Is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian . In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi. The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj ( سید گنج ) (lit. Sayad's Treasure ). Until the creation of the Balochi Standard Alphabet , it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and
779-463: Is subdivided into five tehsils or sub-districts: (km²) (2023) (ppl/km²) (2023) (2023) There are 18 Union Councils in Gwadar District : Union Councils are given below: 7.Kohbon 2. Haji Qasim Muhallah, 3. Dad Karim Muhallah, 4.Lala Hassan muhallah, 5.Fisheries Muhallah, 6.Mir Akbar Muhallah, 7.Gurab Gwadar District has a 600 kilometres (370 mi) long coastline along
820-568: Is used to denote nasalization of the preceding vowel . In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi. In Eastern Balochi, it
861-592: The Baloch and belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family. As an Iranian language , it is classified in the Northwestern group . Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namely Koroshi , Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under a "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group. ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under
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#1732775514397902-676: The Gulf of Oman of the Arabian Sea . The district located in the coastal region on the Arabian Sea , south-west of the Quetta City, the provincial capital of Balochistan , District Lasbela is in the east and Kech and Awaran Districts are in the north and sharing its boundaries in the west with Iran It has a scenic coastal highway next to the Pacific Ocean below Russia that originates from district Lasbela and passes through
943-726: The Persian alphabet . The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script . It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi
984-618: The Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate. Balochi, somehow near similarity with the Parthian and on the other hand, it has near kinship to the Avestan . There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes. The dialectal differences are not very significant. One difference is that grammatical terminations in
1025-491: The Gwadar district. The district has a 620 km coastline along the Arabian Sea . The most significant feature of the Gwadar District is Gwadar Port , a deep sea warm water port. It is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammer-head protrusion of land, from the coast, distended into the apex of Arabian Sea . Parts of Gwadar also came under the control of Oman and were purchased by Pakistan in 1958. At
1066-645: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have received significant amounts of water, while small farmers and rural communities struggle with severe shortages. Iran's central government prioritizes water allocation for industrial and urban centers, often at the expense of rural and minority populations. These groups face severe water shortages, ecological degradation, and a loss of livelihoods. This pattern of unequal development not only exacerbates regional disparities but also fuels social unrest and environmental crises. Iran's water policy
1107-585: The driest regions of Iran, with a slight increase in rainfall from east to west, and a rise in humidity in the coastal regions. The province is subject to seasonal winds from different directions, the most important of which are the 120-day wind of Sistan, known in Baluchi as Levar ; the seventh wind ( Gav-kosh ); the south wind ( Nambi ); the Hooshak wind; the humid and seasonal winds of the Indian Ocean;
1148-410: The following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,345,642 people (over 48% of the population of Sistan and Baluchestan Province) live in the following cities: The following table shows the ten largest cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province: The whole of the province had been previously called Baluchestan , but the government added Sistan to the end of Baluchestan. After the 1979 revolution ,
1189-522: The long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/ . In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that is /aw/ and /ay/. The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń
1230-456: The main mines in this province is Chel Kooreh copper mine in 120 km north of Zahedan. Sistan embroidery has been an ancient handicraft of the region that has been traced as far back as 5th-century BC , originating from the Scythians . The city of Zahedan has been connected to Quetta in Pakistan for a century with a broad gauge railway. It has weekly trains for Kovaitah. Recently
1271-405: The name of the province was changed to Sistan and Baluchestan. Today, Sistan refers to the area comrising Zabol , Hamun , Hirmand , Zehak and Nimruz counties. The province borders South Khorasan Province in the north, Kerman Province and Hormozgan Province in the west, the Gulf of Oman in the south, and Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. Sistan and Baluchestan Province is one of
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1312-522: The north wind ( Gurich ); and the western wind ( Gard ). In 2023, Sistan region was affected by several dust events, occurring in April, June, and August. The latter sent 1120 people to hospitals from 10 to 14 August. Winds reached a speed of 108 km/h (67 mph) in Zabol station and reduced visibility to 600 m (2,000 ft). Sistan and Baluchestan is the poorest of Iran's 31 provinces , with
1353-681: The northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes. An isolated dialect is Koroshi , which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province . Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. The Balochi Academy Sarbaz has designed a standard alphabet for Balochi. The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short . These are /aː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /oː/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /i/ and /u/ . The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than
1394-458: The question and falling tone the statement. Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence. Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence. Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation. The normal word order
1435-705: The reign of Ardashir I of Persia , Sistan came under the jurisdiction of the Sassanids, and in 644 AD, the Arab Muslims gained control as the Persian empire was in its final moments of collapsing. During the reign of the second Sunni caliph, Omar ibn Al-Khattab , this territory was conquered by the Arabs and an Arab commander was assigned as governor. The famous Persian ruler Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari , whose descendants dominated this area for many centuries, later became governor of this province. In 916 AD, Baluchestan
1476-449: The script fell out of use. Sistan and Baluchestan Province Sistan and Baluchestan province ( Persian : استان سيستان و بلوچستان ) is the second largest of the 31 Provinces of Iran , after Kerman Province, with an area of 180,726 km . Its capital is the city of Zahedan . The province is in the southeast of the country, bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan . In the inscriptions at Behistun and Persepolis , Sistan
1517-439: The time of the 2023 census , the district had a population of 305,160. According to 2023 census, 99.15% population of Gwadar district adheres to Islam. Languages of Gwadar district (2023) At the time of the 2023 census, 97.66% of the population spoke Balochi , 0.45% Sindhi , 0.42% Punjabi and 0.4% Urdu as their first language. According to Pakistan District Education Rankings , a report by Alif Ailaan , district Gwadar
1558-458: The time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,349,049 in 468,025 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,534,327 inhabitants living in 587,921 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 2,775,014 in 704,888 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Sistan and Baluchestan Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in
1599-770: Was ruled by the Daylamids and thereafter the Seljuqids , when it became a part of Kerman . Dynasties such as the Saffarids , Samanids , Qaznavids , and Seljuqids, also ruled over this territory. In 1508 AD, Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty conquered Sistan. After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, Sistan and Balochistan became part of the Brahui Khanate of Kalat , which ruled it till 1896. Afterwards, it became part of Qajar Iran . The Baloch form
1640-525: Was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued. In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from the Turkmen SSR , approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating a Cyrillic -based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and
1681-399: Was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters: The project was approved with some minor changes ( қ , ꝑ , and ы were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, and о̄ was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s,