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61-463: The confrontation began in 1385 at a ball for the nobility in Dresden, when a personal dispute between John of Körbitz ( Hans von Körbitz ) and a young burgrave, Jeschke . After Jeschke had blatantly flirted with Körbitz's wife, the latter tripped him up, whereupon the gentleman from Dohna responded with a slap in the face. Nickel described this incident as follows in 1482: "The initial disagreement had

122-489: A German canonist expressed it. No moral obligation seemed more sacred than this ... The whole kindred, therefore, placed as a rule under the command of a chieftain , took up arms to punish the murder of one of its members or merely a wrong that he had suffered. Rita of Cascia , a popular 15th-century Italian saint, was canonized by the Catholic Church due mainly to her great effort to end a feud in which her family

183-456: A beginning: it was one of the Korbs, who tripped the young Jeschke in the ballroom at Dresden; whereupon Yoshko hit Korb in the mouth." The feud that started in this way, led John of Körbitz to lay siege to Jeschke's father, the old burggrave, Otto Heyde II, and his brother, Otto Heyde III. Jeschke himself was able to escape capture. While his brother was rescued from captivity (as witnessed by

244-529: A centuries-old tradition in Kosovo , tracing back to the Kanun , a 15th-century codification of Albanian customary rules. In the early 1990s, most cases of blood feuds were reconciled in the course of a large-scale reconciliation movement to end blood feuds led by Anton Çetta . The largest reconciliation gathering took place at Verrat e Llukës on 1 May 1990, which had between 100,000 and 500,000 participants. By 1992,

305-517: A few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted. In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed a family rival in Prague , and the town councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. His brother, Jiri Kopidlansky, declared a private war against the city of Prague. Another case was the Nuremberg-Schott feud, in which Maximilian was forced to step in to halt

366-585: A fight at a carnival celebration in 1991 two young men from the 'Ndrangheta crime organization were killed, leading to a series of feuds between rival clans. Blood feuds within Russian communities do exist (mostly related to criminal gangs), but are neither as common nor as pervasive as they are in the Caucasus . In the United States, gang warfare also often takes the form of blood feuds. A mob war

427-566: A long-running cycle of retaliatory violence . This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation usually makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds can persist for generations and may result in extreme acts of violence . They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations based in family honor . A mob war is a time when two or more rival families begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to

488-469: A third of Ya̧nomamö males, on average, died from warfare . The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the enslavement of neighboring tribes, such as the Macu , before the arrival of European settlers and government. In Homeric ancient Greece , the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers

549-417: A total of 1,266 rido cases between the 1930s and 2005, which have killed over 5,500 people and displaced thousands. The four provinces with the highest numbers of rido incidences are: Lanao del Sur (377), Maguindanao (218), Lanao del Norte (164), and Sulu (145). Incidences in these four provinces account for 71% of the total documented cases. The findings also show a steady rise in rido conflicts in

610-623: A war, as not only do the families lose considerable money and valuable men, gangland killings also cause public outrage and can trigger mass crackdowns from authorities like the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI. Blood feuds also have a long history within the White Southerner population (and in particular among the "Scots-Irish" or Ulster Scots American population) of the Southern United States , where it

671-408: Is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans . Feuds begin because one party perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted, injured, or otherwise wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger an initial retribution , which causes the other party to feel greatly aggrieved and vengeful . The dispute is subsequently fuelled by

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732-565: Is a time when two or more rival families/gangs begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mafia/Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to the rise or fall of a family or gang. African-American , Italian-American , Cambodian , Cuban Marielito , Dominican , Guatemalan , Haitian , Hmong , Sino-Vietnamese Hoa , Irish-American , Jamaican , Korean , Laotian , Puerto Rican , Salvadoran and Vietnamese gangs and organized crime conflicts very often have taken

793-410: Is called the " culture of honor ", and still exists to the present day. A series of prolonged violent engagements in late nineteenth-century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott , both of whom had written semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents,

