2ED7 , 2ED8 , 2ED9 , 2EDB , 2EDD , 2EDE , 3AU4 , 4URT
61-635: DCC may refer to: Biology [ edit ] Deleted in Colorectal Cancer gene, and the receptor product of the same name Dosage compensation complex, a protein complex involved in genetic dosage compensation Business [ edit ] DC Comics Day Chocolate Company Day Count Convention , financial term DCC Plc , formerly Development Capital Corporation Limited, an Irish investments holding company DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car , cable car company Digital Cybercherries Ltd. ,
122-711: A transmembrane domain , and several fibronectin type 3 domains. DCC has extracellular binding sites for both netrin-1 and heparin . Heparin sulphate is believed to also be present during neural growth as a type of co-factor for axon guidance . Intracellularly, DCC has been shown to have a caspase-3 proteolysis site at Asp 1290. DCC and neogenin, two of the netrin-1 receptors, have recently been shown to have sites for tyrosine phosphorylation (at Y1420 on DCC) and are likely interacting with Src family kinases in regulating responses to netrin-1. Historically, cellular receptors have been thought to be activated when bound to their ligand , and are relatively inactive when no ligand
183-518: A 3-day multigenre convention held annually in Denver, Colorado Deputy chief constable , a British police rank Digital Curation Centre , a United Kingdom Centre of Leadership for digital longevity Dungeon Crawl Classics , a fantasy role playing game The Roman number for 700 Document kind classification code, according to IEC 61355 See also [ edit ] DC (disambiguation) DCCC (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
244-470: A British game development studio Dynamic currency conversion Chemistry [ edit ] Dynamic combinatorial chemistry , a method to the generation of new molecules formed by the reversible reaction of relatively simple components under thermodynamic control N , N' -Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide , a peptide coupling chemical reagent used in organic synthesis Computing and electronics [ edit ] Data Communications Channel , part of
305-722: A building in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , located at Troy, New York Delgado Community College , a junior college in New Orleans, Louisiana Detroit Catholic Central High School , Novi, Michigan Dhaka City College , a private college of Bangladesh Dutchess Community College , a junior college in Poughkeepsie, New York Government [ edit ] Arkansas Department of Community Correction Dallas City Council - see Law and government of Dallas Devon County Council in
366-436: A category of tools used for creation of electronic media Direct cable connection , for networking two computers together Direct Client-to-Client , a protocol for file transfer and direct chat on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Directed Channel Change , part of the digital video broadcast ATSC transport stream Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse , a hash-sharing system for detecting e-mail spam Delta Color Compression ,
427-534: A conditional oncogene . When DCC is present and not activated by netrin it is proapoptotic, and represses tumour formation. When DCC is present and netrin-activated it promotes cell survival, acting as an oncoprotein. Netrin-activated DCC is known to activate the CDC42 - RAC1 and MAPK1 /3 pathways, both of which are activated in cancer and promote tumour development. It was originally believed that there were two major pathways in colorectal cancer formation. The first
488-667: A district level authority found in Nepal Other uses [ edit ] Dallas Convention Center Dallas Country Club Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Daejeon Convention Center , a facility in South Korea Dead Club City , a studio album by English alternative rock band Nothing but Thieves Death Crew Council , a wrestling stable in TNA Defence Construction Canada Denver Comic Con ,
549-635: A lossless color compression technique implemented in the graphics core next (GCN) GPU architecture from AMD Digital Calibration Certificate , a machine-readable document containing calibration data. Education [ edit ] Dallas Christian College , a four-year undergraduate college located in Farmers Branch, Texas Danville Community College , a junior college in Danville, Virginia Darrin Communications Center ,
610-449: A mechanism dependent on a ventral midline structure, the floor plate . A gradient of netrin-1 is produced from the floor plate, which allows orientation of the extending axons, aiding the development of the dorsal-ventral axis of the brain and spinal column. A variety of receptors are present on the axon surface which either repel or attract axons to the midline. When membrane DCC is stimulated by netrin-1, it promotes axon progression towards
671-487: A mechatronics lab, with three rooms set up as a Mechanical lab, an Electrical/Automation lab and a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning lab. The college offers hands-on learning needed to support installation, maintenance, repair, calibration and troubleshooting of systems including controls and machine-to-machine networks. On October 6, 2023, First Lady of the United States Jill Biden toured
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#1732776816296732-517: A new satellite center called DCC@Fishkill, approximately 12 miles (19 km) south of the main campus, at the site of the former Dutchess Mall 's Jamesway anchor store. The Fishkill facility has 20 multi-purpose classrooms, a versatile design, a fully equipped biology lab, and a networked computer classroom. Located in the Fishkill campus is the Center of Excellence for Industry and Innovation,
