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56-645: Dodoens was born Rembert van Joenckema in Mechelen , then the capital of the Spanish Netherlands in 1517. His parents were Denis van Joenckema (d. 1533) and Ursula Roelants. The van Joenckema family and name are Frisian in origin. Its members were active in politics and jurisprudence in Friesland and some had moved in 1516 to Mechelen. His father was one of the municipal physicians in Mechelen and

112-444: A Dutch dialect which is distinct from other Brabantic dialects. Since 1995, a subscribers' quarterly, De Mecheleir , shows old photographs of Mechelen and has stories on the local history, as well as a few columns written mimicking the dialect, for which there is no standard spelling. Historically famous Mechlinian trades include laken (woollen cloth), tapestries , cordwain , Mechlin lace (precious bobbin lace , already from

168-427: A botanical Renaissance . Europe became fascinated with natural history from the 1530s, and gardening and cultivation of plants became a passion and prestigious pursuit from monarchs to universities. The first botanical gardens appeared as well as the first illustrated botanical encyclopaedias, together with thousands of watercolours and woodcuts. The experience of farmers, gardeners, foresters, apothecaries and physicians

224-700: A chair at the University of Leuven. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of king Philip II of Spain . In 1575–1578, he was the court physician of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian II and his successor Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna . In 1582, he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Leiden . He died in Leiden in 1585, and was buried at Pieterskerk, Leiden . In

280-591: A dark green granite socle – the tallest granite Buddha in Europe. The Refuge of Grimbergen, the Refuge of Villers, the Refuge of Rozendaal, the Refuge of Sint-Truiden and the Refuge of Tongerlo, are retreat mansions for distant abbeys, the latter now housing the Manufacturer De Wit which restores the finest tapestries , for which Flanders was famous in the 16th century. The Lakenhal (a cloth hall ) and

336-478: A database of stolen, non-insured and cars listed for other reasons. In case of a positive match, an alarm is generated in the dispatching room, enabling the police to quickly intercept the car. Mechelen was one of the first cities in Belgium to use ANPR on this scale. As of early 2012, 1 million cars per week are checked in this way. Mechelen started this project with SAIT Zenitel. Mechelen and Willebroek formed

392-568: A famous place of pilgrimage in Belgium, was designed by native architect Lucas Faydherbe , some of whose sculptures can also be found in the cathedral, and was completed in 1876. The Kerk van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-over-de-Dijle (Church of Our Lady across the river Dijle) and the Sint-Janskerk exhibit work from Rubens , including 'The Adoration of the Magi' and 'The Miraculous Draught of Fishes' respectively. Other important churches in Mechelen include

448-561: A major trend in the European Renaissance to explore (and perhaps comprehend) the known world. In astrophysics , the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale matter distribution and kinematics of the observable universe , dependent on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric but independent of the temporal dependence of the scale factor on

504-448: A medical family in Mechelen. With her he had four children, Ursula (b. 1544), Denijs (b. 1548), Antonia, and Rembert Dodoens. After his wife's death at the age of 55 in 1572, he married Maria Saerinen by whom he had a daughter, Johanna. In 1548, Dodoens followed in his father's footsteps by becoming one of the three municipal physicians in Mechelen together with Joachim Roelandts and Jacob De Moor. In 1557, Dodoens turned down an offer of

560-465: A private physician to Margaret of Austria , Governor of the Netherlands, in her final illness. Margaret of Austria's court was based in Mechelen. Rembert later changed his last name to Dodoens (literally "Son of Dodo", a form of his father's name, Denis or Doede). Dodoens was educated at the municipal college in Mechelen before beginning his studies in medicine , cosmography and geography at

616-551: A settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel . The area of Mechelen was settled on the banks of the river during the Gallo-Roman period as evidenced by several Roman ruins and roads. Upon Rome's declining influence during 3rd–4th centuries, the area became inhabited by Germanic tribes . A few centuries later, it was christianized , assumedly by the Irish or Scottish missionary St Rumbold (Dutch: Rombout ), who

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672-569: A standard work in that language. At the time, it was the most translated book after the Bible . It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries. The Cruydeboeck' s latin version published at the Plantin Press in Antwerp in 1583 under the title Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXXs was a considerable revision. It contained new families, enlarged

