Diffuse correlation spectroscopy ( DCS ) is a type of medical imaging and optical technique that utilizes near-infrared light to directly and non-invasively measure tissue blood flow. The imaging modality was created by David Boas and Arjun Yodh in 1995.
43-613: [REDACTED] Look up DCS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. DCS may refer to: Government [ edit ] Danish Council of State , the privy council of Denmark Defense Clandestine Service , a component of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency Department of Child Safety (or Services), or Child protective services , the name for an agency tasked with protecting children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS), as in: Deputy Chief of
86-534: A ϕ ( r , t ) + ν S ( r , t ) = ∂ ϕ ( r , t ) ∂ t ( 2 ) {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (D\nabla \phi (r,t))-\nu \mu _{a}\phi (r,t)+\nu S(r,t)={\partial \phi (r,t) \over \partial t}(2)} The blood flow measurement can be governed by the diffusion equation. Many tissue optical properties that affect diffusion such as tissue absorption and tissue reduced scattering coefficient are
129-452: A Canadian rap rock group Desi Culture Shock , a UK Bhangra group Digital Combat Simulator , a combat flight simulator developed by Eagle Dynamics Other [ edit ] Deacon (Church of Scotland) , postnominal for a deaconess or deacon of the Church of Scotland Deaf Children's Society , a British charity for deaf people and their families Dynamic Cooking Systems, now
172-399: A Canadian rap rock group Desi Culture Shock , a UK Bhangra group Digital Combat Simulator , a combat flight simulator developed by Eagle Dynamics Other [ edit ] Deacon (Church of Scotland) , postnominal for a deaconess or deacon of the Church of Scotland Deaf Children's Society , a British charity for deaf people and their families Dynamic Cooking Systems, now
215-459: A GABA transaminase inhibitor and an antibiotic Decompression sickness , symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body Dendritic cells , a type of antigen presenting cell of immunologic function Dorsal Column Stimulator , an implantable medical device used to treat chronic pain of neurologic origin Damage control surgery , a form of surgery which
258-566: A High/Middle Charter School located in Miami Shores, Florida Medicine [ edit ] D -Cycloserine , a GABA transaminase inhibitor and an antibiotic Decompression sickness , symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body Dendritic cells , a type of antigen presenting cell of immunologic function Dorsal Column Stimulator , an implantable medical device used to treat chronic pain of neurologic origin Damage control surgery ,
301-573: A constitutionally-established advisory body to the government of the Netherlands Law enforcement [ edit ] Department of Corrective Services , department of New South Wales Government responsible for supervision of adult offenders on community-based or custodial orders Detective Chief Superintendent , the senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces in
344-610: A form of surgery which is used in cases of severe trauma Delusional companion syndrome , a psychological neuropathology of the self Diffuse correlation spectrometry , a medical imaging technique Technology [ edit ] Data Coding Scheme is a field in SMS and CB messages which carries information about message encoding Dark current spectroscopy , a technique used to find contaminants in silicon Departure control system , airline computer systems responsible for passenger and bag processing activities Deep Cycle Systems
387-608: A manner that is similar to the light fluence rate. ⟨ E ∗ ( r , t ) ⋅ E ( t , τ ) ⟩ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \langle E^{*}(r,t)\cdot E(t,\tau )\rangle (1)} In a highly scattering media, the photon fluence rate obeys the time-dependent diffusion equation , shown in equation 2. Optical imaging variables used in these equation are here . ∇ ⋅ ( D ∇ ϕ ( r , t ) ) − ν μ
430-591: A manufacturer of video copy protection Form D Control System, a subset of the Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee operating rules for railroads Kodak DCS , a series of professional digital single-lens reflex cameras Dry Combat Submersible , a military submarine being developed for use by the United States Navy Entertainment [ edit ] Dead Celebrity Status ,
473-400: A manufacturer of video copy protection Form D Control System, a subset of the Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee operating rules for railroads Kodak DCS , a series of professional digital single-lens reflex cameras Dry Combat Submersible , a military submarine being developed for use by the United States Navy Entertainment [ edit ] Dead Celebrity Status ,
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#1732772199801516-540: A private school in Lancaster, California Diploma of Collegial Studies , a certificate awarded for completion of pre-university studies in the province of Québec, Canada Dipolog Community School, a non-tertiary institution in Dipolog City, Philippines Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores , a High/Middle Charter School located in Miami Shores, Florida Medicine [ edit ] D -Cycloserine ,
559-604: A school district and elementary/middle school in Dayton, Tennessee Dean Close School Desert Christian Schools (Arizona) , in Tucson, Arizona Desert Christian Schools (California) , a private school in Lancaster, California Diploma of Collegial Studies , a certificate awarded for completion of pre-university studies in the province of Québec, Canada Dipolog Community School, a non-tertiary institution in Dipolog City, Philippines Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores ,
602-417: A sound system developed by Williams Electronics Digital cross connect system , a type of telecom equipment Digital-Coded Squelch , a squelch that superimposes a continuous stream of FSK digital data on the transmitted signal Distributed control system , a control system in which the controller elements are not central in location but are distributed throughout the system Dwight Cavendish Systems,