793-412: A novel pathway for caspase activation, and that it is one that is apoptosome-independent. To put this into a biological systems context, some physiology is required. In the gastrointestinal tract, epithelial cells proliferate and die rapidly. The division of these cells occurs at the base of villi, and cells are pushed upwards by subsequent divisions to the tip where they enter apoptosis and shed off into
854-435: A significant factor in other cancer types. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma , 77.3% of tumour samples presented DCC promoter hypermethylation versus 0.8% in non-cancerous saliva samples. Similar results have been seen in breast cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia , and several others. DCC has found to be a useful prognostic marker for late stage colorectal carcinoma in some studies, but unhelpful in others. Currently
915-533: A specific function for DCC that seemed to have little to do with cell cycle control, the low somatic mutation rate and the absence of cancer predisposition in DCC heterozygotes were fairly discouraging evidence for DCC's putative tumour suppressor status. This caused focus to shift to DCC's role in axon guidance for a time, until one study implicated DCC in regulation of cell death . As the 18q chromosomal deletions were never resolved to be related solely to another gene, DCC
976-575: A variety of academic support services available to its student body. These services range from tutoring to programs geared towards helping minority students succeed, and include: Nearly all of DCC's eleven main campus buildings are situated on top of a large hill. Conklin Hall, the Louis Greenspan Day Care Center, and Falcon Hall are the only three buildings not to be situated on top of the hill. Dutchess Community College has
1037-587: A variety of departments and programs dedicated to engaging students and promoting success, all of which are operated by the Department of Student Services. The Department of Student Services has, under its operating umbrella, offices including Health Services, Student Activities, Intercollegiate Athletics, Admissions, and Counseling Services, including many others. Health Services operate the on-campus health center and offers minor medical treatment to DCC students free of charge. The Office of Intercollegiate Activities
1098-406: A very high percentage of colorectal cancers. DCC was initially cloned out of the region and put forth as a putative tumour suppressor gene, though nothing was known about its function at the time. The DCC gene was examined for the genetic changes found with most other tumour suppressor genes, but it was found to have a comparatively low frequency of somatic mutation . Several years later DCC
1159-538: Is Poughkeepsie High School , which only allows its students to take the college courses in the high school building itself. Teachers must be specially certified by both Poughkeepsie High School and by DCC in order for the classes to be counted as college credit. Established in 2003, the Charles & Mabel Conklin Scholarship provides students with the full cost of tuition for four semesters at DCC. The scholarship
1220-658: Is a public community college in Dutchess County, New York . It is one of 30 community colleges within the State University of New York system (SUNY) . The main campus, in the town of Poughkeepsie , covers 130 acres (53 ha). DCC also operates the Center for Excellence in Industry and Innovation in Fishkill, approximately 12 miles (19 km) south, in Fishkill and an aviation education center at
1281-535: Is accomplished by the formation of a DCC-Robo complex, which inhibits attractive netrin/DCC signals while allowing slit-Robo signals. Netrin also has other receptors, the UNC-5 family. The UNC5 receptors have repellant migratory responses to netrin binding, and have similar effects to the slit-Robo system. The intracellular signaling responses to netrin-1 are not yet well understood, even in neurobiology studies. Several phosphorylation events have been established, as have
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#17327768162961342-591: Is associated with some specific mutations, including genes involved with DNA mismatch repair and surprisingly, transforming growth factor-beta . More recently, those in the field of colorectal cancer have acknowledged that cancer formation is far more complex, but cancer related genes still tend to be categorized as chromosomal or microsatellite instability genes. DCC would fall into the chromosomal instability category. The chromosomal region of 18q has shown consistent LOH for nearly twenty years. Approximately 70% of primary colorectal cancers display LOH in this region, and
1403-411: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Deleted in Colorectal Cancer 1630 13176 ENSG00000187323 ENSMUSG00000060534 P43146 P70211 NM_005215 NM_007831 NP_005206 NP_031857 Netrin receptor DCC , also known as DCC , or colorectal cancer suppressor is a protein which in humans is encoded by
1464-469: Is expressed at very low levels through most of the body but at higher levels in many areas of the brain, particularly in dopamine neurons. Recently it has been shown that a sensitizing treatment regimen of amphetamines causes markedly increased levels of DCC and UNC-5 expression on neuron cell bodies. This may indicate that netrin-1 receptors are involved in the lasting effects of exposure to stimulant drugs like amphetamine, and may have some therapeutic value in
