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96-419: Data Protection Act may refer to: Data Protection Act, 2012 (Ghana) Data Protection Act 2018 (United Kingdom) The now-superseded Data Protection Act 1998 and Data Protection Act 1984 (United Kingdom) Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

192-734: A lingua franca across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816. The late 19th and early 20th century in the United States saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer . Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of advertising , American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around 1900. Newspapers of this era embraced sensationalized reporting and larger headline typefaces and layouts,

288-427: A watchdog on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience. Some forms include: The rise of social media has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called citizen journalists . In

384-487: A 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on microblogs to collect facts. From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media. However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their audience, only 30% thought it had

480-581: A concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion, sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the presumption of innocence , in particular in cases that are still sub judice . In the UK, all newspapers are bound by

576-494: A data controller not to take a decision that would significantly affect him solely on the processing by automatic means (section 41); to exempt manual data (Section 42), to be compensated for the data controller's failure to comply with the provisions of the Act, upon proof of damages (Section 43); and to have inaccurate data rectified (Section 44) The Act establishes a Data Protection Commission with two main objects, The functions of

672-462: A data controller who collects personal data do so for a specific purpose that is explicitly defined and lawful, and is related to the functions or activity of the person. (Section 22) The data controller who collects data is also required to take necessary steps to ensure that the data subject is aware of the purpose for which the data is collected. (Section 23) The Act requires that where a data controller holds personal data collected in connection with

768-481: A data protection regime. Section 27(1) makes it mandatory for a data controller who intends to process personal data to register with the Data Protection Commission. The Data Controller who intends to collect data must also ensure that the data subject is aware the nature of data being collected, the persons responsible for the collection, the purpose of the collection as well as whether or not

864-564: A degree to be hired. The first school of Journalism opened as part of the University of Missouri in 1908. In the History Of Journalism page, it goes into depth on how journalism has evolved into what it is today. As of right now, there are a couple different routes one can take if interested in journalism. If one wanting to expand their skills as a journalist, there are many college courses and workshops one can take. If going

960-438: A foreign jurisdiction sent into Ghana from a foreign jurisdiction wholly for processing “personal data” means data about an individual who can be identified,(a) from the data, or (b) from the data or other information in the possession of, or likely to come into the possession of the data controller “processing” means an operation or activity or set of operations by automatic or other means that concerns data or personal data and

1056-414: A manner that prevents its reconstruction in an intelligible form, or the record of the personal data must be de-identified. (Sections 24(4), (5), (6)). A data subject may also request that a record of personal data about that data subject held by a data controller be destroyed or deleted where the data controller no longer has the authorisation to retain that data. (Section 33(1) (b)) The Act requires that

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1152-554: A particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes. Napoleon would reintroduce strict censorship laws in 1800, but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture. As part of the Revolutions of 1848 , radical liberal publications such as the Rheinische Zeitung, Pesti Hírlap, and Morgenbladet would motivate people toward deposing

1248-415: A person uses a record of personal data to make a decision about the data subject, the data must only be retained for a period required by law or a code of conduct, and where no such law or code of conduct exists, for a period which will afford the data subject an opportunity to request access to the record. Upon the expiration of the retention period, the personal data must, however, be deleted or destroyed, in

1344-450: A person who processes personal data to ensure that the data is processed without infringing the rights of the data subject, and should be processed in a lawful and reasonable manner (Section 18(1)). Where the data to be processed involves a foreign data subject, the data controller or processor must ensure that the personal data is processed according to the data protection laws of the originating jurisdiction (Section 18 (2)). Data processing

1440-449: A positive influence on news credibility. In addition to this, a 2021 study done by Pew Research Center shows that 86% of Americans are getting their news from digital devices. Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists. Because of these changes,

1536-409: A range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people. Many debates centre on whether journalists are "supposed" to be "objective" and "neutral"; arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate points of view. Additionally,

1632-438: A reasonable time, after paying any prescribed fees and in a form that is generally understandable (Section 32(2)). A data subject can also request a data controller to correct or delete personal data about the data subject that is held by the data controller and which is inaccurate, irrelevant, excessive, out of date, incomplete, or misleading (Section 33(1)). Upon receipt of the request, the data controller must either comply with