854-513: Is not known. His faithful servant, Jonas Daniel, is supposed to have taken them to relatives at Königsbrück . However, he was attacked and killed on the Königsbrück Road ( Moritzburger Weg ). At least this is believed to be the reason for the stone cross with the inscription "FINIS MILTIS IHONAS DANIEL". Probably the only survivor was Jeschke's brother, Otto Heyde III, who died in Prague in 1415. The Donins lost all their territories in

915-401: Is not mutual, but rather refers to a prolonged series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation. Blood feuds were common in societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state did not consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute), where family and kinship ties were the main source of authority . An entire family was considered responsible for

976-707: Is the way life is lived in these mountains. Insults must be avenged; family honor must be upheld...." The novel was made into a 2001 movie entitled Behind the Sun by filmmaker Walter Salles , set in 1910 Brazil and starring Rodrigo Santoro , which was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . There are now more than 1,600 families who live under an ever-present death sentence because of feuds. and since 1991, some 12,000 people were killed in them. Blood feuds have also been part of

1037-538: The Caucasus , wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul of Kadar , one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century until the 1860s. In Japan's feudal past,

1098-674: The Hussites induced Frederick to ally himself with Emperor Sigismund ; and he took a leading part in the war against them, during the earlier years of which he met with considerable success. For his victory at the Battle of Brüx in 1421, Frederick was granted the ranks of Duke and Elector . In the prosecution of this enterprise Frederick spent large sums of money, for which he received various places in Bohemia and elsewhere in pledge from Sigismund, who further rewarded him on 6 January 1423 with

1159-541: The Netherlands ; and in criminal feuds between Scottish , White British , Black and Mixed British gangs in the UK . This has resulted in gun violence and murders in cities like Chicago , Detroit , Los Angeles , Miami , Ciudad Juarez , Medellin , Rio de Janeiro , Cape Town , Amsterdam , London , Liverpool , and Glasgow , to name just a few. The Five Families of New York City New York go to great lengths to avoid

1220-583: The Norse culture), which demanded a set value to be paid by those responsible for a wrongful permanent disfigurement or death, even if accidental. If these payments were not made, or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud could ensue. Violence was common in Viking Age Norway . An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of

1281-699: The Ore Mountains in 1402, which were given to the Saxon nobles as fiefs. Their relatives went to Bohemia under the protection of Emperor Sigismund , who, however, had no means of helping them to rule in Dohna due to the Hussite revolution . As a result of the high expenses incurred by Margrave William I , to a considerable extent caused by the conquest of Dohna Castle, the land and the population were heavily burdened. In addition to special tax collections, there

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1342-658: The Oxford Companion to the Bible states: "Since life was viewed as sacred ( Genesis 9.6), no amount of blood money could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be "life for life" ( Exodus 21.23; Deuteronomy 19.21)". The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye", and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland. In Scandinavia in

1403-688: The Republic of Texas . It is sometimes considered the largest blood feud in American history. In Albania , gjakmarrja (blood feuding) is a tradition. Blood feuds in Albania trace back to the Kanun , this custom is also practiced among the Albanians of Kosovo . It returned to rural areas after more than 40 years of being abolished by Albanian Communists led by Enver Hoxha . In 1980, Albanian author Ismail Kadare published Broken April , about

1464-535: The Viking era, feuds were common, as the lack of a central government left dealing with disputes up to the individuals or families involved. Sometimes, these would descend into "blood revenges", and in some cases would devastate whole families. The ravages of the feuds as well as the dissolution of them is a central theme in several of the Icelandic sagas . An alternative to feud was blood money (or weregild in

1525-469: The samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, and their lord by katakiuchi ( 敵討ち ), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the Forty-seven Ronin , others were given official permission with specific targets. Blood feuds are still practised in some areas in: During

1586-584: The 16 August 1426. After the death of his brother William, Frederick became the ruler over the entire possession of the House of Wettin except Thuringia . In 1409, Frederick and his brother William founded the University of Leipzig , for the benefit of German students who had left the University of Prague after the events relating to the Western Schism . Frederick died in 1428 at Altenburg . He