1525-446: Is not dependent on either the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway or the death receptor/caspase-8 pathway. In the absence of ligand, DCC interacts with caspase-9 (likely via an unidentified adaptor protein) and promotes the assembly of a caspase-activating complex. This causes the activation of caspase-3 through caspase-9, and initiates apoptosis without the formation of an apoptosome or cytochrome c release. This implies that DCC regulates
1586-503: Is present. A number of receptors have been found that do not fit into this conceptual mould, and DCC is one of them. These receptors are active both with ligand bound and unbound, but the signals transmitted are different when the receptors are ligand bound. Collectively, this type of receptor is known as a dependence receptor because the unbound pathway is usually apoptotic, meaning that cell survival depends on ligand presence. Other receptors also show this functional profile, including p75 ,
1647-476: Is required. Chromosome 18 LOH tends to occur in clusters. One major cluster is at 18q21, which agrees with the location of DCC. This cluster includes the marker D18S51, and is flanked by the D18S1109 and D18S68 loci. This segment spans 7.64cM, which is a relatively large section of DNA that could easily encompass more than one tumour suppressor gene. A significant difference between DCC expression and 18q21 LOH
1708-555: Is responsible for operating and maintaining all sports teams on campus. Sports available for men include soccer, basketball, and baseball. Women's sports include volleyball, softball, basketball, and starting in the fall of 2017, soccer. The Office of Student Activities manages student trips, guest speaker lectures, family festivals, on-campus events, the Student Government Association (SGA) and all on-campus clubs. In Fall 2021, Dutchess Community College opened
1769-506: Is well known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1 . More recently DCC has been characterized as a dependence receptor , and many hypotheses have been put forward that have revived interest in DCC' s candidacy as a tumour suppressor gene, as it may be a ligand-dependent suppressor that is frequently epigenetically silenced. Early studies of colorectal tumours found that allelic deletions of segments of chromosome 18q occur in
1830-405: The DCC gene . DCC has long been implicated in colorectal cancer and its previous name was Deleted in colorectal carcinoma . Netrin receptor DCC is a single transmembrane receptor. Since it was first discovered in a colorectal cancer study in 1990, DCC has been the focus of a significant amount of research. DCC held a controversial place as a tumour suppressor gene for many years, and
1891-588: The Hudson Valley , and many have become civic and community leaders. In 1957, the college was founded on the site of a former tuberculosis hospital, which is now Bowne Hall, the campus's main administrative building. In 2007, Dutchess Community College marked its 50th anniversary of operations. Since enrolling its first class in 1957, DCC has awarded degrees and certificates to over 30,000 graduates and has provided educational opportunities for many thousands of other students. On 25 August 2012, Conklin Hall
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1952-864: The Hudson Valley Regional Airport in the town of Wappinger . Over 60 academic programs are offered, the majority of which are geared toward associate degrees or certificates. In addition, the Office of Workforce Development and Continuing Education provides non-credit courses, High School Equivalency completion through preparation for the Test Assessing Secondary Completion (TASC) exam, ESL classes, and workforce training to residents of Dutchess County and beyond. One-third of all Dutchess County college-bound high school graduates attend Dutchess Community College each year. The majority of alumni live and work in
2013-426: The androgen receptor , RET , several integrins and Patched . While not the first dependence receptor pair discovered, DCC and netrin-1 are an often quoted example of a dependence receptor system. When DCC is present on the membrane and bound to netrin-1, signals are conveyed that can lead to proliferation and cell migration . In the absence of netrin-1, DCC signaling has been shown to induce apoptosis . Only in
2074-645: The American Society of Clinical Oncology does not recommend using DCC as a marker due to insufficient classification data. A recent review of over two dozen 18q LOH-survival studies concluded that there was a significant amount of inconsistency between the data sets. They concluded that loss of 18q remains a marker for poor prognosis, and that DCC status has the potential to define a group of patients who may benefit from specific treatment regimes. The increase in loss of heterozygosity percentages of chromosome 18q21 have long suggested that DCC may be involved in
2135-527: The DCC@Fishkill facility, particularly the newly opened Mechatronics lab. Previously, Dutchess Community College had a satellite branch in Wappingers Falls, called Dutchess South, which operated from at least the early 1990s until 2021. It closed upon the opening of the Fishkill location. In an effort to more effectively prepare students for college, as well as to draw more students to
2196-1207: The United Kingdom Dhaka City Corporation in Bangladesh Derbyshire County Council in the United Kingdom Dorset County Council in the United Kingdom Dublin City Council in Ireland Dunedin City Council in New Zealand Department of Climate Change , a now defunct government department in Australia Derbyshire County Council in the United Kingdom Mathematics [ edit ] Descending Chain Condition , in
