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52-597: Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 306,488, of whom 175,624 are men and 130,864 women. While 28,784 or 9.39% are urban inhabitants, a further 113,408 or 37% were pastoralists. The largest ethnic group reported in Dollo were the Somalis (99.57%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.43% of the population. Somali language

104-626: A "boom city", attracting most of the trade which formerly passed through Harar. By 1902 the Ethiopian government, anticipating the future economic importance of Dire Dawa, had already transferred the customs station for trade with the Red Sea from Gildessa to Dire Dawa. Dire Dawa developed into two settlements separated by the Dechatu River , which was dry for most of the year and became a torrent only when it rained. The north-western part of

156-469: A French town. The other part of the town, southeast of the river, concentrated around the market and was inhabited mainly by Ethiopian, Somali and a few Arab traders. In September 1916 the fleeing troops of Lij Iyasu took hold of the town. Though Lij Iyasu's governor there, the Syrian Hasib al-Idlibi, assured their security, 400 Europeans left the town and the rail traffic had to be suspended. After

208-422: A date which may be considered the day of Dire Dawa's foundation. The new name, however, did not win recognition. For financial and diplomatic reasons the railway was not continued until 1909 and the final inauguration of the whole line from Djibouti to Addis Ababa-again delayed by the revolution of 1916-only took place on 7 June 1917. During all this time, Dire Dawa was practically the town profited much and became

260-574: A few kilometers from Dire Dawa. The area surrounding Dire Dawa is believed to have been a settlement of the extinct Harla people. Historically, the area used to be part of Adal Sultanate during the medieval times. During the 19th century, the region was considered the domain of the Emirate of Harar until Menelik's conquest of the kingdom in 1887 and consequently became incorporated into modern Ethiopia from thereon. The present-day town of Dire Dawa (327   km by rail from Djibouti), however,

312-644: A ground and air assault the following day. Initially caught off guard, the Ethiopians had anticipated the attack on Jijiga instead. The battle was fierce, but it was ultimately the Ethiopian air force that shattered the Somali resolve by destroying sixteen of their tanks. By day's end, the attackers had exhausted their strength and retreated, leaving behind a trail of abandoned equipment, including tanks, armored cars, rocket launchers, artillery pieces, as well as hundreds of rifles and machine guns, all proudly displayed by

364-558: A response to the demands of the United States and certain European countries for the safety of their citizens. The Italian army entered the country from the colonies of Eritrea in the north and Somalia in the southeast. Following all major engagements of the war, Dire Dawa was the location of the meeting of the two Italian forces. General Graziani 's units, advancing from Harar, reached the city's barbed-wire fence on 6 May 1936,

416-463: A vehicle carrying explosives was seized in the town of Werder. In early 2021, an outbreak of dengue fever was reported in Somali State and the Dollo zone was considered the highest risk area. However, as far as cases in the town of Werder from December 10, 2020 to January 4, 2021 were concerned, the number of infected persons was 334 out of 100,000, with a fatality rate of zero. In June 2021,

468-676: Is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Somali Region and Oromo border and one of two chartered cities in Ethiopia (the other being Addis Ababa , the capital). Dire Dawa alongside present-day Sitti Zone were a part of the Dire Dawa autonomous region of the Somali Region stipulated in the 1987 Ethiopian Constitution until 1993 when it was split by the federal government into a separately administered chartered city. It

520-426: Is about 25.9 °C or 78.6 °F. The average maximum temperature of Dire Dawa is 32.8 °C or 91.0 °F, while its average minimum temperature is about 19.0 °C or 66.2 °F. The region has two rain seasons; that is, a small rain season from March to April, and a more pronounced rain season that extends from July to August. The aggregate average annual rainfall that the region gets from these two seasons

572-478: Is about 670 millimetres or 26 inches. Ethnic groups of Dire Dawa (2007) Religion in Dire Dawa (2007) The projected population for 1 July 2015 was 440,000 for the entire chartered city and 277,000 for the city proper, making the latter the seventh largest city in Ethiopia. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Dire Dawa had a population of 341,834, of whom 171,461 were men and 170,461 women. 233,224 or 68.23% of

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624-664: Is an agency of the government of Ethiopia designated to provide all surveys and censuses for that country used to monitor economic and social growth, as well as to act as an official training center in that field. It is part of the Ethiopian Ministry of Finance and Economic Development . The Directress General of the CSA is Samia Gutu . Before 9 March 1989 the CSA was known as the Central Statistical Office (CSO). The CSA has 25 branch offices. Besides

676-536: Is an industrial centre, home to several markets and the Dire Dawa Airport . The projected population for 2015 was 440,000 for the entire chartered city and 277,000 for the city proper, making the latter the seventh largest city in Ethiopia. The region was already inhabited in Mesolithic times, as revealed by rock paintings and Middle Stone Age artifacts in the cave of Porc-Épic and Laga-Oda only