645-417: A sound system developed by Williams Electronics Digital cross connect system , a type of telecom equipment Digital-Coded Squelch , a squelch that superimposes a continuous stream of FSK digital data on the transmitted signal Distributed control system , a control system in which the controller elements are not central in location but are distributed throughout the system Dwight Cavendish Systems,
688-509: A unit of Fisher & Paykel All pages with titles beginning with DCS Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title DCS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DCS&oldid=1236395085 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
731-509: A unit of Fisher & Paykel All pages with titles beginning with DCS Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title DCS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DCS&oldid=1236395085 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
774-512: Is a company specialized in batteries and solar power Desktop Color Separations , an enhanced EPS file format Device Control String , hex 90 in the C1 set of control codes Dichlorosilane , SiH 2 Cl 2 , used in microelectronic wafer processing Digital Cellular System , a mobile communications-based PCS network used outside of the U.S. Digital Command System , a model railroad system by MTH Electric Trains Digital Compression System ,
817-464: Is a company specialized in batteries and solar power Desktop Color Separations , an enhanced EPS file format Device Control String , hex 90 in the C1 set of control codes Dichlorosilane , SiH 2 Cl 2 , used in microelectronic wafer processing Digital Cellular System , a mobile communications-based PCS network used outside of the U.S. Digital Command System , a model railroad system by MTH Electric Trains Digital Compression System ,
860-407: Is based on a well known spectral window that exists in the near-infrared (NIR, 700-900 nm) where tissue absorption is relatively low so that light can penetrate into deep/thick volumes of tissue, up to several centimeters. It provides a fast and portable alternative to measure deep tissue hemodynamics . However, it has a poor spatial resolution and is a ‘static’ method. This means that it measures
903-505: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages DCS [REDACTED] Look up DCS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. DCS may refer to: Government [ edit ] Danish Council of State , the privy council of Denmark Defense Clandestine Service , a component of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency Department of Child Safety (or Services), or Child protective services ,
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#1732772199801946-401: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Diffuse correlation spectrometry Blood flow is one the most important factors affecting the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to tissues. Abnormal blood flow is associated with many diseases such as stroke and cancer. Tumors from cancer can generate abnormal tumor blood flow compared to
989-437: Is limited to large vessels. PET requires arterial blood sampling and exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI cannot be used for patients with pacemakers and those with metal implants. All together, these imaging modalities have large and costly instrumentation and are not conducive to continuous measurements. With these considerations in mind, the first methodology used to measure blood flow is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). It
1032-413: Is measured. A model for photon propagation through tissues, the measured autocorrelation signal is used to determine the motion of blood flow. Diffuse correlation spectrometry is an extension of single-scattering dynamic light scattering (DLS). Single-scattering theory becomes inadequate as multiple scattering effects take place in biological thick tissues. Therefore, each scattering event contributes to
1075-402: Is no ionizing radiation, no contrast agents, high temporal resolution, and large penetration depth. The utility of DCS technology has been demonstrated in tumors, brains, and skeletal muscles. The general approach with DCS is that the temporal statistics of the fluctuations of the scattered light within a speckle area or pixel is monitored. Then, the electric field temporal autocorrelation function
1118-423: Is that the theoretical concepts of DCS can be adapted to other blood flow imaging techniques. However, there are limitations associated with DCS. First, the reason for why the dynamics of RBCs are so well approximated by a Brownian motion flow model is still not clear. Second, motion artifacts are common and can generate signals that can mislead physiological interpretation. Third, on the instrumentation side,
1161-537: Is used in cases of severe trauma Delusional companion syndrome , a psychological neuropathology of the self Diffuse correlation spectrometry , a medical imaging technique Technology [ edit ] Data Coding Scheme is a field in SMS and CB messages which carries information about message encoding Dark current spectroscopy , a technique used to find contaminants in silicon Departure control system , airline computer systems responsible for passenger and bag processing activities Deep Cycle Systems
1204-491: Is used to measure blood flow. Therefore, is the blood flow index (BFI). To calculate the relative blood flow (rBF), the equation is shown in equation 4 where BFI 0 is the DCS blood flow measurement at a baseline. r B F = B F I B F I 0 ( 4 ) {\displaystyle rBF={\frac {BFI}{BFI_{0}}}~(4)} The instrumentation needed in order to conduct
1247-701: The Air Staff (disambiguation) Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff White House Deputy Chief of Staff Diplomatic Courier Service , a branch of the US Bureau of Diplomatic Security tasked with protecting diplomatic pouches and material Directorate of Colonial Surveys , the United Kingdom's central survey and mapping organisation for British colonies and protectorates 1946–1957 Dutch Council of State ,
1290-675: The United Kingdom Georgia Department of Community Supervision , the executive branch agency of the U.S. state of Georgia tasked with the supervision of felony probationers and parolees Education [ edit ] Dade Christian School , a private school in Miami-Dade County, Florida Dayton City School , a school district and elementary/middle school in Dayton, Tennessee Dean Close School Desert Christian Schools (Arizona) , in Tucson, Arizona Desert Christian Schools (California) ,