1728-491: A specific purpose, any further processing of that data must be compatible with the purpose for which the personal data was initially obtained. (Section 25(1)) The circumstances under which processing meets the compatibility requirement include where the data subjects consents to the further processing of the information, the data is in the public domain, further processing is necessary for purposes of fighting crime, for legislation that concerns protection of tax revenue collection,

1824-411: A style that would become dubbed " yellow journalism ". Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement. This era saw the establishment of freedom of the press as a legal norm, as President Theodore Roosevelt tried and failed to sue newspapers for reporting corruption in his handling of the purchase of

1920-494: A success and made its profits through advertising. Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (1865–1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. His Daily Mail held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister Lord Salisbury quipped it

2016-403: A variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became

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2112-630: A weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centres of trade, such as Amsterdam , London, and Berlin . The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century. Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the liberal revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the American Colonies , newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against

2208-409: Is also required for the processing of special personal data (Section 37(2) (b)). A data subject also object to the processing of personal data (section 20(2)), and the data processor is required to stop processing the data upon such objection (section 20(3)). In terms of retention of records, the Act prohibits the retention of personal data for a period longer than is necessary to achieve the purpose of

2304-441: Is also required to take reasonable measures to identify and forestall any reasonably foreseeable risks, and ensure that any safeguards put in place are effectively implemented and updated continually. (Section 28(2)) The data controller must also observe both generally accepted and industry specific best practices in securing data, (Section 28(3)) as well as ensure that data processors comply with security measures. (Section 30) Where

2400-476: Is applicable, where Data which originates externally and merely transits through Ghana is however, not protected by the Act (Section 45(4)). The Act applies to the Ghanaian Government, and for that purpose, each government department is treated as a data controller. (Section 91) The Act provides for 8 principles that data processors have to take into account in processing data, in order to protect

2496-445: Is lawful where the conditions that justify the processing are present. The Act has a minimality provision, which requires that personal data can only be processed if the purpose for which it is to be processed is necessary, relevant, and not excessive. (Section 19) The prior consent of a data subject is also required before personal data is processed. (Section 20) This requirement is, however, subject to exceptions. For instance, where

2592-412: Is made up of 99 sections that are arranged under various headings, as follows: Key terms in the Act are defined in the interpretation section, section 96. Unless the context otherwise requires, section 96 provides the following definitions to the notable terms: “ data controller ” means a person who either alone, jointly with other persons or in common with other persons or as a statutory duty determines

2688-456: Is necessary for the protection of the vital interest of the data subject, where it is impossible for the data subject to give consent, or the data controller cannot reasonably be expected to obtain consent, or consent by the data subject has been unreasonably withheld. (Section 37(4)) Processing special personal data is presumed to be necessary where it is required for the purpose of legal proceedings, legal advice and for medical purposes, where it

2784-432: Is necessary to achieve the aims of the institution (Section 38(1)). Under the Act, a data subject has the right to have his personal data corrected (section 33), to access his personal data (section 35); to prevent the processing of personal data that causes or is likely to cause unwarranted damage or distress to him (section 39); to prevent processing of personal data for purposes of direct marketing (section 40); to require

2880-421: Is now known as " community journalism ". The 1920s debate has been endlessly repeated across the globe, as journalists wrestle with their roles. Radio Radio broadcasting increased in popularity starting in the 1920s, becoming widespread in the 1930s. While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached

2976-423: Is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of Hillary Clinton 's email which

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3072-410: Is restored.(Section 31)) A data subject can, subject to proving the data subject's identity, request a data controller to confirm if the data controller holds that data subject's personal data, describe the nature of the personal data held, and the identity of any third party who has or has previously had access to that data (Section 32(1)). The request must however be made in a reasonable manner, within

3168-471: Is that journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry and that journalists are thus obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification. Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones, also include

3264-432: Is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, a noun , applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. The appropriate role for journalism varies from country to country, as do perceptions of

3360-495: Is undertaken by a health professional and subject to a duty of confidentiality between the patient and health professional. (Section 37(6)) The prohibition on processing special personal data relating to religious or philosophical beliefs does not apply where the processing is carried out by a religious organisation of which the data subject is a member or by an institution founded upon the religious or philosophical principles with respect to persons associated with that institution and

3456-622: The COVID-19 pandemic . On 4 March 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with

3552-482: The Chicago Daily Tribune , based on early election returns that failed to anticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election. There are over 242 codes of ethics in journalism that vary across various regions of the world. The codes of ethics are created through an interaction of different groups of people such as the public and journalists themselves. Most of the codes of ethics serve as