728-501: A unified local police zone on 1 January 2015; it was extended with Puurs-Sint-Amands and Bornem on 1 January 2023, the zone now being called Rivierenland Police Zone  [ nl ] . Mechelen is a diverse city with over 100 nationalities, and has a significant Muslim population. The city is estimated to be around 20% Muslim as of 2016, with much of the community of Moroccan origin. Cosmography The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been

784-634: Is Bart Somers (Open Vld) since 2001. In October 2019 Alexander Vandersmissen became acting mayor because Bart Somers became minister in the Flemish government, he retains the title of mayor. The Vld-Groen-M+ kartel got an absolute majority of seats in the October 2018 election . The 2019-2024 city council, elected in October 2018, consists of: The city of Mechelen uses ANPR cameras since September 2011 to check all inbound and outbound cars against

840-478: Is a city and municipality in the province of Antwerp in the Flemish Region of Belgium . The municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel (adjacent) and Battel (a few kilometers away), as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen , Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen. The river Dyle (Dijle) flows through the city, hence it is often referred to as

896-489: Is considered to be an early work of cosmography. Traditional Hindu , Buddhist and Jain cosmography schematize a universe centered on Mount Meru surrounded by rivers, continents and seas. These cosmographies posit a universe being repeatedly created and destroyed over time cycles of immense lengths. In 1551, Martín Cortés de Albacar , from Zaragoza , Spain, published Breve compendio de la esfera y del arte de navegar . Translated into English and reprinted several times,

952-612: Is pulled about on a sheet as part of the Ommegang. Nowadays, it is the replica that is so pulled around the city. A recent bronze statue depicting the Opsinjoorke stands in front of the Belfry. The annual parade of carts decorated with flowers (comparable to that of Blankenberge for Mechlinian florists still prepare up to half of decorations), and with vegetables—all of which are local to the area—has been indefinitely canceled since

1008-573: Is still brewed in the city at Het Anker brewery, one of the oldest breweries in Belgium. Mechelen has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ). Mechelen has a narrow temperature range between seasons for its high latitude, despite its inland position. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters usually remain above freezing. Similar to Belgium as a whole, the climate is relatively cloudy and receives frequent rainfall, often light. Home of two old Belgian football clubs, founded in 1904: K.R.C. Mechelen and K.V. Mechelen . The latter contributed to

1064-474: Is the largest co-operative vegetable auction in Europe. One of the four breeds of the Belgian Sheepdog is the local Malinois . The Mechelse koekoek is a local poultry breed, fleshy chickens with black and white feathers which extend on the birds' legs, with colours reminiscent of a cuckoo , hence the name. Mechelsen Bruynen was allegedly the emperor Charles V 's favourite beer. A version

1120-616: The Dijlestad ("City on the Dyle"). Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels – Antwerp , about 25 km (16 mi) from each city. Inhabitants find employment at Mechelen's southern industrial and northern office estates, as well as at offices or industry near the capital and Brussels Airport , or at industrial plants near Antwerp's seaport . Mechelen is one of Flanders' prominent cities of historical art, with Antwerp , Bruges , Brussels , Ghent , and Leuven . It

1176-728: The Eighty Years' War , the city was burned and sacked by the Spanish during the Spanish Fury at Mechelen . After this pillaging, the city was rebuilt. It was sacked again in 1580 during the English Fury at Mechelen . It was during this time that the tradition of furniture making, still seen today, began. In 1718, a major rebellion took place in the city, angry mobs entered the Town Hall. During this time Lord Pierre de Romrée

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1232-667: The Late Middle Ages and it even became the capital of the Low Countries (very roughly the Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) in the first half of the 16th century under Archduchess Margaret of Austria . During the 16th century, the city's political influence decreased dramatically, due to many governmental institutions being moved to Brussels in 1530 and after the gunpowder magazine explosion of 1546. Mechelen compensated for this by increasing prominence in