1647-705: The Burgraviate of Dohna. In late summer 1401 he began the siege of Dohna Castle . This lasted almost a year. On 16 June 1402, the Margrave issued a document to the castle. Three days later, the castle fell and a Meissen Vogt entered. Burgrave Jeschke managed to escape to Weesenstein . But he was not tolerated there or in Königstein . In Königstein, which still belonged to Bohemia, he was arrested and beheaded in 1403 in Ofen ( Budapest ). Whether his children survived

1708-598: The German town war of 1388, he assisted Frederick V of Hohenzollern , burgrave of Nuremberg , and in 1391 did the same for the Teutonic Order against Wladislaus II of Poland . He supported Rupert III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine , in his struggle with King Wenceslaus for the German throne, probably because Wenceslaus refused to fulfill a promise to give him his sister Anna in marriage. The danger to Germany from

1769-427: The actions of any of its members. Sometimes two separate branches of the same family even came to blows, or further, over some dispute. The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility for punishing lawbreakers. The blood feud has certain similarities to the ritualized warfare found in many pre-industrial tribes. For instance, more than

1830-468: The actual situation is far more complex. While the Muslim-Christian conflict and the state-rebel conflicts dominate popular perceptions and media attention, a survey commissioned by The Asia Foundation in 2002—and further verified by a recent Social Weather Stations survey—revealed that citizens are more concerned about the prevalence of rido and its negative impact on their communities than

1891-462: The affected communities. The triggers for conflicts range from petty offenses, such as theft and jesting, to more serious crimes, like homicide. These are further aggravated by land disputes and political rivalries, the most common causes of rido . Proliferation of firearms, lack of law enforcement and credible mediators in conflict-prone areas, and an inefficient justice system further contribute to instances of rido . Studies on rido have documented

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1952-434: The centuries-old tradition of hospitality, blood feuds, and revenge killing in the highlands of north Albania in the 1930s. The New York Times , reviewing it, wrote: " Broken April is written with masterly simplicity in a bardic style, as if the author is saying: Sit quietly and let me recite a terrible story about a blood feud and the inevitability of death by gunfire in my country. You know it must happen because that

2013-627: The chance, would murder members of the opposing family. The Maniot vendetta is considered the most vicious and ruthless; it has led to entire family lines being wiped out. The last vendetta on record required the Greek Army with artillery support to force it to a stop. Regardless of this, the Maniot Greeks still practice vendettas, even today. Maniots in America, Australia, Canada and Corsica still have on-going vendettas which have led to

2074-539: The conclusion of the border agreement, and his brother, Otto Mul, had also testified a year later. But loyalties changed very frequently at this time. William took advantage of the personal dispute between John of Körbitz and Jeschke of Dohna to subdue the imperially immediate castle of the Donins. In 1399, he occupied the burgravial fortification in Rabenau and, in 1401, took over Dippoldiswalde , which also belonged to

2135-585: The conflict between the state and rebel groups. The unfortunate interaction and subsequent confusion of rido -based violence with secessionism , communist insurgency , banditry, military involvement and other forms of armed violence shows that violence in Mindanao is more complicated than what is commonly believed. Rido has wider implications for conflict in Mindanao, primarily because it tends to interact in unfortunate ways with separatist conflict and other forms of armed violence. Many armed confrontations in

2196-723: The creation of mafia families known as "Γδικιωμέοι" (Gdikiomeoi). In Corsica , vendettas were a social code (mores) that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no less than 4,300 murders were perpetrated in Corsica. In the Spanish Late Middle Ages , the Vascongadas was ravaged by the War of the Bands , which were bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In

2257-712: The culprits or their relatives. In the English-speaking world , the Italian word vendetta is used to mean a blood feud; in Italian, however, it simply means (personal) 'vengeance' or 'revenge', originating from the Latin vindicta ( vengeance ), while the word faida would be more appropriate for a blood feud. In the English-speaking world, "vendetta" is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes it