2257-437: The absence of DCC is there an absence of downstream signaling. There are therefore three possible signaling states for dependence receptors: on (ligand-bound, migration and proliferation), off (ligand-unbound, apoptosis inducing) and absent (lack of signal). DCC's role in commissural axon outgrowth is perhaps its best characterized. In the developing spinal cord, commissural neurons located dorsally extend axons ventrally using
2318-404: The absence of netrin-1. DCC elimination is not believed to be a key genetic change in tumour formation, but one of many alterations that can promote existing tumour growth. DCC's possible role in migration of cancerous cells is in the process of being characterized. While recent results make it fairly likely that DCC is involved in the biology of several cancers, the extent of its involvement and
2379-433: The cell, making it more likely to continue to survive. DCC's role as a tumour suppressor is tied to its dependence receptor characteristics. DCC induces cell death on epithelial cells when no netrin-1 is bound. Besides from loss of heterozygosity of DCC, this mechanism of apoptosis can also be avoided in malignant processes by overexpression of netrin-1. DCC can be considered a conditional tumour suppressor gene as well as
2440-480: The college, DCC instituted the Bridge Program. This allows local high school students to take certain DCC classes on the campus. These classes are primarily entry-level English classes, but can range from government to calculus courses, depending on the proficiency of the student. While the majority of local high schools allow their students to travel to DCC for these classes, a few do not. One notable exception
2501-468: The details of how it works are still being studied. When not bound to netrin-1, an intracellular domain of DCC is cleaved by a caspase , and induces apoptosis in a caspase-9 -dependent pathway. This domain does not correspond to a known caspase recruitment motif or death sequence domain, but is required to initiate apoptosis. It has been theorized that the domain acts as a scaffold to recruit and activate caspase-9 and caspase-3 . This DCC apoptosis pathway
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2562-449: The field of drug tolerance. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer has been shown to interact with: DCC's biological role in cancer has had a long, controversial history. Although DCC has been studied for many years, a significant amount of the data collected is contradictory and much of the focus has been on getting clear picture of the basics. When the genetic abnormalities that occur in advanced colorectal cancer were first identified, one of
2623-721: The field of order theory in mathematics Organizations [ edit ] DCC Alliance , a now-defunct Debian-based industry consortium Dennistoun Community Council , a community council in Glasgow, Scotland Digital Copyright Canada , a group advocating against excessive intellectual property laws in Canada Downcounty Consortium , A consortium of five high schools in the Montgomery County, Maryland, public school system Politics [ edit ] District Coordination Committee ,
2684-465: The first president of the college in 1957. Pamela Edington, when appointed in 2014, became the first woman to hold the position. Her successor, Peter Jordan, became the first person of color to serve as president of DCC in August 2021. The presidents of the college include: The academic offerings of Dutchess Community College are organized into nine main departments: Dutchess Community College has
2745-424: The involvement of several src family kinases and small GTPases , but the sequence of events has not yet been determined. DCC is also required to be recruited to lipid rafts for axon outgrowth and apoptotic signaling. DCC is developmentally regulated, being present in most fetal tissues of the body at higher levels than what is found in adult tissues. DCC and netrin have been found to be specifically involved in
2806-404: The lumen. Netrin-1 is produced in the base of the villi, so a gradient of netrin is present that is weakest at the tip. In normal physiology, the presence of netrin-1 inhibits DCC-mediated cell death until the epithelial cell reaches the tip of the villus, where the now unbound DCC causes the cell to enter apoptosis. In a cancer state, the absence of DCC prevents the gradient from having an effect on
2867-504: The midline. There are several other molecules also involved in the guidance of axons to and across the midline. The slit proteins have repulsive functions, as opposed to netrins, and are mediated by the transmembrane protein Robo. Axonal growth cones that are attracted to the midline by netrin/DCC signaling eventually cross the floor plate. When this occurs they lose responsiveness to netrin and become repulsed by slit-Robo signaling. This
2928-524: The most frequent events was found to be loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of region 18q21. One of the first genes sequenced in this region was DCC , and it was subsequently analyzed for tumour suppressor activity. However, the lack of somatic DCC mutations made it seem likely that the nearby SMAD2 and SMAD4 genes were the reason for 18q21 LOH. The fact that DCC heterozygotes had no increased rates of cancer, even when crossed with mice carrying Apc mutations, solidified this viewpoint. The finding that DCC