1288-666: The Malines Conversations , presided over by Cardinal Mercier and attended by Anglican divines and laymen, including Lord Halifax , was the most significant of early attempts at the reconciliation between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches. Most cities in Flanders have a mock name for their inhabitants. Since 1687, for their heroic attempt to fight the fire high up in the Saint-Rumbold's Tower, where

1344-608: The Ultimate club Freespect is located in Mechelen. There are several important cathedrals and churches in Mechelen. Most famous is Sint-Romboutskathedraal ( St. Rumbold's Cathedral ) with its dominating tower, which was consecrated in 1312 and is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site. The domed, baroque Basiliek van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-van-Hanswijk ,

1400-600: The protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos , heaven and Earth ; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the observable universe . Premodern views of cosmography can be traditionally divided into those following the tradition of ancient near eastern cosmology , dominant in the Ancient Near East and in early Greece . The 14th-century work 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat by Persian physician Zakariya al-Qazwini

1456-482: The 14th-century Belfry beside it are now incorporated with the modern City Hall complex on the main square. The hall and belfry are part of the Belfries of Belgium and France World Heritage Site for their civic importance and architecture. The Brusselpoort , the last remaining of the city's twelve gates was built in the 13th century. Along with the Schepenhuis, the oldest stone-built city hall in Flanders and

1512-586: The 16th-19th centuries, and their houses still remain today. The Hof van Savoye was built for Margaret of Austria while she was regent of the Netherlands and in it she raised the later Charles Quint . It is one of the first Renaissance buildings north of the Alps and was converted to the meeting place of for courts of justice in 1609. In addition, Mechelen contains the "Hof van Nassau", a 15th-century building which served as temporary court of Margaret of York when she arrived in Mechelen after her marriage with Charles

1568-459: The 500th anniversary of the birth of Charles V . This cortege shows the city's six 15th–17th-century processional giants and other serious and humoresque puppets and carts, all typically made on a huge scale, and has been UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since 2005. The city's 17th-century wooden mascot, which since 1775 has been called Opsinjoorke 'the doll',

1624-638: The Bold , as well as the palace she resided in after Charles's death. Other notable houses from the time period include: Mechelen also contains many museums, parks, and zoos: Mechelen also contains the Royal Carillon School "Jef Denyn" where carillonneurs come from around the world to study the carillon and to play the instrument. Other sites in Mechelen include: There are over 300 protected monuments in Mechelen. The city council consists of 43 councillors, elected every six years. The mayor

1680-458: The age of 13 at the University of Leuven (Louvain), under Arnold Noot, Leonard Willemaer, Jean Heems, and Paul Roelswhere. He graduated with a licentiate in medicine in 1535, and as was the custom of the time, began extensive travels ( Wanderjahren ) in Europe till 1546, including Italy, Germany, France, and a stay in Basel 1542–1546. In 1539 he married Kathelijne De Bruyn (1517–1572), who came from

1736-691: The baroque Begijnhofkerk (Church of the Beguines, dedicated to St. Alexis and St. Catherine); the former Jesuit church Sint-Pieter en Pauluskerk (Saints Peter and Paul); and the present Jesuit Church of Our Lady of Leliendaal . Other religious buildings in Mechelen include the Palace of the Archbishop of the Archbishopric of Mechelen-Brussels , still in use for its original purpose by the current Archbishop De Kesel . These palaces may not be open to

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1792-464: The beginning of the 21st century due to lack of financing by the city. In spring, a legendary holy statue of Our Lady is the main feature in the Procession of Hanswijk. Mechelen used to have its own newspaper called de Krijgstrompet , which was the official newspaper of the army. Informally, many Mechlinians ( Dutch Mechelaars , locally pronounced Mecheleirs ) speak Mechlinian ( Mechels ),

1848-601: The city came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy , marking the beginning of a prosperous period. In 1473, Charles the Bold moved several political bodies to the city, and Mechelen served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution . In 1490, a regular postal service between Mechelen and Innsbruck was established. The highly lucrative cloth trade gained Mechelen wealth and power during

1904-512: The destruction of the city's fortified walls – their former location however continues to be referred to in the Latin terms intra muros (within the walls) and extra muros (outside), and meanwhile the site became that of the inner ring road. The city entered the industrial age in the 19th century. In 1835, the first railway on the European continent linked Brussels with Mechelen, which became

