53-988: Dolby Cinema is a premium cinema created by Dolby Laboratories that combines Dolby proprietary technologies such as Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos , as well as other signature entrance and intrinsic design features. The technology competes with IMAX and other premium large formats such as Cinemark XD and Regal's RPX (Regal Premium Experience). The first installations featuring Dolby Cinema were JT (now Vue) Bioscopen Cinema in Eindhoven, Netherlands on December 18, 2014; followed by Cinesa La Maquinista in Barcelona, Spain. Dolby Laboratories has partner contracts with Cinesa, Vue Cinemas , AMC Theatres (known as Dolby Cinema at AMC, formerly Dolby Cinema at AMC Prime until early 2017), Cineplexx Cinemas , Wanda Cinemas , Jackie Chan Cinema, Reel Cinemas and Odeon Cinemas to install Dolby Cinemas. On May 26, 2017, Dolby announced they made
106-407: A compander -based noise reduction system. These units were intended for use in professional recording studios. Dolby was persuaded by Henry Kloss of KLH to manufacture a consumer version of his noise reduction. Dolby worked more on companding systems and introduced Type B in 1968. Dolby also sought to improve film sound. As the corporation's history explains: The first film with Dolby sound
159-468: A custom design to allow for unique light path. The system is capable of delivering up to 48 cd/m on unity-gain matte-white screens for 3D (and up to 106 cd/m for 2D), a substantial improvement on current generation 3D systems which deliver in the range of 10 to 14 cd/m for 3D. The result is improved brightness, colour, and contrast compared to traditional xenon projectors. The first theaters temporarily used off-the-shelf dual Christie 4K laser projectors until
212-663: A de-emphasis process applied at playback. Systems include the professional systems Dolby A and Dolby SR by Dolby Laboratories , dbx Professional and dbx Type I by dbx , Donald Aldous' EMT NoiseBX, Burwen Noise Eliminator [ it ] , Telefunken 's telcom c4 [ de ] and MXR Innovations' MXR as well as the consumer systems Dolby NR , Dolby B , Dolby C and Dolby S , dbx Type II , Telefunken's High Com and Nakamichi 's High-Com II , Toshiba 's (Aurex AD-4) adres [ ja ] , JVC 's ANRS [ ja ] and Super ANRS , Fisher / Sanyo 's Super D , SNRS , and
265-400: A de-emphasis process applied during playback. Modern digital sound recordings no longer need to worry about tape hiss so analog-style noise reduction systems are not necessary. However, an interesting twist is that dither systems actually add noise to a signal to improve its quality. Dual-ended compander noise reduction systems have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then
318-932: A deal with Pathé Cinémas to open 10 new locations in Europe. Seven will be located in France and three will be located in The Netherlands. By 2024, France will have 12 Dolby Cinema theatres in Pathé cinemas: including 3 in Paris, 1 in Lyon , Toulouse , Nice , Rouen , Rennes , Marseille , and near the Charles de Gaulle Airport . Dolby Cinema uses a Dolby Vision projection system developed by Dolby Laboratories in conjunction with Christie Digital . The system consists of dual Christie 4K 6P (primary) modular laser projectors featuring
371-521: A decoder. The Telefunken High Com integrated circuit U401BR could be utilized to work as a mostly Dolby B –compatible compander as well. In various late-generation High Com tape decks the Dolby-B emulating D NR Expander functionality worked not only for playback, but, as an undocumented feature, also during recording. dbx was a competing analog noise reduction system developed by David E. Blackmer , founder of Dbx, Inc. It used
424-415: A major type of noise is hiss created by random electron motion due to thermal agitation. These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the output signal and thus create detectable noise . In the case of photographic film and magnetic tape , noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of the medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines
477-407: A noise reduction system in addition to more audio channels (Dolby Stereo could actually contain additional center and surround channels matrixed from the left and right). The first film with a Dolby-encoded stereo optical soundtrack was Lisztomania (1975), although this only used an LCR (Left-Center-Right) encoding technique. The first true LCRS (Left-Center-Right-Surround) soundtrack was encoded on
530-456: A root-mean-squared (RMS) encode/decode algorithm with the noise-prone high frequencies boosted, and the entire signal fed through a 2:1 compander. dbx operated across the entire audible bandwidth and unlike Dolby B was unusable without a decoder. However, it could achieve up to 30 dB of noise reduction. Since analog video recordings use frequency modulation for the luminance part (composite video signal in direct color systems), which keeps