728-579: Is divided administratively into two woredas , the city proper and the non-urban woreda of Gurgura . Dire Dawa lies in the eastern part of the nation, on the Dechatu River , at the foot of a ring of cliffs. The western outskirts of the city lie on the Gorro River, a tributary of the Dechatu River. It is located at the latitude and longitude of 9°36′N 41°52′E  /  9.600°N 41.867°E  / 9.600; 41.867 . The city

780-601: Is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life. Dire Dawa is served by a station on the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway , which is located 10   km northwest of the city centre close to the town of Melka Jebdu. In addition, the city is served by the Ethio-Djibouti Railways with its western terminus located in the city centre. The Dire Dawa Airport offers flights to and from

832-536: Is of very recent origin. It owes its foundation to a technical problem: when it became impossible to lay the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway via Harar because of the steep access to the town, Emperor Menelik II accepted (in a later dated 5 November 1896) that the first part of the line might finish at a village at the foot of the mountains, which should be named Addis Harar ("New Harrar"). The railway reached this location on 24 December 1902,

884-401: Is spoken as a first language by 99.58%; the remaining 0.42% spoke all other primary languages reported. 99.36% of the population said they were Muslim . The 1997 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 324,308 in 42,564 households, of whom 181,566 were males and 142,742 were females; 24,681 or 7.61% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in

936-572: The Derg announced that the Cotton Company of Ethiopia was among 14 textile enterprises to be fully nationalized . The cement factory was also later nationalized. In August 1976, the entire leadership of the local branch of the teachers' union was sacked for alleged anti-revolutionary activities. Ten new officials were appointed pending fresh elections. During the Ogaden War , Dire Dawa

988-562: The Dir make up a significant number of urban and rural Dire Dawa, whereas the Gadabuursi subclan of the Dir mainly reside within the urban town and also in the rural areas surrounding the chartered city state. I.M. Lewis (1998) states: "Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans." According to the CSA, as of 2004 , 90.76% of

1040-556: The Ethiopian Championship series . That same year, the Railroad Workers Syndicate of Dire Dawa , a labor union , was formed for welfare purposes. Although its leadership cooperated with the government, its attempt to strike in 1949 was brutally suppressed by imperial troops; at the time, all strikes were seen as forms of insurrection or treason. In 1955, a public address system was installed in

1092-596: The World Bank 's Information Development team for being the best government agency in statistical information development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dire Dawa Dire Dawa ( Somali : Diridhaba , meaning   "where (the Somali ancestor) Dir hit his spear into the ground" or "The true Dir", Amharic : ድሬዳዋ , Harari : ድሬዳዋ, lit. "Plain of Medicine"; Oromo : Dirree Dhawaa , lit.   'Place of Remedy'; Arabic : ديري داوا )

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1144-483: The 1994 and 2007 censuses are available online. While the practice of keeping statistical information in Ethiopia has been traced back as far as the sixteenth century, the need for systematic statistical information that could be used for economic management was recognized as a priority in 1957. In 1960 compiling statistical information became a regular government activity as a result of the Addis Ababa conference of

1196-740: The African Statisticians from UNECA member countries in 1960. At first the collection of statistics was the responsibility of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, then in 1963, this activity became the function of the CSO, which was an autonomous unit under the Ministry of Planning and Development. In 1972 the CSO was reorganized in Proclamation 303/1972, and was responsible for the Planning Commission. The CSO

1248-626: The Dollo Zone was the Somali 323,928 (99.9%), and Somali was spoken by 323,881 (99.9%). The literacy rate in this Zone is 4.2%. The CSA categorized 160,057 (49.3%) of the people in the Zone as being part of the labor pool of whom 10,722 (6.7%) were unemployed). According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 1% of the inhabitants of Dollo have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 0.0 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. 28.2% of

1300-651: The Dollo zone was damaged by a large outbreak of desert locusts. In March 2023, about 100,000 Somalis fled to the Dollo zone to escape the conflict in Las Anod in Sool region. They were mostly women and children. Refugees are being received in Boh , Galhamur, and Danot . 7°15′N 46°00′E  /  7.250°N 46.000°E  / 7.250; 46.000 Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) The Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ; Amharic : ማዕከላዊ ስታቲስቲክስ ኤጀንሲ)

1352-723: The EPRDF. Both the Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Front claimed the city. As a result, there were numerous clashes between the two groups from 1991 until 1993. When the Somali Regional State was being established in 1993, it wanted Dire Dawa to be its capital. This was opposed by the Oromia Region , of which Dire Dawa was part of at the time, so the federal government placed