3648-512: The Panama Canal . Still, critics note that although government's ability to suppress journalistic speech is heavily limited, the concentration of newspaper (and general media) ownership in the hands of a small number of private business owners leads to other biases in reporting and media self-censorship that benefits the interests of corporations and the government. The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to

3744-737: The Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865–1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee , and Robert Lee Vann (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier . Although it is not completely necessary to have attended college to be a journalist, over the past few years it has become more common to attend. With this becoming more popular, jobs are starting to require

3840-520: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022. While publications reporting the news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as Han dynasty China made use of regularly published news bulletins. Similar publications were established in the Republic of Venice in

3936-619: The Society of Professional Journalists , Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc. , or the Online News Association . Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance, The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous. When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent

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4032-533: The aristocratic governments of Central Europe. Other liberal publications played a more moderate role: The Russian Bulletin praised Alexander II of Russia's liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a parliamentary system in Russia. Farther to the left, socialist and communist newspapers had wide followings in France, Russia and Germany despite being outlawed by

4128-429: The (a) collection, organisation, adaptation or alteration of the information or data, (b) retrieval, consultation or use of the information or data, (c) disclosure of the information or data by transmission, dissemination or other means available, or (d) alignment, combination, blocking, erasure or destruction of the information or data “recipient” means a person to whom data is disclosed, including an employee or agent of

4224-453: The 16th century. These bulletins, however, were intended only for government officials, and thus were not journalistic news publications in the modern sense of the term. As mass-printing technologies like the printing press spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with the news. The first references to privately owned newspaper publishers in China date to

4320-480: The 1950s. Starting in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy , broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with

4416-431: The Act, a data controller has a duty to prevent the loss of, damage to, or unauthorized destruction of personal data, as well as the unlawful access to or unauthorized processing of personal data. The data controller must therefore adopt appropriate, reasonable, technical, and organizational means to take necessary steps to ensure the security of personal data in its possession or control. (Section 28(1)) The data controller

4512-616: The British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as Thomas Paine , while loyalist publications motivated support against the American Revolution . News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly partisan throughout the 19th century. In France, political newspapers sprang up during the French Revolution , with L'Ami du peuple , edited by Jean-Paul Marat , playing

4608-507: The CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said: It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy. Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining

4704-825: The Code of Practice of the Independent Press Standards Organisation . This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticized the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure the public trust of newspapers. This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity. Because of

4800-617: The DPC are to: (section 3) The DPC is governed by an 11-member board that is appointed by the President of Ghana, and the Act provides for certain specific institutional representation. (Section 4) Board members are allowed to hold office for a period not exceeding three years and cannot be appointed to more than two terms. (Section 5(1)) Allowances for Board members are approved by the Minister responsible for Communications in consultation with

4896-489: The DPC, as well as the implementation of the decisions of the Board. (Section 12). Mrs. Teki Akuetteh Falconer is the current Executive-Director. Under the Act, the sources of the DPC's funds include money approved by parliament, donations and grants, money that accrues to the DPC in the performance of its functions and any money that the Minister responsible for Finance approves. (Section 14) Journalism Journalism

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4992-553: The Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on

5088-502: The Internet. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube (which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets). News from a variety of online sources, like blogs and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations. A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced

5184-479: The Minister responsible for Finance. (Section 9) The board was officially sworn in on 1 November 2012, is currently chaired by Prof. Justice Samuel Kofi Date-Bah , a retired justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana. The DPC was officially launched on 18 November 2014. The Act also mandates the President to appoint an Executive Director (section 11) who shall be responsible for the day-to-day administration of

5280-486: The Pew Research Center, the circulation for U.S. newspapers has fallen sharply in the 21st century. Digital-first, non-profit newsrooms have grown in response to the need for high-quality information that the private sector has been struggling to provide. The digital era also introduced journalism whose development is done by ordinary citizens, with the rise of citizen journalism being possible through

5376-411: The ability to render a subject's complex and fluid narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities. There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a " fourth estate ", acting as

5472-422: The author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. In a traditional print newspaper and its online version, information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand

