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37-457: DECtapes are 3 ⁄ 4 inch (19 mm) wide, and formatted into blocks of data that can each be read or written individually. Each tape stores 184K 12-bit PDP-8 words or 144K 18-bit words. Block size is 128 12-bit words (for the 12-bit machines), or 256 18-bit words for the other machines (16, 18, 32, or 36-bit systems). From a programming point of view, because the system is block-oriented and allows random seeking, DECtape behaves like

74-402: A 12-bit resolution. Some PIC microcontrollers use a 12-bit word size. 12 binary digits, or 3 nibbles (a 'tribble'), have 4096 (10000 octal , 1000 hexadecimal ) distinct combinations. Hence, a microprocessor with 12-bit memory addresses can directly access 4096 words (4 kW) of word-addressable memory. IBM System/360 instruction formats use a 12-bit displacement field which, added to

111-728: A capacity of about 256 kilobytes. Unlike the original DECtape media, DECtape II cartridges cannot be formatted on the tape drive transports sold to end-users, and have to be purchased in a factory pre-formatted state. The TU58 is also used with other computers, such as the Automatix Autovision machine vision system and AI32 robot controller. TU58 driver software is available for modern PCs running DOS . Early production TU58s suffered from some reliability and data interchangeability problems, which were eventually resolved. However, rapid advances in low-cost floppy disk technology, which had an inherent speed advantage, soon outflanked

148-425: A clock track, a mark track and 3 data tracks. Manchester encoding (PE) was used. The clock and mark tracks are written only once, when the tape was formatted; after that, they are read-only. This meant a "drop-out" on one channel could be tolerated; even a hole punched through the tape with a 0.25 in (6.4 mm) hole punch will not cause the read to fail. Another reason for DECtape's unusually high reliability

185-407: A high–low signal sequence and a logic 1 is represented by a low–high signal sequence. If a Manchester encoded signal is inverted in communication, it is transformed from one convention to the other. This ambiguity can be overcome by using differential Manchester encoding . The existence of guaranteed transitions allows the signal to be self-clocking, and also allows the receiver to align correctly;

222-481: A much smaller 0.150 in (3.8 mm) tape (the same width as an audio compact cassette ). The tape is packaged in a special, pre-formatted DC150 miniature cartridge consisting of a clear plastic cover mounted on a textured aluminum plate. Cartridge dimensions are 2 + 3 ⁄ 8 by 3 + 3 ⁄ 16 by 1 ⁄ 2 inch (60 mm × 81 mm × 13 mm). The TU58 DECtape II drive has an RS-232 serial interface , allowing it to be used with

259-564: A physically incompatible tape format (½-inch tape on 10-inch reels, where LINC tape and DECtape used ¾-inch tape on 4-inch reels). Digital initially introduced the Type 550 Microtape Control and Type 555 Dual Microtape Transport as peripherals for the PDP-1 and PDP-4 computers, both 18-bit machines. DEC advertised the availability of these peripherals in March and May, 1963, and by November, planning

296-660: A very slow disk drive. DECtape has its origin in the LINCtape tape system, which was originally designed by Wesley Clark at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory as an integral part of the LINC computer. There are simple LINC instructions for reading and writing tape blocks using a single machine instruction. The design of the LINC, including LINCtape, was placed in the public domain because its development had been funded by

333-471: Is a special case of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), where the data controls the phase of a square wave carrier whose frequency is the data rate. Manchester code ensures frequent line voltage transitions, directly proportional to the clock rate; this helps clock recovery . The DC component of the encoded signal is not dependent on the data and therefore carries no information. Therefore connections may be inductively or capacitively coupled, allowing

370-543: Is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time. It is a self-clocking signal with no DC component . Consequently, electrical connections using a Manchester code are easily galvanically isolated . Manchester code derives its name from its development at the University of Manchester , where the coding was used for storing data on the magnetic drums of the Manchester Mark 1 computer. Manchester code

407-407: Is quite different from any other type of tape drive or controller at the time. The tape is 0.75 in (19 mm) wide, accommodating 6 data tracks, 2 mark tracks, and 2 clock tracks, with data recorded at roughly 350 bits per inch (138 bits per cm). Each track is paired with a non-adjacent track for redundancy by wiring the tape heads in parallel; as a result the electronics only deal with 5 tracks:

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444-424: Is the use of laminated tape: the magnetic oxide is sandwiched between two layers of mylar , rather than being on the surface as was common in other magnetic tape types. This allows the tape to survive many thousands of passes over the tape heads without wearing away the oxide layer, which would otherwise have occurred in heavy swap file use on timesharing systems. The fundamental durability and reliability of DECtape