1404-591: The Ethiopian forces. According to Gebru Tareke, the success of the Ethiopian Army in holding Dire Dawa (17–18 August 1977) against the Somali Army was decisive in winning the Ogaden War . In May 1979, 250 Oromos who were detained in the prisons of Dire Dawa were executed by the Derg regime. Dire Dawa was occupied by the EPRDF on 31 May 1991 and there were reports of about 100 people killed resisting

1456-424: The accident happened, and 38 were immediately killed and as many as 50 were injured. Dead and injured were taken to Dil-chora Hospital in Dire Dawa. The cause was not immediately known. Currently , there are plans to revitalize the city. A historic and popular part of the city is to be demolished and replaced by a financial center, malls, mixed-use buildings, hotels, recreational facilities, and hospitals. As part of

1508-438: The battle of Maeso, the governmental troops from Addis Ababa re-established a regular administration. During the 1920s, the south-eastern part of the town also started to develop. Its inhabitants were mostly Somali and Oromo, the other Ethiopians playing only a minor role. The population here grew to 3,000, while that of the whole town numbered 20,000. Between the two World Wars, two hospitals were established in Dire Dawa, one by

1560-456: The capital city of Addis Ababa , the cities and towns with offices are: Ambo , Arba Minch , chiro , Asayita , Assosa , Awasa , Bahir Dar , Debre Berhan , Dessie , Dire Dawa , Gambela , Goba , Gondar , Harar , Hosaena , Inda Selassie , Jijiga , Jimma , Mek'ele , Mizan Teferi , Adama , Negele Borana , Nekemte , and Sodo . National censuses of the population and housing have been taken in 1984, 1994, and 2007. Information from

1612-501: The central square to receive and rebroadcast state radio transmissions. The Ethiopian Revolution affected the city in many ways. Starting March 1974, there was some worker unrest; six people were wounded when police opened fire on demonstrating railwaymen and students on 17 April. Many Europeans, Yemeni Arabs, and Indians left Dire Dawa; the Greek and Armenian churches were eventually closed due to dwindling membership. On 3 February 1975,

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1664-541: The city under its own jurisdiction to avoid territorial conflict between the two regions. On 24 June 2002, a small explosive was detonated at the headquarters of the Ethiopian Railway Commission in Dire Dawa. The Oromo Liberation Front afterwards claimed responsibility for this attack in retaliation "for the continuing harassment of Oromo students, merchants, and farmers by the Ethiopian government." Although blamed for other isolated incidents, this

1716-464: The city with the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa in 1917. The Dire Dawa-Harar road was improved in 1928, shortening the travel time to only a few hours. In 1931, the Bank of Ethiopia opened its first branch in the city and, a generation later, the writer C.F. Rey described the city as the most "advanced" urban center in the area, with good roads, electric lights, and piped water. On 9 May 1936 Dire Dawa

1768-715: The city. Additionally, the Selam Bus Line Share Company provides inter-city bus service. The taxicabs are often called Bajaj in Dire Dawa. The Dire Dawa University was founded in 2006. Among the places of worship , there are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also a few churches, Christian churches and temples : Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus ( Lutheran World Federation ), Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church , Ethiopian Catholic Archeparchy of Addis Abeba ( Catholic Church ), Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church . f The Dire Dawa City Administration

1820-455: The construction of the first railway and establishment of the railway city. The imperial railway company (Cie) played a key role in the early development of the city, particularly Gezira (aka Kezira), under the authority of the Ethiopian government. The original failed company was reorganized as the joint-government Franco-Ethiopian Railway in 1908 and, after a period of financial negotiation and recapitalization, construction began anew, linking

1872-404: The day after the occupation of Addis Ababa and Emperor Haile Selassie 's flight along the railroad to Djibouti and Palestine . They were met by two French armed cars: the railway remained under French administration and they had remained to protect French interests. The next day, the first train under Italian control left Addis Ababa: it brought Italy's 46th Infantry Regiment and finally closed

1924-598: The headquarters for the British Reserved Area, till it was handed over to the Ethiopian government in 1947. In the following decades the town greatly expanded and the population grew to 160,000. The infrastructure was ameliorated and several industrial plants were established. Following the restoration of the empire in 1941, Dire Dawa was among the early provincial towns to have its own soccer league. Around 1947, their team—the Taffari—participated in

1976-406: The livestock census was an important component. For the Somali Region, the CSA generated estimated figures for the livestock population (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and equids) and their distribution by commissioning an aerial survey. For the Dollo Zone, their results included: In April 2017, the Somali governor announced that 19 children had died due to AWD in the Dollo zone. In December 2019,