583-419: A type of artificial noise, if the noise spectrum estimate is inaccurate. Applications: Primarily used in audio signal processing, including mobile telephony and hearing aids. Advantages: Simple to implement and computationally efficient. Limitations: Tends to perform poorly in the presence of non-stationary noise, and can introduce artifacts. Adaptive filters are highly effective in situations where noise
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#1732780588123636-497: Is a statistical approach to noise reduction that minimizes the mean square error between the desired signal and the actual output. This technique relies on knowledge of both the signal and noise power spectra, and it can provide optimal noise reduction if these spectra are accurately estimated. Applications: Frequently applied in image processing, audio restoration, and radar. Advantages: Provides optimal noise reduction for stationary noise. Limitations: Requires accurate estimates of
689-575: Is an advanced noise reduction technique that uses redundancy in the signal by averaging similar patches across the signal or image. While computationally more demanding, NLM is highly effective in removing noise from images and audio signals without blurring. Applications: Applied primarily in image denoising, especially in medical imaging and photography. Advantages: Preserves details and edges in images. Limitations: Computationally intensive, often requiring hardware acceleration or approximations for real-time applications. Boosting signals in seismic data
742-530: Is concentrated about it. Yet another approach is the automatic noise limiter and noise blanker commonly found on HAM radio transceivers, CB radio transceivers, etc. Both of the aforementioned filters can be used separately, or in conjunction with each other at the same time, depending on the transceiver itself. Most digital audio workstations (DAWs) and audio editing software have one or more noise reduction functions. Images taken with digital cameras or conventional film cameras will pick up noise from
795-400: Is especially crucial for seismic imaging , inversion, and interpretation, thereby greatly improving the success rate in oil & gas exploration. The useful signal that is smeared in the ambient random noise is often neglected and thus may cause fake discontinuity of seismic events and artifacts in the final migrated image. Enhancing the useful signal while preserving edge properties of
848-592: Is frequently confused with the far more common Dolby noise-reduction system . Unlike Dolby and dbx Type I and Type II noise reduction systems, DNL and DNR are playback-only signal processing systems that do not require the source material to first be encoded. They can be used to remove background noise from any audio signal, including magnetic tape recordings and FM radio broadcasts, reducing noise by as much as 10 dB. They can also be used in conjunction with other noise reduction systems, provided that they are used prior to applying DNR to prevent DNR from causing
901-454: Is the ability of a circuit to isolate an undesired signal component from the desired signal component, as with common-mode rejection ratio . All signal processing devices, both analog and digital , have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random with an even frequency distribution ( white noise ), or frequency-dependent noise introduced by a device's mechanism or signal processing algorithms . In electronic systems ,
954-424: Is to define a dynamic threshold for filtering noise, that is derived from the local signal, again with respect to a local time-frequency region. Everything below the threshold will be filtered, everything above the threshold, like partials of a voice or wanted noise , will be untouched. The region is typically defined by the location of the signal's instantaneous frequency, as most of the signal energy to be preserved
1007-653: Is unpredictable or non-stationary. In adaptive filtering, the filter's parameters are continuously adjusted to minimize the difference between the desired signal and the actual output. The Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithms are commonly used for adaptive noise cancellation. Applications: Used in active noise-canceling headphones, biomedical devices (e.g., EEG and ECG processing), and communications. Advantages: Can adapt to changing noise environments in real-time. Limitations: Higher computational requirements, which may be challenging for real-time applications on low-power devices. Wiener filtering
1060-525: Is used as the audio codec for the ATSC standards , though it was standardized as A/52 by the ATSC. It allows the transport of up to five channels of sound with a sixth channel for low-frequency effects (the so-called "5.1" configuration). In contrast, Japanese ISDB HDTV broadcasts use MPEG's Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as the audio codec, which also allows 5.1 audio output. DVB allows both. MPEG-2 audio