481-409: Is usually programmed to keep retrying a failed read operation, which often succeeds after multiple attempts. Experienced DECtape users learned to notice the characteristic "shoe-shining" motion of a failing DECtape as it is passed repeatedly back and forth over the tape heads, and would retire the tape from further use. Computer Operations Inc (COI) of Beltsville, Maryland offered a DECtape clone in

518-520: The LINC Tape II with support for the DEC PDP-8 , PDP-11 , Data General Nova , Interdata 7/32 , HP 2100 , Honeywell 316 and several other computers in 1974, the drive was priced at $ 1,995 and was explicitly advertised as being DECtape compatible. In 1974, DEC charged COI with patent infringement. COI, in turn, filed a suit claiming that DEC's patent was invalid on several grounds, including

555-402: The 1970s. Initially, COI offered LINC-tape drives for computers made by Data General , Hewlett-Packard and Varian , with only passing reference to its similarity to DECtape. While DECtape and LINC tape are physically interchangeable, the data format COI initially used for 16-bit minicomputers was distinct from both the format used by the LINC and the format used on DECtape. When COI offered

592-459: The DECtape II and rendered it obsolete. 12-bit computing In computer architecture , 12-bit integers , memory addresses , or other data units are those that are 12 bits (1.5 octets) wide. Also, 12-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers , address buses , or data buses of that size. Before

629-631: The DECtape was a breakthrough in supporting the first timesharing systems on DEC computers. The legendary PDP-1 at MIT , where early computer hacker culture developed, adopted multiple DECtape drives to support a primitive software sharing community. The hard disk system (when it was working) was considered a "temporary" file storage device used for speed, not to be trusted to hold files for long-term storage. Computer users would keep their own personal work files on DECtapes, as well as software to be shared with others. The design of DECtape and its controllers

666-407: The LINC is essentially the same as the Type 555 transport, with the same interface signals and the same physical tape medium. The LINC and DEC controllers, however, are incompatible, and the positions of the supply and take-up reels were reversed between the LINC and DEC tape formats. While LINCtape supports high-speed bidirectional block search, it only supports actual data read and write operations in

703-608: The TX-2 tape system from which the LINC tape was derived. Eventually, the TC12-F tape controller on the PDP-12 supported both LINCtape and DECtape on the same transport. As with the earlier LINC-8 , the PDP-12 is a PDP-8 augmented with hardware support for the LINC instruction set and associated laboratory peripherals. DECtape was designed to be reliable and durable enough to be used as

740-482: The assertions that DEC had marketed DECtape-based equipment for over a year before filing for the patent, that they had failed to properly disclose the prior art, and that the key claims in the DEC patent were in the public domain. The US Patent and Trademark Office ruled DEC's patent invalid in 1978. The court case continued into the 1980s. DECtape II was introduced around 1978 and has a similar block structure, but uses

777-413: The contents of a base register, can address 4096 bytes of memory in a region that begins at the address in the base register. This computer hardware article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Manchester code In telecommunications and data storage , Manchester code (also known as phase encoding , or PE ) is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit

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814-407: The drives, usually when being spun at full speed, as in an end-to-end seek. The reel of tape would fall onto the floor and roll in a straight line or circle, often unspooling and tangling the tape as it went. In spite of this horrifying spectacle, desperate users would carefully untangle that tape and wind it laboriously back onto the tape reel, then re-install it onto the hub, with a paper shim to hold

851-408: The first half of the bit period, and a high level in the second half. For a 1 bit the signal levels will be high–low. This is also known as Manchester II or Biphase-L code. The second convention is also followed by numerous authors (e.g., William Stallings ) as well as by IEEE 802.4 (token bus) and lower speed versions of IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standards. It states that a logic 0 is represented by

888-400: The forward direction. DECtape uses a significantly different mark track format to provide for the possibility of read and write operations in either direction, although not all DECtape controllers support reverse read. DEC applied for a patent on the enhanced features incorporated into DECtape in late 1964. The inventor listed on this patent, Thomas Stockebrand, is also an author of the paper on

925-425: The government. LINCtape drives were manufactured by several companies, including Digital. In turn, LINCtape's origin can be found in the magnetic tape system for the historic Lincoln Laboratory TX-2 computer, designed by Richard L. Best and T. C. Stockebrand. The TX-2 Tape System is the direct ancestor of LINCtape, including the use of two redundant sets of five tracks and a direct drive tape transport, but it uses