5568-522: The collection, unless, the retention is required by law, is reasonably necessary for a lawful purpose related to a function or activity, is required for contractual purposes, or the data subject has consented to the retention. (Section 24(1)). The retention requirement is, however, not applicable to personal data that is kept for historical, statistical, or research purposes, (section 24(2)), except that such records must be adequately protected against access or used for unauthorized purposes (Section 24(3)). Where

5664-505: The conduct of court proceedings, protection of national security, public health, or the life or health of the data subject or another person. (Section 25(3)) Under section 26 of the Act, a data controller who processes personal data must ensure that the data is complete, accurate, up to date and not misleading, having regard to the purpose for which that data is collected or processed. The openness principle ensures that individuals know about, and can participate in enforcing their rights under

5760-461: The context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received

5856-589: The context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences. For example, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition. According to

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5952-568: The credibility of the underlying news organization. The phrase was popularized and used by Donald Trump during his presidential campaign to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency. In some countries, including Turkey , Egypt , India, Bangladesh , Iran , Nigeria , Ethiopia , Kenya , Cote d’Ivoire , Montenegro , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , Malaysia , Singapore, Philippines , and Somalia journalists have been threatened or arrested for allegedly spreading fake news about

6048-427: The credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers. "Fake news" is also deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of fake news websites . News cannot be regarded as "fake", but disinformation rather. It

6144-453: The data controller or the data processor to whom data is disclosed in the course of processing the data for the data controller, but does not include a person to whom disclosure is made with respect to a particular inquiry pursuant to an enactment “special purposes” means any one or more of the following: (a) the purpose of journalism , (b) where the purpose is in the public interest , (c) artistic purposes, and (d) literary purposes The Act

6240-457: The data processor is not domiciled in Ghana, the data controller must ensure that the data processor complies with the relevant laws of its country. (Section 30(4)) The Act also requires the data controller to, as soon as reasonably practicable, notify the Data Protection Commission and the data subject of any security breaches to its system, and take steps to ensure that the integrity of the system

6336-417: The data subject; (e) the sexual orientation of the data subject; (f) the commission or alleged commission of an offence by the individual; or (g) proceedings for an offence committed or alleged to have been committed by the individual, the disposal of such proceedings or the sentence of any court in the proceedings; The Act prohibits the processing of data which relates to children under parental control, or to

6432-588: The establishment of CNN , news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other electronic devices. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on

6528-475: The following profile: While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity , impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book The Elements of Journalism . Their view

6624-585: The founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first Black newspapers in America were established in the early 19th century, in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1870–1940), publisher of the Chicago Defender ; John Mitchell Jr. (1863–1929), editor of

6720-651: The freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms." The first successful English daily, the Daily Courant , was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as the Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire , other countries such as France and Prussia kept tighter control of

6816-648: The full college route, the average time is takes to graduate with a journalism degree is four years. The top 5 ranked journalism schools in the US for the school year of 2022 are: 1. Washington and Lee University. 2. Northwestern University. 3. Georgetown University. 4. Columbia University in the City of New York. 5. University of Wisconsin - Madison. In the 1920s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst Walter Lippmann and philosopher John Dewey debated

6912-499: The government. Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911 produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism. All the major cities launched such efforts. By the late 1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in

7008-462: The journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology. While feature stories , breaking news, and hard news stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy. According to Robert McChesney , healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include

7104-643: The late Ming dynasty in 1582. Johann Carolus 's Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , published in 1605 in Strasbourg , is often recognized as the first newspaper in Europe. Freedom of the press was formally established in Great Britain in 1695, with Alan Rusbridger , former editor of The Guardian , stating: "licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how

7200-452: The other hand, believed not only that the public was capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, but also that it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and

7296-527: The peak of its importance during World War II , as radio and newsreels were major sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war. In the Soviet Union , radio would be heavily utilized by the state to broadcast political speeches by leadership. These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting. The radio would however soon be eclipsed by broadcast television starting in

7392-420: The preparation or conduct of legal proceedings. Section 27(4)) Also, although it is not mandatory, a data controller can appoint a data protection supervisor, who would be responsible for monitoring compliance with the Act.(Section 58(1), (2)) The data protection supervisor may be an employee (Section 58(1)) and must meet the qualification criteria set out by the Data Protection Commission. (Section 58(7)) Under

7488-466: The press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform censorship. Other governments, such as the Russian Empire , were even more distrusting of the journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to