2989-494: The overhead in Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) Data Country Code, numeric 3-digit country codes as defined in X.121 Digital Command Control , a system for controlling model trains Digital Compact Cassette , Philips system with digital audio on compact cassette Digital Computer Controls, Inc. , a 1960s-1970s era company that made computer system clones Digital content creation ,
3050-517: The percentage increases when comparing early to advanced cancers. This increase in DCC loss in advanced cancer may indicate that DCC loss is more important to tumour progression than tumour formation. However, region 18q is not the location of DCC alone, and many studies are in conflict when reporting whether 18q LOH is attributable to DCC or other tumour suppressor candidates in the neighbouring areas. Many reviews refuse to comment on DCC due to its history of conflicting information, stating that more study
3111-402: The progression of benign adenomas to malignant carcinomas. DCC has recently been found to suppress metastasis in an experimental environment, but a mechanism for this has not yet been proposed. At this junction, DCC is not a pharmaceutical target. As DCC is not overexpressed in cancer and is present throughout the body, so it is not considered a good target for most types of cancer drugs. DCC
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#17327768162963172-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title DCC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DCC&oldid=1246567666 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3233-478: The secondary migration of neural crest cells into the pancreas and developing gut structures, and may prove to be vital to other areas during fetal growth. One of the most frequent genetic abnormalities that occur in advanced colorectal cancer is loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of DCC in region 18q21. DCC in a receptor for netrin-1 and is currently believed by some to be a conditional tumour suppressor gene, meaning that it normally prevents cell growth when in
3294-403: Was a chromosomal instability pathway thought to be responsible for the adenoma to carcinoma progression, which was characterized by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 5q, 17p and 18q. The second pathway was believed to be the microsatellite instability pathway, which is characterized by increases or decreases in the number of tandem repeats of simple DNA sequences. This type of instability
3355-477: Was a receptor for netrin-1 involved in axon guidance initially moved research away from DCC in cancer. It was later realized that DCC may be involved in directing cell motility, which has direct implications for metastatic cancer. The first direct evidence for DCC as a tumour suppressor gene was published in 1995. Researchers found that addition of DCC to an immortalized cell line suppressed tumorigenicity rather definitively. However no mechanism for this suppression
3416-403: Was co-transfected or simply added to the media. When it was understood that DCC apoptosis may also be overcome by netrin-1 overexpression, colorectal cancers were assessed for netrin-1 overexpression, and a small but significant percent of these cancers were found to vastly overexpress the molecule. Dutchess Community College Dutchess Community College ( SUNY Dutchess , or DCC )
3477-473: Was detected in 1997. Studies found that more tumours had reduced DCC expression than could be explained by LOH or MSI, indicating that another mechanism was at work. This observation was likely explained when epigenetic analysis was performed. Loss of DCC in colorectal cancer primarily occurs via chromosomal instability, with only a small percent having epigenetic silencing involved. Epigenetic silencing of DCC by promoter hypermethylation has shown to be
3538-418: Was obvious, and it took several years to propose one. Nearly ten years after DCC was discovered, studies were published that showed that DCC was involved in apoptosis. Instead of studying loss of DCC as was commonly done, the authors looked at human embryonic kidney cells transfected with DCC. They found an increase in apoptosis that corresponded to DCC expression, which was completely eliminated when netrin-1
3599-405: Was opened, becoming the college's first, and as of 2023 only, on-campus residence hall. At 132,000 square feet (12,300 m ; 1.23 ha), it can house up to 467 students in 98 suites. Since its founding in 1957, there have been six people who have held the title of President of Dutchess Community College. In addition, there has been one acting president. James F. Hall of Michigan was hired as
3660-620: Was rapidly reaccepted as a candidate. Recent research into the mechanisms of DCC signaling and in-vitro studies of DCC modifications have solidified DCC's tumour suppressor position, and have begun to integrate DCCs divergent functions as both an axon guidance molecule and a tumour suppressor into a single concept. The DCC gene is located at 18q21.3, and has a total of 57 possible exons and 43 possible introns. This theoretically results in 13 correctly sliced, putatively good proteins. The typical DCC protein has one signal peptide motif and eleven domains, including multiple immunoglobulin-like domains ,
3721-423: Was shown to encode a transmembrane receptor protein that mediated the effects of netrin-1 on axon outgrowth. Soon after the protein product was confirmed, DCC knockout mice were created. As DCC mutations are rapidly fatal due to a lack of nervous system development, DCC mice were assessed for increased tumour development over two years, and no increase in tumour predisposition was detected. The discovery of
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