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86-544: Data as a service as a business model is a concept when two or more organizations buy, sell, or trade machine-readable data in exchange for something of value. DaaS began primarily in Web mashups and, since 2015, has been increasingly employed both commercially, and within organizations such as the United Nations . Traditionally, most organisations have used data stored in a self-contained repository, for which software

172-469: A data protection officer (DPO), who is responsible for managing compliance with the GDPR. Data controllers must report data breaches to national supervisory authorities within 72 hours if they have an adverse effect on user privacy. In some cases, violators of the GDPR may be fined up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever

258-480: A lemma with various descriptions. A machine-readable dictionary may have additional capabilities and is therefore sometimes called a smart dictionary. An example of a smart dictionary is the Open Source Gellish English dictionary . The term dictionary is also used to refer to an electronic vocabulary or lexicon as used for example in spelling checkers . If dictionaries are arranged in

344-483: A machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium ) is a medium capable of storing data in a format easily readable by a digital computer or a sensor . It contrasts with human-readable medium and data . The result is called machine-readable data or computer-readable data , and the data itself can be described as having machine-readability . Machine-readable data must be structured data . Attempts to create machine-readable data occurred as early as

430-723: A mutual legal assistance treaty in force between the requesting third (non-EU) country and the EU or a member state. The data protection reform package also includes a separate Data Protection Directive for the police and criminal justice sector that provides rules on personal data exchanges at State level , Union level, and international levels. A single set of rules applies to all EU member states. Each member state establishes an independent supervisory authority (SA) to hear and investigate complaints, sanction administrative offences, etc. SAs in each member state co-operate with other SAs, providing mutual assistance and organising joint operations. If

516-537: A portable copy of the stored data , their right to erasure of their data under certain circumstances , their right to contest any automated decision-making that was made on a solely algorithmic basis, and their right to file complaints with a Data Protection Authority . As such, the data subject must also be provided with contact details for the data controller and their designated data protection officer, where applicable. Data protection impact assessments ( Article 35 ) have to be conducted when specific risks occur to

602-477: A DPO, although there is overlap in responsibilities that suggest that this role can also be held by the designated DPO. Article 42 and 43 of the GDPR set the legal basis for formal GDPR certifications. They set the basis for two categories of certifications: According to Art. 42 GDPR, the purpose of this certification is to demonstrate “compliance with the GDPR of processing operations by controllers and processors”. There are over 70 references to certification in

688-463: A business has multiple establishments in the EU, it must have a single SA as its "lead authority", based on the location of its "main establishment" where the main processing activities take place. The lead authority thus acts as a " one-stop shop " to supervise all the processing activities of that business throughout the EU. A European Data Protection Board (EDPB) co-ordinates the SAs. EDPB thus replaces

774-498: A case (f) if the legitimate interests of the controller are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject, which require protection of personal data (see also Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González ). Article 21 of the GDPR allows an individual to object to processing personal information for marketing or non-service related purposes. This means

860-434: A combination of both. Translation software between multiple languages usually apply bidirectional dictionaries. An MRD may be a dictionary with a proprietary structure that is queried by dedicated software (for example online via internet) or it can be a dictionary that has an open structure and is available for loading in computer databases and thus can be used via various software applications. Conventional dictionaries contain

946-411: A living data inventory of all data collected and stored on behalf of the organization. More details on the function and the role of data protection officer were given on 13 December 2016 (revised 5 April 2017) in a guideline document. Organisations based outside the EU must also appoint an EU-based person as a representative and point of contact for their GDPR obligations. This is a distinct role from

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1032-691: A passport. There is room for optional, often country-dependent, supplementary information. There are also two sizes of machine-readable visas similarly defined. Computers with a camera and suitable software can directly read the information on machine-readable passports. This enables faster processing of arriving passengers by immigration officials, and greater accuracy than manually-read passports, as well as faster data entry, more data to be read and better data matching against immigration databases and watchlists. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C . General Services Administration . Archived from

1118-558: A service as a business model is a concept when two or more organizations buy, sell, or trade machine-readable data in exchange for something of value. Data as a service is a general term that encompasses data-related services. Now DaaS service providers are replacing traditional data analytics services or happily clustering with existing services to offer more value-addition to customers. The DaaS providers are curating, aggregating, analyzing multi-source data in order to provide additional more valuable analytical data or information. This data

1204-405: A specific data subject without the use of additional information (as an alternative to the other option of complete data anonymisation ). An example is encryption , which renders the original data unintelligible in a process that cannot be reversed without access to the correct decryption key . The GDPR requires for the additional information (such as the decryption key) to be kept separately from

1290-423: A specific, freely given, plainly worded, and unambiguous affirmation given by the data subject; an online form which has consent options structured as an opt-out selected by default is a violation of the GDPR, as the consent is not unambiguously affirmed by the user. In addition, multiple types of processing may not be "bundled" together into a single affirmation prompt, as this is not specific to each use of data, and