1113-740: The DVD specification. Dolby Digital is now found in the HDTV (ATSC) standard of the United States , DVD players , and many satellite-TV and cable-TV receivers. Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for the TV series The Simpsons . On February 17, 2005, the company became public , offering its shares on the New York Stock Exchange , under the symbol DLB. On March 15, 2005, Dolby celebrated its 40th anniversary at
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#17327805881231166-627: The ShoWest 2005 Festival in San Francisco . On January 8, 2007, Dolby announced the arrival of Dolby Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show . On June 18, 2010, Dolby introduced Dolby Surround 7.1 , and set up theaters worldwide with 7.1 surround speaker setups to deliver theatrical 7.1 surround sound . The first film to be released with this format was Pixar 's Toy Story 3 which
1219-493: The Dolby Vision-capable ones were shipped out in spring 2015. Dolby 3D uses spectrum separation, where the two projectors function in stacked operation with each projector emitting a slightly different wavelength of red, green, and blue primary. There is no polarization present on the projector, and the 3D spectacles have notch filters that block the primaries used by the projector projecting the image intended for
1272-561: The Hungarian/East-German Ex-Ko system. In some compander systems, the compression is applied during professional media production and only the expansion is applied by the listener; for example, systems like dbx disc , High-Com II , CX 20 and UC used for vinyl recordings and Dolby FM , High Com FM and FMX used in FM radio broadcasting. The first widely used audio noise reduction technique
1325-466: The MPEG-2 system was rejected. Dolby also offered an incentive for Zenith to switch their vote (which they did); however, it is unknown whether they accepted the offer. Audio noise reduction Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal . Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort the signal to some degree. Noise rejection
1378-409: The cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital (now simply called Dolby Digital ) was first featured on the 1992 film Batman Returns . Introduced to the home theater market as Dolby AC-3 with the 1995 laserdisc release of Clear and Present Danger , the format did not become widespread in the consumer market, partly because of extra hardware that was necessary to make use of it, until it was adopted as part of
1431-461: The creative team can then create content with contrast ratios of 1 000 000:1. Another component of the Dolby Cinema experience is Dolby Atmos , an object-oriented, 3-D immersive surround-sound format developed by Dolby Laboratories. The system is capable of 128 simultaneous audio inputs utilizing up to 64 individual speakers to enhance viewer immersion. The first film to support the new format
1484-559: The entrance ceiling and proprietary software is used to pixel map the different images together along the wall. Similarly, the audio is generated using speakers placed in the ceiling of the entrance. Dolby Laboratories Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (often shortened to Dolby Labs and known simply as Dolby ) is a British-American technology corporation specializing in audio noise reduction , audio encoding/compression , spatial audio, and HDR imaging. Dolby licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers. Dolby Labs
1537-503: The film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger-sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually ferric oxide or magnetite ), the more prone the medium is to noise. To compensate for this, larger areas of film or magnetic tape may be used to lower the noise to an acceptable level. Noise reduction algorithms tend to alter signals to a greater or lesser degree. The local signal-and-noise orthogonalization algorithm can be used to avoid changes to
1590-428: The movie A Star Is Born in 1976. In less than ten years, 6,000 cinemas worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound. Dolby reworked the system slightly for home use and introduced Dolby Surround , which only extracted a surround channel, and the more impressive Dolby Pro Logic , which was the domestic equivalent of the theatrical Dolby Stereo. Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for
1643-414: The music industry. In May 2020, Dolby launched a developer platform, Dolby.io , aimed at providing developers self-service access to Dolby technologies through public APIs. It allows any person, organization, small and big, to integrate in their websites, apps, games, etc. features such as media enhancements and transcoding, spatial audio, high-quality video communication and low-latency streaming. Over