2028-658: The most believers in Dire Dawa is Islam with 70.9%, 25.6% are Ethiopian Orthodox , 2.8% Protestant , and 0.4% Catholic . Traditionally the Nole Oromo clan used the area as grazing land, and farming in the Laga Harre district. They live alongside the Gurgura clan which share both Oromo and Somali identities, speaking the Oromo language and tracing their genealogy to the Dir , a Somali clan family. The Issa subclan of

2080-601: The patriot forces in the Gara Mulleta. As for other towns, the Italians conceived a "piano regolatore" for the construction of an Italian town in Dire Dawa. However, their occupation ended before they could complete these plans. During the Italian invasion , Mussolini ordered that Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa be spared air attacks (which included the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas ) and other destruction as

2132-598: The pincers of the two Italian invasion forces. The occupation of the town was more or less a formality, although resistance fighters known as Arbegnoch ("Patriots") continued to operate throughout the conflict. It was officially known by its Italian spelling Dire Daua during the occupation. In June 1940 the British started to bomb the town and on 29 March 1941 Dire Dawa was liberated by the Allied forces from Harar. The town remained under British Military Administration, being

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2184-469: The plan, historical buildings will be renovated, and a new space will be allotted for building new homes and businesses for those displaced by the move. New roads, parks, and an industrial zone will also be built, and major railway project is expected to greatly increase business activity in the city. Dire Dawa has a borderline tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw / As ) just above a hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ). The mean annual temperature of Dire Dawa

2236-427: The population had safe drinking water : 69.61% of rural and 99.48% of urban inhabitants having access. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Dire Dawa as of 2005 include the following: 11.4% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 76.6% and for women 53%; and the civic infant mortality rate is 71 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which

2288-442: The population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and an average of 28% for pastoral Regions. 13% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 1% in secondary schools. 100% of the zone is exposed to malaria , and none to Tsetse fly . The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 788. On 5–23 November 2003, the CSA conducted the first ever national agricultural census, of which

2340-515: The population were urban inhabitants. For all of Dire Dawa, 76,815 households were counted living in 72,937 housing units, which resulted in an average of 4.5 persons per household, with urban households having 4.2 people per household on average, and rural households 4.9 people. Ethnic groups in the region include the Oromo (157,991, 46%), Somali (83,114, 24%), Amhara (68,887, 20%), Gurage (15,554, 4.5%), among other groups (5.5%). The religion with

2392-408: The railway company and another in 1934 by the government. Education on a primary level was provided by a government school, a Catholic mission school and several schools for the different foreign communities in the town (Greek, Italian, Indian). Dire Dawa's first governor was Ato Mersha Nahusenay . Formerly the governor of the strategic village of Gildessa and its environs, Mersha was instrumental in

2444-564: The town was planned and constructed very regularly, mostly by the engineers of the railway company. At first, this part of the town mostly housed the employees of the railway company, but it later attracted, besides the French, also Greeks, Armenians, other Europeans and Arabs, who opened shops and hotels and founded some industry as well. In 1909 the French Capuchin Mission settled in Dire Dawa. At that time Dire Dawa looked like

2496-876: Was attacked during the Battle of Dire Dawa by Somali troops in the summer of 1977. Opposing them were the Second Militia Division, the 201st Battalion, the 781st Battalion of the Seventy-eighth Brigade, the Fourth Mechanized Company, and one platoon of the Eightieth Tank Battalion, with only two tanks. On August 17 the Somalis moved in from the Harewa side to the northeast of the city by night. Despite losing three tanks to landmines en route, they launched

2548-461: Was extensive damage to homes and markets especially along the Dechatu River. Floods are fairly common during the June–September rainy season ; over 200 people in the region had been killed by flooding in 2005 that did millions of dollars in damage. An overturned truck, heading from Dengego to Dire Dawa, killed 41 people 4 March 2009. The truck was carrying an unknown number of day laborers when

2600-518: Was occupied by Italian troops coming from Harar, after Somali troops from Djibouti had prevented looting during the period of interregnum. Badoglio and Graziani celebrated their meeting on the railway station of Dire Dawa. The Italians constructed several new buildings in Dire Dawa, especially for the administration and the Fascist party. They also improved the roads and enlarged the airport so that their military planes could take off from there to bomb

2652-659: Was once again restructured on 9 March 1989, when it was renamed as the CSA and was directly responsible to the Council of Ministers . It was once again placed under a Ministry, the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation in October 1996, and transferred to its present position in September 2001, under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development . On November 21, 2006 the CSA announced that it had been recognized by

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2704-593: Was the latest bombing inside Ethiopia for which the OLF claimed responsibility. Dire Dawa moved out of federal administration to become a chartered city in 2004 after the federal parliament approved the city charter in proclamation 416/2004. The city was flooded in August 2006 when both the Dechatu River and the Gorro River overflowed their banks. About 200 people were reported dead, thousands were displaced and there

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