7584-482: The pressure on journalists to report news promptly and before their competitors, factual errors occur more frequently than in writing produced and edited under less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a major daily newspaper may contain several corrections of articles published the previous day. Perhaps the most famous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was the Dewey Defeats Truman edition of

7680-687: The privacy of individuals. These principles are similar to the OECD Guidelines and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union. The data protection principles are enumerated at Section 17 as follows: The accountability principle of data protection is seen generally as a fundamental principle of compliance. It requires that a data controller should be accountable for compliance with measures which give effect to data protection principles. The Act requires

7776-496: The products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers. In the US, many credible news organizations are incorporated entities , have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and advertising departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the American Society of News Editors ,

7872-405: The profession, and the resulting status. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government and are not independent. In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as private industry . In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech , freedom of the press as well as slander and libel cases . The proliferation of

7968-416: The purpose for which the personal data is processed is necessary for the purpose of a contract to which the data subject is a party; authorised or required by law, to protect a legitimate interest of the data subject; necessary for the proper performance of a statutory duty or necessary to pursue the legitimate interest of the data controller or a third party to whom the data is supplied (section 20(1)). Consent

8064-406: The purposes for and the manner in which personal data is processed or is to be processed “data processor” in relation to personal data means any person other than an employee of the data controller who processes the data on behalf of the data controller “data subject” means an individual who is the subject of personal data “foreign data subject” means data subject information regulated by laws of

8160-561: The religious or philosophical beliefs, ethnic origin, race, trade union membership, political opinions, health, sexual life or criminal behaviour of an individual Section 37(1). Special personal data may, however, be processed where it is necessary or the data subject has given consent to the processing (Section 37(2)). Processing of personal data is necessary where it is to exercise a right, or fulfil an obligation conferred or imposed by law on an employer (Section 37(3)). Special personal data relating to data subjects may also be processed where it

8256-483: The request or provide the data subject with credible evidence in support of the data. (Section 33(2)). Under section 96, "special personal data" means personal data which consists of information that relates to (a) the race, colour, ethnic or tribal origin of the data subject; (b) the political opinion of the data subject; (c) the religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature, of the data subject; (d) the physical, medical, mental health or mental condition or DNA of

8352-526: The role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize an ongoing debate about the role of journalism in society. Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts. Dewey, on

8448-515: The sort of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries. The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the First World War ; circulation inched up to six million a day from five million in 1910. The major postwar success story was Paris Soir ; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 its circulation

8544-481: The supply of data is mandatory or discretionary, among other things. (Section 27(2)) Where the data is collected from a third party, the Act requires the data subject to be informed before the data is collected, or as soon as practicable afterwards. (Section 27(3)) The Act provides circumstances under which the notification requirement is exempt, and they include where it is necessary to avoid compromising law enforcement, protect national security, or where it relates to

8640-490: The title Data Protection Act . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act&oldid=1233192655 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Data Protection Act, 2012 The Act

8736-486: Was "written by office boys for office boys". Described as "the scoop of the century", as a rookie journalist for The Daily Telegraph in 1939 Clare Hollingworth was the first to report the outbreak of World War II . While travelling from Poland to Germany, she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; The Daily Telegraph headline read: "1,000 tanks massed on Polish border "; three days later she

8832-468: Was first introduced in the Ghana Parliament in 2010, but was subsequently withdrawn by the then Minister of Communications , Haruna Iddrisu , to be revised. Parliament passed the bill in 2012, which then received Presidential assent on May 10, 2012. The notice of the Act was gazetted on 18 May 2012, and in accordance with Section 99, the Act came into effect on 16 October 2012. The Act

8928-412: Was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid Le Petit Parisien. In addition to its daily paper Paris Soir sponsored a highly successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. Another magazine Match was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine Life. By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven

9024-428: Was published by a non-existent newspaper called The Denver Guardian. Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by Vox as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and TikTok are distributors of disinformation or "fake news". Mark Zuckerberg ,

9120-519: Was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about

9216-604: Was the first to report the German invasion of Poland . During World War II, George Orwell worked as a journalist at The Observer for seven years, and its editor David Astor gave a copy of Orwell's essay " Politics and the English Language "—a critique of vague, slovenly language—to every new recruit. In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper Robert McCrum wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book". The first newspaper of India, Hicky's Bengal Gazette ,

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