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1696-428: The original signal. Spectral subtraction is one of the simplest and most widely used noise reduction techniques, especially in speech processing. It works by estimating the power spectrum of the noise during silent periods and subtracting this noise spectrum from the noisy signal. This technique assumes that noise is additive and relatively stationary. While effective, spectral subtraction can introduce "musical noise,"
1749-470: The other eye. Dolby Vision is able to display the following combinations of resolution and frame-rate: Although the twin projectors are capable of displaying the 7 500:1 contrast ratio defined by the DCI fixed luminance gamma function, for movies not graded with Dolby Vision, the projectors are limited to 5 000:1 contrast ratio. The Hollywood studios have graded over 100 films directly on Dolby Cinema projectors,
1802-645: The other noise reduction system to mistrack. One of DNR's first widespread applications was in the GM Delco car stereo systems in US GM cars introduced in 1984. It was also used in factory car stereos in Jeep vehicles in the 1980s, such as the Cherokee XJ . Today, DNR, DNL, and similar systems are most commonly encountered as a noise reduction system in microphone systems. A second class of algorithms work in
1855-523: The playback of phonograph records to address scratches, pops, and surface non-linearities. Single-ended dynamic range expanders like the Phase Linear Autocorrelator Noise Reduction and Dynamic Range Recovery System (Models 1000 and 4000) can reduce various noise from old recordings. Dual-ended systems (such as Dolby noise-reduction system or dbx ) have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then
1908-399: The recording medium at the time of recording. Single-ended hiss reduction systems (such as DNL or DNR ) work to reduce noise as it occurs, including both before and after the recording process as well as for live broadcast applications. Single-ended surface noise reduction (such as CEDAR and the earlier SAE 5000A, Burwen TNE 7000, and Packburn 101/323/323A/323AA and 325 ) is applied to
1961-642: The seismic profiles by attenuating random noise can help reduce interpretation difficulties and misleading risks for oil and gas detection. Tape hiss is a performance-limiting issue in analog tape recording . This is related to the particle size and texture used in the magnetic emulsion that is sprayed on the recording media, and also to the relative tape velocity across the tape heads . Four types of noise reduction exist: single-ended pre-recording, single-ended hiss reduction, single-ended surface noise reduction, and codec or dual-ended systems. Single-ended pre-recording systems (such as Dolby HX Pro ), work to affect
2014-438: The signal and noise statistics, which may not always be feasible in real-world applications. Kalman filtering is a recursive algorithm that estimates the state of a dynamic system from a series of noisy measurements. While typically used for tracking and prediction, it is also applicable to noise reduction, especially for signals that can be modeled as time-varying. Kalman filtering is particularly effective in applications where
2067-666: The signal into different frequency components using a wavelet transform and then removes the noise by thresholding the wavelet coefficients. This method is effective for signals with sharp transients, like biomedical signals, because wavelet transforms can provide both time and frequency information. Applications: Commonly used in image processing, ECG and EEG signal denoising, and audio processing. Advantages: Preserves sharp signal features and offers flexibility in handling non-stationary noise. Limitations: The choice of wavelet basis and thresholding parameters significantly impacts performance, requiring careful tuning. Non-local means (NLM)
2120-427: The signal is dynamic and the noise characteristics vary over time. Applications: Used in speech enhancement, radar, and control systems. Advantages: Provides excellent performance for time-varying signals with non-stationary noise. Limitations: Requires a mathematical model of the system dynamics, which may be complex to design for certain applications. Wavelet -based denoising (or wavelet thresholding) decomposes
2173-455: The signal-to-noise ratio on tape up to 10 dB depending on the initial signal volume. When it was played back, the decoder reversed the process, in effect reducing the noise level by up to 10 dB. The Dolby B system (developed in conjunction with Henry Kloss ) was a single-band system designed for consumer products. The Dolby B system, while not as effective as Dolby A, had the advantage of remaining listenable on playback systems without
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2226-486: The signals. Noise reduction techniques in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) are essential for improving the quality of signals in various applications, including audio processing, telecommunications, and biomedical engineering. Noise, which is unwanted random variation in signals, can degrade signal clarity and accuracy. DSP offers a range of algorithms to reduce noise while preserving the integrity of