1376-411: A subtype-supertype hierarchy of concepts (or terms) then it is called a taxonomy . If it also contains other relations between the concepts, then it is called an ontology . Search engines may use either a vocabulary, a taxonomy or an ontology to optimise the search results. Specialised electronic dictionaries are morphological dictionaries or syntactic dictionaries. A machine-readable passport (MRP)

1462-538: A support mechanism or a tool for creating other value propositions, that's why the revenue stream is typically quite a bit lower. In turn, Data as a Service is one of 3 categories of big data business models based on their value propositions and customers: Data as a Service vendors use different types of data to provide services in different areas of business. For example, People Data Labs is collecting public data about people for their customers could empower recruiting platforms, create AI models, custom audiences, etc. In

1548-401: Is marked up so that it can also be read by machines (e.g. microformats , RDFa , HTML ), and data file formats intended principally for processing by machines ( CSV , RDF , XML , JSON ). These formats are only machine readable if the data contained within them is formally structured; exporting a CSV file from a badly structured spreadsheet does not meet the definition. Machine readable

1634-430: Is a dictionary stored as machine-readable data instead of being printed on paper. It is an electronic dictionary and lexical database . A machine-readable dictionary is a dictionary in an electronic form that can be loaded in a database and can be queried via application software. It may be a single language explanatory dictionary or a multi-language dictionary to support translations between two or more languages or

1720-493: Is a machine-readable travel document (MRTD) with the data on the identity page encoded in optical character recognition format. Many countries began to issue machine-readable travel documents in the 1980s. Most travel passports worldwide are MRPs. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires all ICAO member states to only issue MRPs as of April 1, 2010, and all non-MRP passports must expire by November 24, 2015. Machine-readable passports are standardized by

1806-923: Is a structural markup language, discreetly labeling parts of the document, computers are able to gather document components to assemble tables of contents, outlines, literature search bibliographies, etc. It is possible to make traditional word processing documents and other formats machine readable but the documents must include enhanced structural elements." Examples of machine-readable media include magnetic media such as magnetic disks , cards, tapes , and drums , punched cards and paper tapes , optical discs , barcodes and magnetic ink characters . Common machine-readable technologies include magnetic recording, processing waveforms , and barcodes . Optical character recognition (OCR) can be used to enable machines to read information available to humans. Any information retrievable by any form of energy can be machine-readable. Examples include: Machine-readable dictionary (MRD)

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1892-413: Is at least one legal basis for doing so. The other principles refer to "purpose limitation", " data minimisation ", "accuracy", "storage limitation", and "integrity and confidentiality". Article 6 states that the lawful purposes are: If informed consent is used as the lawful basis for processing, consent must have been explicit for data collected and each purpose data is used for. Consent must be

1978-529: Is being processed. A data controller must provide, upon request, an overview of the categories of data that are being processed as well as a copy of the actual data; furthermore, the data controller has to inform the data subject on details about the processing, such as the purposes of the processing, with whom the data is shared, and how it acquired the data. A data subject must be able to transfer personal data from one electronic processing system to and into another, without being prevented from doing so by

2064-573: Is being used to increment internal companies' data to improve business processes and decision making, for AI training and for supplementing organization’s services or products. Wherein, external DaaS uses data licensed from a vendor, which is supplied to a customer on demand. For example, Clearbit uses internal customers data ( CRM , MAP and ABM ), so they could provide more personalized services, and also enriches their systems with real-time data to improve lead routing, to enhance segmentation, and provide intelligence across their entire stack. Usually,

2150-526: Is carried out by a public authority (except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial capacity), or if processing operations involve regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale, or if processing on a large scale of special categories of data and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences ( Articles 9 and Article 10 ) a data protection officer (DPO)—a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices—must be designated to assist

2236-404: Is generally easy to integrate applications that are built upon the same foundation technology . The result of the combined software/data consumer package and required EAI middleware has been an increased amount of software for organizations to manage and maintain, simply for the use of particular data. In addition to routine maintenance costs, a cascading amount of software updates are required as

2322-421: Is greater. To be able to demonstrate compliance with the GDPR, the data controller must implement measures that meet the principles of data protection by design and by default. Article 25 requires data protection measures to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services. Such measures include pseudonymising personal data, by the controller, as soon as possible (Recital 78). It

2408-408: Is kept hidden. Tokenisation does not alter the type or length of data, which means it can be processed by legacy systems such as databases that may be sensitive to data length and type. This also requires much fewer computational resources to process and less storage space in databases than traditionally encrypted data. Pseudonymisation is a privacy-enhancing technology and is recommended to reduce