1333-464: The United Kingdom's central survey and mapping organisation for British colonies and protectorates 1946–1957 Dutch Council of State , a constitutionally-established advisory body to the government of the Netherlands Law enforcement [ edit ] Department of Corrective Services , department of New South Wales Government responsible for supervision of adult offenders on community-based or custodial orders Detective Chief Superintendent ,
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1376-401: The data acquisition include a multimode optical fiber, single-mode or few-mode fibers, photon-counting avalanche photodiodes (APDs), multi-tau correlator board, and a computer. The first step of data acquisition is probing the tissue with multimode optical fibers that deliver a long coherence length laser light to the tissue. The second step of data acquisition is collecting photons emitted from
1419-435: The decay of the correlation function. The fields from individual photon paths are assumed to be uncorrelated; therefore, the total field autocorrelation function can be expressed as the weighted sum of the field autocorrelation function from each photon path. The physical effect that makes the blood flow measurement possible is the temporal electric field autocorrelation function, shown in equation 1, diffuses through tissue in
1462-550: The detected signal. Then, the function outputs onto the computer where the functions are fitted to the diffusion equation in the previous section in order to determine optical properties about the tissue as well as properties of the scatters or red blood cells such as blood flow index and many more. A clinical application of DCS is for use in diagnosis of cancers. An example of this is measuring red blood cell flow in breast tumors. In this experiment, both healthy patients and patients with breast tumors were recruited. Researchers scanned
1505-475: The effective diffusion coefficient of the moving scatterers. In order to estimate relative blood flow from DCS data, we fit the measured intensity autocorrelation functions to solutions of the equation in equation 3. Currently, there is no evidence explaining why Brownian-motion correlation curves work effectively. This is the current empirical approach. The unit of α D B (cm /s) has been found to correlate well with other blood flow measurement modalities and
1548-461: The motion of scatters or red blood cells in tissue by analyzing the intensity of autocorrelation functions. There are many advantages to this method. The first advantage is that DCS can be used for patients of all ages. This is significant as some modalities such as MRI are difficult to use for certain populations. The second advantage is that DCS instrumentation is easy to assemble and requires only one wavelength that can be chosen. The third advantage
1591-451: The name for an agency tasked with protecting children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS), as in: Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (disambiguation) Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff White House Deputy Chief of Staff Diplomatic Courier Service , a branch of the US Bureau of Diplomatic Security tasked with protecting diplomatic pouches and material Directorate of Colonial Surveys ,
1634-427: The relatively slow variation in tissue absorption and scattering. In other words, it measures the changes in the amount of scattering rather than the motion of the scatter. This led to the ‘dynamic’ NIRS technique or Diffuse correlation spectroscopy. It measures the motions of the scatters while also maintaining the advantages of NIRS. The primary moving scatterers are red blood cells. The main advantages of this method
1677-1010: The same for temporal autocorrelation. Using the same set of approximations, the temporal field autocorrelation function obeys a formally similar diffusion equation, shown in equation 3. [ ∇ ⋅ D ( r ) ∇ − ν μ a ( r ) − α 3 ν μ s ′ k o 2 ⟨ Δ r 2 ( τ ) ⟩ ] G 1 ( r , τ ) = − ν S ( r ) ( 3 ) {\displaystyle [\nabla \cdot D(r)\nabla -\nu \mu _{a}(r)-{\frac {\alpha }{3}}\nu \mu _{s}^{'}k_{o}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle ]G_{1}(r,\tau )=-\nu S(r)~(3)} The mean-square particle displacement has been found to be reasonably well approximated as an “effective” Brownian motion , i.e., D B represents
1720-417: The senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces in the United Kingdom Georgia Department of Community Supervision , the executive branch agency of the U.S. state of Georgia tasked with the supervision of felony probationers and parolees Education [ edit ] Dade Christian School , a private school in Miami-Dade County, Florida Dayton City School ,
1763-468: The surrounding tissue. Current treatments attempt to decrease blood flow to cancer cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a way to measure blood flow. However, blood flow is difficult to measure because of sensitivity and stability of the measurement as it depends on magnitude of flow, location, and the diameter of individual vessels. Current imaging modalities used to measure blood flow include Doppler ultrasound , PET , and MRI . Doppler ultrasound
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1806-481: The tissue surface with single-mode or few-mode fibers. The third step of data acquisition is the APDs detect the photons from the single-mode or few-mode fibers. The APDs act like detectors. The APDs will have a transistor-transistor logic output or binary outputs with the use of transistors. These outputs will be fed into the multi-tau correlator board which will calculate the temporal intensity auto-correlation functions of
1849-533: The tumor with a hand-held optical probe with 4 sources and detectors 2.5 cm apart from each other. Then, the resultant correlation functions were fit to the solution of the correlation diffusion equation to obtain the blood flow index. The average relative blood flow was reported at each position. Blood flow increased in both horizontal and vertical scans as the probe crossed over the tumor. These findings were consistent with previous Doppler ultrasound and PET results. Diffuse correlation spectrometry measures
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