1960-558: The drawings in the Cruydeboeck , 515 were borrowed from Leonhart Fuchs' New-Kreuterbüchlein (1543) while 200 new drawings were drawn by Pieter van der Borcht the Elder and the woodblocks cut by Arnold Nicolai . Rather than the traditional method of arranging the plants in alphabetical order, the Cruydeboeck divided the plant kingdom into six groups ( Deel ), based on their properties and affinities. It treated in detail especially

2016-522: The early 18th century), wood carving and sculpturing , and furniture. Mechelen was at the heart of the revival of the carillon in the early 20th century, and hosts its principal school in the world to this day. The area around Mechelen is famous for the cultivation of vegetables, among which are Belgian endive ( witloof ), asparagus , and cauliflower . Founded in the city, the Mechelse Veilingen in neighbouring Sint-Katelijne-Waver

2072-410: The early sixteenth century the general belief was that the plant world had been completely described by Dioscorides in his De Materia Medica . During Dodoens' lifetime, botanical knowledge was undergoing enormous expansion, partly fueled by the expansion of the known plant world by New World exploration, the discovery of printing and the use of wood-block illustration. This period is thought of as

2128-473: The geography, politics, and cultures of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, with an addendum on Terra Incognita , including Australia, and extending to Utopia , Fairyland , and the "Land of Chivalrie ". In 1659, Thomas Porter published a smaller, but extensive Compendious Description of the Whole World , which also included a chronology of world events from Creation forward. These were all part of

2184-455: The gothic windows had shown the flaring of only the moon between clouds, Mechlinians have been called Maneblussers (moon extinguishers). Once every 25 years, a parade , the Ommegang , commemorates both the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , father of Archduchess Margaret of Austria , and also other major events of the city's past. The Ommegang had an extra edition in 2000 for

2240-476: The historical seat of the 'Grote Raad' ( Great Council or Supreme Court ), and the gothic - renaissance Hof van Busleyden where Hieronymus van Busleyden received Erasmus , Thomas More , and the later Pope Adrian VI , now house the City Museum. The Vismarkt (former fish market) is a 16th-century square located near the heart of the city along the river Dijle. Many famous people resided in Mechelen in

2296-638: The hub of the Belgian railway network. This led to a development of metalworking industries, among others the central railway workshops which are still located in the town today. During the Second World War , the extensive Mechlinian railway structure had caused the Nazi occupation forces to choose Mechelen for their infamous transit camp . Over 25,000 Jews and Roma were sent by rail to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp from Mechelen. The site of

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2352-622: The international glamour of the city by winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the European Super Cup in 1988. The number of lesser local teams shows this sport's popularity: Rapid Leest, Sporting Mechelen, Leest Utd., VV Leest, Walem, SK.Heffen, Zennester Hombeek, FC Muizen. In 1985 , the city hosted the Canoe Sprint World Championships . Home of the rugby union club Mechelen RFC . Also

2408-608: The medicinal herbs, which made this work, in the eyes of many, a pharmacopoeia . This work and its various editions and translations became one of the most important botanical works of the late 16th century, part of its popularity being his use of the vernacular rather than the commonly used Latin. The Cruydeboeck was translated first into French in 1557 by Charles de L'Ecluse ( Histoire des Plantes ), and into English in 1578 by Henry Lyte (via L'Ecluse) ( A new herbal, or historie of plants ), and later into Latin in 1583 ( Stirpium historiae pemptades sex ). The English version became

2464-507: The number of groups from 6 to 26 and included many new illustrations, both original and borrowed. It was used by John Gerard as the source for his widely used Herball (1597). Thomas Johnson , in his preface to his 1633 edition of Herball , explains the controversial use of Dodoens' work by Gerard. The Latin version was also translated back into Dutch and published in 1608 in Leiden by the Plantin Press of Frans van Ravelingen under

2520-907: The public in general but do offer a good external view. The Klein Begijnhof and the Groot Begijnhof (Small and Large Beguinages ), which house lay religious women, form part of the Flemish Béguinages World Heritage Site. The grounds of the Theravada Buddhist place of worship Wat Dhammapateep (Temple of the Flame of Truth or Reality as taught by the Enlightened One) has since 2005 housed a green granite Buddha, sculptured in China, seated on