2494-422: Is not synonymous with digitally accessible . A digitally accessible document may be online, making it easier for humans to access via computers, but its content is much harder to extract, transform, and process via computer programming logic if it is not machine-readable. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is designed to be both human- and machine-readable, and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT)

2580-535: Is provided by Article 20 . A right to be forgotten was replaced by a more limited right of erasure in the version of the GDPR that was adopted by the European Parliament in March 2014. Article 17 provides that the data subject has the right to request erasure of personal data related to them on any one of a number of grounds, including noncompliance with Article 6(1) (lawfulness) that includes

2666-424: Is retained, if data is being transferred to a third-party and/or outside the EU, and any automated decision-making that is made on a solely algorithmic basis. Data subjects must be informed of their privacy rights under the GDPR, including their right to revoke consent to data processing at any time, their right to view their personal data and access an overview of how it is being processed , their right to obtain

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2752-525: Is the best way to regulate AI. Article 82 of the GDPR stipulates that any person who has suffered material or non-material damage as a result of an infringement of this Regulation shall have the right to receive compensation from the controller or processor for the damage suffered. In the judgment Österreichische Post (C-300/21) the Court of Justice of the European Union gave an interpretation of

2838-430: Is the responsibility and the liability of the data controller to implement effective measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities even if the processing is carried out by a data processor on behalf of the controller (Recital 74). When data is collected, data subjects must be clearly informed about the extent of data collection, the legal basis for the processing of personal data, how long data

2924-550: Is used to improve the presentation of the data for human readability. For example, XSLT can be used to automatically render XML in Portable Document Format ( PDF ). Machine-readable data can be automatically transformed for human-readability but, generally speaking, the reverse is not true. For purposes of implementation of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Modernization Act,

3010-479: Is usually classified into 2 categories: Since the customers only get access to the data stream delivered by DaaS vendors when they need it, this eliminates the need to store data within a company and the corresponding costs, which makes the business more flexible. One of this business model parts is regulation in the field of user data turnover. There are a number of regulations that require vendors to comply with specific customer service requirements. In particular,

3096-861: The ICAO Document 9303 (endorsed by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission as ISO/IEC 7501-1) and have a special machine-readable zone ( MRZ ), which is usually at the bottom of the identity page at the beginning of a passport. The ICAO 9303 describes three types of documents corresponding to the ISO/IEC 7810 sizes: The fixed format allows specification of document type, name, document number, nationality, date of birth, sex, and document expiration date. All these fields are required on

3182-555: The Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. There are exceptions for data processed in an employment context or in national security that still might be subject to individual country regulations. Article 5 sets out six principles relating to the lawfulness of processing personal data. The first of these specifies that data must be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner. Article 6 develops this principle by specifying that personal data may not be processed unless there

3268-608: The European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). The GDPR is an important component of EU privacy law and human rights law , in particular Article 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . It also governs the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA. The GDPR's goals are to enhance individuals' control and rights over their personal information and to simplify

3354-637: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "machine readable format" as follows: "Format in a standard computer language (not English text) that can be read automatically by a web browser or computer system. (e.g.; xml). Traditional word processing documents and portable document format (PDF) files are easily read by humans but typically are difficult for machines to interpret. Other formats such as extensible markup language ( XML ), ( JSON ), or spreadsheets with header columns that can be exported as comma separated values (CSV) are machine readable formats. As HTML

3440-422: The 1960s. At the same time that seminal developments in machine-reading and natural-language processing were releasing (like Weizenbaum's ELIZA ), people were anticipating the success of machine-readable functionality and attempting to create machine-readable documents. One such example was musicologist Nancy B. Reich 's creation of a machine-readable catalog of composer William Jay Sydeman 's works in 1966. In

3526-611: The DPO must be published by the processing organisation (for example, in a privacy notice) and registered with the supervisory authority. The DPO is similar to a compliance officer and is also expected to be proficient at managing IT processes, data security (including dealing with cyberattacks ) and other critical business continuity issues associated with the holding and processing of personal and sensitive data. The skill set required stretches beyond understanding legal compliance with data protection laws and regulations. The DPO must maintain

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3612-450: The DaaS market which offer weather forecasting services based on meteorological data collected around the world. Data as a service operates on the premise that data quality can occur in a centralized place, cleansing and enriching data and offering it to different systems, applications, or users, irrespective of where they were in the organization, or on the network. DaaS undertakes to provide

3698-508: The EU. The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a "purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity." (Recital 18). According to the European Commission , "Personal data is information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual. If you cannot directly identify an individual from that information, then you need to consider whether

3784-735: The Europrivacy certification criteria were officially recognized by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) to serve as European Data Protection Seal. Europrivacy was developed by the European research programme and is managed by the European Centre for Certification and Privacy (ECCP) in Luxembourg. Besides the definitions as a criminal offence according to national law following Article 83 GDPR