2279-438: The tape at saturation level, audio-style noise reduction is unnecessary. Dynamic noise limiter ( DNL ) is an audio noise reduction system originally introduced by Philips in 1971 for use on cassette decks . Its circuitry is also based on a single chip . It was further developed into dynamic noise reduction ( DNR ) by National Semiconductor to reduce noise levels on long-distance telephony . First sold in 1981, DNR
2332-440: The technology on disc was Game of Thrones . On February 24, 2014, Dolby acquired Doremi Labs for $ 92.5 million in cash plus an additional $ 20 million in contingent consideration that may be earned over a four-year period. In May 2015, Dolby reopened Vine Theatre as a 70-seat showcase theater, known as Dolby @ Vine or Dolby Screening Room Hollywood Vine. In May 2019, Dolby added Dolby Atmos to hundreds of newer songs in
2385-415: The time-frequency domain using some linear or nonlinear filters that have local characteristics and are often called time-frequency filters . Noise can therefore be also removed by use of spectral editing tools, which work in this time-frequency domain, allowing local modifications without affecting nearby signal energy. This can be done manually much like in a paint program drawing pictures. Another way
2438-494: The years Dolby has introduced several surround sound systems. Their differences are explained below. Matrix decoding can derive Cs (mono surround) or Lrs, Rrs (stereo surrounds) from the Ls and Rs signals L, R, C, LFE, Lss, Rss (side surrounds), Lrs, Rrs (rear surrounds), Lts, Rts (top surrounds). Note: the number and intended location of _output_ channels is defined at playback based on the available loudspeakers. Dolby Digital AC-3
2491-441: Was A Clockwork Orange (1971). The company was approached by Stanley Kubrick, who wanted to use Dolby’s noise reduction system to facilitate the film’s extensive mixing. The film went on to use Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, but a conventional optical soundtrack on release prints. Callan (1974) was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical soundtrack. In 1975, Dolby released Dolby Stereo , which included
2544-451: Was Disney and Pixar's animated film Brave , released in 2012. Most Dolby Cinemas feature a curved video wall entrance displaying content related to the feature film playing in the auditorium. The content displayed on the video wall is specifically generated by the film studio and is intended to immerse viewers in the movie experience before the movie has started. The video is generated using multiple short throw high definition projectors in
2597-453: Was a contender for the ATSC standard during the " Grand Alliance " shootout, but lost out to Dolby AC-3 . The Grand Alliance issued a statement finding the MPEG-2 system to be "essentially equivalent" to Dolby, but only after the Dolby selection had been made. Later, a story emerged that MIT had entered into an agreement with Dolby whereupon the university would be awarded a large sum of money if
2650-410: Was developed by Ray Dolby in 1966. Intended for professional use, Dolby Type A was an encode/decode system in which the amplitude of frequencies in four bands was increased during recording (encoding), then decreased proportionately during playback (decoding). In particular, when recording quiet parts of an audio signal, the frequencies above 1 kHz would be boosted. This had the effect of increasing
2703-628: Was founded by Ray Dolby (1933–2013) in London , England, in 1965. In the same year, he invented the Dolby Noise Reduction system , a form of audio signal processing for reducing the background hissing sound on cassette tape recordings. His first U.S. patent on the technology was filed in 1969, four years later. The method was first used by Decca Records in the UK. After this, other companies began purchasing Dolby’s A301 technology, which
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#17327805881232756-515: Was later followed by fifty releases using the format. About 80% of films released are now mixed in Dolby Surround 7.1 by default. In April 2012, Dolby introduced its Dolby Atmos , a new cinematic technology adding overhead sound, first applied in Pixar's motion picture Brave . In July 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced plans to bring Atmos to home theater. The first television show to use
2809-412: Was the professional noise reduction system used in recording, motion picture, broadcasting stations and communications networks. These companies include BBC , Pye , IBC, CBS Studios, RCA, and Granada. He moved the company headquarters to the United States ( San Francisco , California) in 1976. The first product Dolby Labs produced was the Dolby 301 unit which incorporated Type A Dolby Noise Reduction,
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