2576-643: The religious arena: in 1559 it was proclaimed the Archdiocese of Mechelen , seat of religious authority over the territory that would eventually become Belgium. In 1961, "Brussels" was added to the title, resulting in the current Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels . Mechelen also retained further relevance as the Great Council of Mechelen remained the supreme court of the territory until the French Revolutionary Wars . In 1572, during

2632-404: The sixteenth century in reaction to this trend, and the scientific approach of observation, documentation and experimentation was being applied to the study of plants. Otto Brunfels published his Herbarium in 1530, followed by those of Jerome Bock (1539) and Leonhard Fuchs (1542), men that Kurt Sprengel would later call the "German fathers of botany". These men all influenced Dodoens, who

2688-449: The title Crvydt-Boeck van Robertus Dodonaeus, volgens sijne laatste verbetering... etc . This edition included additional information on American plants prepared by Joost van Ravelingen, the brother of the publisher and a botanist and physician like Dodoens himself. The Dutch editions of 1618 and 1644 were reprints of this 1608 edition. The 1644 edition had 1492 pages and 1367 woodcuts. See Vande Walle 2001a The plant genus Dodonaea

2744-605: The transit camp and a purpose-built complex across the public square, now house the Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights . Several famous meetings on the Christian religion are connected to the name of the city. One in 1909 is thought to have inaugurated the Liturgical Movement . Between 1921 and 1925, a series of unofficial conferences, known as

2800-553: The work was of great influence in Britain for many years. He proposed spherical charts and mentioned magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles. Peter Heylin 's 1652 book Cosmographie (enlarged from his Microcosmos of 1621) was one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English, and is the first known description of Australia , and among the first of California . The book has four sections, examining

2856-406: Was also said to have built a monastery. Work on the cathedral that is dedicated to the saint started around 1200. Antwerp lost profitable stapelrechten (rights as first seller) for wool, oats and salt to Mechelen in 1303 when John II , Duke of Brabant , granted city rights to the town. This started a rivalry between these cities that would last well into the 20th century. In the 15th century,

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2912-597: Was being supplemented by the rise of the plant expert. Collecting became a discipline, specifically the Kunst- und Wunderkammern (cabinets of curiosities) outside of Italy and the study of naturalia became widespread through many social strata. The great botanists of the sixteenth century were all, like Dodoens, originally trained as physicians, who pursued a knowledge of plants not just for medicinal properties, but in their own right. Chairs in botany, within medical faculties were being established in European universities throughout

2968-559: Was mayor of Mechelen. The chaos ended when the Emperor formally requested the President of the Great Council to restore peace. On 18 June, Christophe-Ernest de Baillet received a full list of the people who led the troubles. The President received the support of multiple regiments that had been sent by imperial command. After negotiations de Baillet restored peace and order in the city. In 1781, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , ordered

3024-506: Was named after Dodoens, by Carl Linnaeus . The following species are also named after him: Epilobium dodonaei ,: Comocladia dodonaea , Phellandrium dodonaei , Smyrnium dodonaei , Hypericum dodonaei and Pelargonium dodonaei . [REDACTED] Media related to Rembert Dodoens at Wikimedia Commons Mechelen Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɛxələ(n)] ; French : Malines [malin] ; historically known as Mechlin in English )

3080-638: Was notably a centre for artistic production during the Northern Renaissance , when painters, printmakers, illuminators and composers of polyphony were attracted by patrons such as Margaret of York , Margaret of Austria and Hieronymus van Busleyden . Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels – Leuven – Antwerp , mainly concentrated around Mechelen, which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre-long (28 ft) canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and

3136-411: Was their successor. Dodoens' initial works were published in the fields of cosmography and physiology . His De frugum historia (1552), a treatise on cereals , vegetables , and fodders marked the beginning of a distinguished career in botany. His herbal Cruydeboeck (herb book) with 715 images (1554, 1563) was influenced by earlier German botanists, particularly that of Leonhart Fuchs . Of

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