2318-650: The damages done by robber knight Schott. In Greece, the custom of blood feud is found in several parts of the country, for instance in Crete and Mani . Throughout history, the Maniots have been regarded by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds , known in the Maniot dialect of Greek as "Γδικιωμός" (Gdikiomos). Many vendettas went on for months, some for years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and, when they got

2379-632: The dispute over power and influence in the Saxon-Bohemian border area. He had already forced the burgraves of Leisnig to sell their estates to him in 1365 and the Colditzes to do likewise with their barony in 1404. Added to this was the fact that William I was in a stronger position after the settlement of the Bohemian border disputes in 1391. At that time, the Margrave's relationship with the Donins still seemed intact. Burgrave Jeschke witnessed

2440-513: The eleven provinces surveyed from the 1980s to 2004. According to the studies, during 2002–2004, 50% (637 cases) of total rido incidences occurred, equaling about 127 new rido cases per year. Out of the total number of rido cases documented, 64% remain unresolved. Rido conflicts are either resolved, unresolved, or reoccurring. Although the majority of these cases remain unresolved, there have been many resolutions through different conflict-resolving bodies and mechanisms. These cases can utilize

2501-653: The establishment of ceasefires and the intervention of youth organizations. Frederick I (Saxony) Frederick I, the Belligerent or the Warlike ( German : Friedrich der Streitbare ; 11 April 1370 – 4 January 1428), a member of the House of Wettin , ruled as Margrave of Meissen from 1407 and Elector of Saxony (as Frederick I) from 1423 until his death. He is not to be confused with his cousin Landgrave Frederick IV of Thuringia ,

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2562-501: The examined females had suffered weapon-related trauma . Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and complex than the clan -based Norwegian society. According to historian Marc Bloch : The Middle Ages , from beginning to end, and particularly the feudal era, lived under the sign of private vengeance . The onus , of course, lay above all on the wronged individual; vengeance

2623-540: The form of blood feuds, in which a family member in the gang is killed and a relative takes revenge by killing the murderer as well as other members of the rival gang. This can also be observed in particular cases in conflicts among Colombian , Mexican , Brazilian , and other Latin American gangs, drug cartels , and paramilitary groups; in turf wars among Cape Coloured gangs in South Africa ; in gang fights among Dutch Antillean , Surinamese and Moluccan gangs in

2684-491: The formal procedures of the Philippine government or the various indigenous systems. Formal methods may involve official courts, local government officials, police, and the military. Indigenous methods to resolve conflicts usually involve elder leaders who use local knowledge, beliefs, and practices, as well as their own personal influence, to help repair and restore damaged relationships. Some cases using this approach involve

2745-459: The government or a central authority is weak, as well as in areas where there is a perceived lack of justice and security. Rido is a Maranao term commonly used in Mindanao to refer to clan feuds. It is considered one of the major problems in Mindanao because, apart from numerous casualties, rido has caused destruction of property, crippled local economies, and displaced families. Located in

2806-424: The law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation: go'el haddam , the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer ( Book of Numbers 35: 19, etc.). Six Cities of Refuge were established to provide protection and due process for any unintentional manslayers. The avenger was forbidden from harming an unintentional killer if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. As

2867-676: The most famous of which was the Hatfield–McCoy feud , were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the Reconstruction Era and the early twentieth century, and are seen by some as linked to a Southern culture of honor with its roots in the Scots-Irish forebears of the residents of the area. Another prominent example was the Regulator–Moderator War , which took place between rival factions in

2928-420: The past involving insurgent groups and the military were triggered by a local rido . The studies cited above investigated the dynamics of rido with the intention of helping design strategic interventions to address such conflicts. The causes of rido are varied and may be further complicated by a society's concept of honor and shame , an integral aspect of the social rules that determine accepted practices in

2989-420: The payment of blood money to resolve the conflict. Hybrid mechanisms include the collaboration of government, religious, and traditional leaders in resolving conflicts through the formation of collaborative groups. Furthermore, the institutionalization of traditional conflict resolution processes into laws and ordinances has been successful with the hybrid method approach. Other conflict-resolution methods include