962-619: The main storage medium for a computer's operating system (OS). It is possible, although slow, to use a DECtape drive to run a small OS such as OS/8 or OS/12. The system would be configured to put temporary swap files on a second DECtape drive, so as to not slow down access to the main drive holding the system programs. Upon its introduction, DECtape was considered a major improvement over hand-loaded paper tapes, which could not be used to support swap files essential for practical timesharing . Early hard disk and drum drives were very expensive, limited in capacity, and notoriously unreliable, so

999-579: The ordinary serial ports that are very common on Digital's contemporary processors. Because of its low cost, the TU58 was fitted to several different systems (including the VT103 , PDP-11/24 and /44 and the VAX-11/730 and /750) as a DEC-standard device for software product distribution, and for loading diagnostic programs and microcode . The first version of the TU58 imposed very severe timing constraints on

1036-453: The receiver can identify if it is misaligned by half a bit period, as there will no longer always be a transition during each bit period. The price of these benefits is a doubling of the bandwidth requirement compared to simpler NRZ coding schemes. Encoding conventions are as follows: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C . General Services Administration . Archived from

1073-422: The reel more tightly. The data on the mangled DECtape could often be recovered completely and copied to another tape, provided that the original tape had only been creased multiple times, and not stretched or broken. DEC quickly issued an Engineering Change Order (ECO) to replace the defective hubs, to resolve the problem. Eventually, a heavily used or abused DECtape begins to become unreliable. The operating system

1110-459: The same data rate but may be less tolerant of frequency errors and jitter in the transmitter and receiver reference clocks. Manchester code always has a transition at the middle of each bit period and may (depending on the information to be transmitted) have a transition at the start of the period also. The direction of the mid-bit transition indicates the data. Transitions at the period boundaries do not carry information. They exist only to place

1147-403: The signal in the correct state to allow the mid-bit transition. There are two opposing conventions for the representations of data. The first of these was first published by G. E. Thomas in 1949 and is followed by numerous authors (e.g., Andy Tanenbaum ). It specifies that for a 0 bit the signal levels will be low–high (assuming an amplitude physical encoding of the data) – with a low level in

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1184-595: The signal to be conveyed conveniently by galvanically isolated media (e.g., Ethernet) using a network isolator —a simple one-to-one pulse transformer which cannot convey a DC component. Manchester coding's data rate is only half that of a non-coded signal, which limits its usefulness to systems where bandwidth is not an issue, such as a local area network (LAN) . Manchester encoding introduces difficult frequency-related problems that make it unsuitable for use at higher data rates. There are more complex codes, such as 8B/10B encoding , that use less bandwidth to achieve

1221-477: The unbuffered UARTs then being used by Digital, but a later firmware revision eased the flow-control problems. The RT11 single-user operating system can be bootstrapped from a TU58, but the relatively slow access time of the tape drive makes use of the system challenging to an impatient user. Like its predecessor DECtape, and like the faster RX01 floppies used on the VAX-11/780 , a DECtape II cartridge has

1258-569: The widespread adoption of ASCII in the late 1960s, six-bit character codes were common and a 12-bit word, which could hold two characters, was a convenient size. This also made it useful for storing a single decimal digit along with a sign. Possibly the best-known 12-bit CPU is the PDP-8 and its relatives, such as the Intersil 6100 microprocessor produced in various forms from August 1963 to mid-1990. Many analog to digital converters (ADCs) have

1295-464: Was already underway to offer the product for the 12-bit PDP-5 and 36-bit PDP-6 , even though this involved a change in recording format. The initial specifications for the Type 550 controller discuss a significant advance beyond the LINCtape, the ability to read and write in either direction. By late 1964, the Type 555 transport was being marketed as a DECtape transport. The tape transport used on

1332-420: Was underscored when the design of the tape reel mounting hubs was changed in the early 1970s. The original machined metal hub with a retaining spring was replaced by a lower cost single-piece plastic hub with 6 flexible arms in a "starfish" or "flower" shape. When a defective batch of these new design hubs was shipped on new DECtape drives, these hubs would loosen over time. As a result, DECtape reels would fall off

1369-482: Was widely used for magnetic recording on 1600 bpi computer tapes before the introduction of 6250 bpi tapes which used the more efficient group-coded recording . Manchester code was used in early Ethernet physical layer standards and is still used in consumer IR protocols, RFID and near-field communication . It was and still is used for uploading commands to the Voyager spacecraft . Manchester coding

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