3050-551: The practice of blood wealth , functioned as an effective form of social control for limiting and ending conflicts between individuals and groups who are related by kinship , as described by anthropologist Max Gluckman in his article "The Peace in the Feud" in 1955. A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives or associates of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing

3111-901: The reconciliation campaign ended at least 1,200 deadly blood feuds, and in 1993, not a single homicide occurred in Kosovo. Criminal gang feuds also exist in Dublin , Ireland and in the Republic's third-largest city, Limerick . Traveller feuds are also common in towns across the country. Feuds can be due to personal issues, money, or disrespect, and grudges can last generations. Since 2001, over 300 people have been killed in feuds between different drugs gangs, dissident republicans , and Traveller families. Family and clan feuds, known locally as rido , are characterized by sporadic outbursts of retaliatory violence between families and kinship groups, as well as between communities. It can occur in areas where

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3172-708: The region of Navarre , next to Vascongadas, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Biscay , in Vascongadas, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. ( Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, and sometimes by royal decree. Leontiy Lyulye , an expert on conditions in

3233-424: The rise or fall of a family. Until the early modern period , feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree. For example, Montenegrin culture calls this krvna osveta , meaning "blood revenge", which had unspoken but highly valued rules. In Albanian culture it is called gjakmarrja , which usually lasts for generations. In tribal societies, the blood feud, coupled with

3294-463: The sale of Seifersdorf in 1387), his father died a prisoner. The private war between the Donins and the Körbitzes had wider repercussions. The robber baron activities of the Donins hindered trade between Saxony and Bohemia , and became a thorn in the flesh for Markgrave William I . However, the margrave saw the feud as a possibility for eliminating the burgraves of Dohna as competitors in

3355-536: The son of Landgrave Balthasar . He was the eldest son of Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia , and Catherine of Henneberg . After the death of his uncle William I, Margrave of Meissen in 1407, he was made governor of the Margraviate of Meissen together with his brother William II as well as with his cousin Frederick IV (son of Balthasar ), until their possessions were divided in 1410 and 1415. In

3416-588: The southern Philippines, Mindanao is home to a majority of the country's Muslim community, and includes the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Mindanao "is a region suffering from poor infrastructure, high poverty, and violence that has claimed the lives of more than 120,000 in the last three decades." There is a widely held stereotype that the violence is perpetrated by armed groups that resort to terrorism to further their political goals, but

3477-471: The vacant electoral Duchy of Saxony-Wittenberg ; and Fredericks formal investiture followed at Ofen on the 1 August 1425. Thus ascended Frederick IV, who called himself Frederick I now as duke and elector. Thus spurred to renewed efforts against the Hussites, the elector was endeavouring to rouse the German princes to aid him in prosecuting this war when the Saxon army was almost annihilated at Aussig on

3538-495: Was a steady devaluation of Meissen currency that was the inevitable consequence of a considerable reduction in the silver content of the coins produced in the main Wettin mint . It was not until 1412 that Frederick the Warlike succeeded in stabilizing the currency. Feud A feud / f juː d / , also known in more extreme cases as a blood feud , vendetta , faida , clan war , gang war , private war , or mob war ,

3599-463: Was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance... Feud is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of revenges; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods". In ancient Hebrew law , it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge unlawful bloodshed, on behalf of God and on behalf of the deceased. The executor of

3660-400: Was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties ... The solitary individual, however, could do but little. Moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged. In this case the family group went into action and the faide (feud) came into being, to use the old Germanic word which spread little by little through the whole of Europe—'the vengeance of the kinsmen which we call faida' , as

3721-410: Was involved and which claimed the life of her husband. At the Holy Roman Empire 's Reichstag at Worms in 1495 AD , the right of waging feuds was abolished. The Imperial Reform proclaimed an "eternal public peace " ( Ewiger Landfriede ) to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the robber barons , and it defined a new standing imperial army to enforce that peace. However, it took

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