3870-597: The GDPR, encompassing various obligations such as: The GDPR certification also contributes to reduce the legal and financial risks of applicants, as well as of data controllers using certified data processing services. The adoption of the European Data Protection Seals is under the responsibility of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and is recognized across all EU and EEA Member States . In October 2022,

3956-585: The GDPR. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), adopted on 28 June 2018, has many similarities with the GDPR. The GDPR 2016 has eleven chapters, concerning general provisions, principles, rights of the data subject, duties of data controllers or processors, transfers of personal data to third countries, supervisory authorities, cooperation among member states, remedies, liability or penalties for breach of rights, and miscellaneous final provisions. Recital 4 proclaims that ‘processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind’. The regulation applies if

4042-571: The Opinion of the Advocate General in the case Krankenversicherung Nordrhein (C-667/21). Data controllers must clearly disclose any data collection , declare the lawful basis and purpose for data processing, and state how long data is being retained and if it is being shared with any third parties or outside of the EEA. Firms have the obligation to protect data of employees and consumers to

4128-611: The United States, the OPEN Government Data Act of 14 January 2019 defines machine-readable data as "data in a format that can be easily processed by a computer without human intervention while ensuring no semantic meaning is lost." The law directs U.S. federal agencies to publish public data in such a manner, ensuring that "any public data asset of the agency is machine-readable". Machine-readable data may be classified into two groups: human-readable data that

4214-522: The controller is providing and give them their options for how best to object to the processing of their data. There are instances the controller can refuse a request, in the circumstances that the objection request is "manifestly unfounded" or "excessive", so each case of objection must be looked at individually. Other countries such as Canada are also, following the GDPR, considering legislation to regulate automated decision making under privacy laws, even though there are policy questions as to whether this

4300-478: The controller or processor in monitoring their internal compliance with the Regulation. A designated DPO can be a current member of staff of a controller or processor, or the role can be outsourced to an external person or agency through a service contract. In any case, the processing body must make sure that there is no conflict of interest in other roles or interests that a DPO may hold. The contact details for

4386-680: The controller to make sure that the processing, throughout the whole processing lifecycle, complies with the regulation. Controllers shall also implement mechanisms to ensure that personal data is not processed unless necessary for each specific purpose. This is known as data minimisation. A report by the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security elaborates on what needs to be done to achieve privacy and data protection by default. It specifies that encryption and decryption operations must be carried out locally, not by remote service, because both keys and data must remain in

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4472-434: The controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach. However, the notice to data subjects is not required if the data controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures that render the personal data unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption. Article 37 requires appointment of a data protection officer. If processing

4558-447: The data controller (an organisation that collects information about living people, whether they are in the EU or not), or processor (an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers), or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Under certain circumstances, the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside

4644-428: The data controller is under a legal obligation to notify the supervisory authority without undue delay unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of the individuals. There is a maximum of 72 hours after becoming aware of the data breach to make the report. Individuals have to be notified if a high risk of an adverse impact is determined. In addition, the data processor will have to notify

4730-417: The data controller must allow an individual the right to stop or prevent controller from processing their personal data. There are some instances where this objection does not apply. For example, if: GDPR is also clear that the data controller must inform individuals of their right to object from the first communication the controller has with them. This should be clear and separate from any other information

4816-399: The data controller to provide information to the "data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed specifically to a child." The right of access ( Article 15 ) is a data subject right. It gives people the right to access their personal data and information about how this personal data

4902-415: The data controller. Data that has been sufficiently anonymised is excluded, but data that has been only de-identified but remains possible to link to the individual in question, such as by providing the relevant identifier, is not. In practice, however, providing such identifiers can be challenging, such as in the case of Apple's Siri , where voice and transcript data is stored with a personal identifier that

4988-469: The data from any type of copyright infringement, subscription violation, or use violation Despite the fact that DaaS providers sell anonymized data to customers, in some cases the cleaning process leaves a lot of data available to customers and may allow exposing the people included in the dataset. There is also a problem with user consent to the collection, processing and storage of data. Mobile application developers may sell data from users' smartphones, at

5074-430: The data is delivered via network which is typically cloud -based. "To this end, organizations may 'buy, sell, or trade' soft-copy data as a DaaS service". Typically, DaaS business is based on subscriptions and customers pay for a package of services or definite services. At the same time, investors must make sure that the revenue generated exceeds initial and operational costs of running the business. The pricing model

5160-413: The data protection principles. Business processes that handle personal data must be designed and built with consideration of the principles and provide safeguards to protect data (for example, using pseudonymization or full anonymization where appropriate). Data controllers must design information systems with privacy in mind. For instance, using the highest-possible privacy settings by default, so that

5246-419: The data, and using it to produce analytics or insights, and, generally, the original data is not available for download. The pitfall of using Data as a Service business model is the problem of data piracy and leaks of sensitive data. Typically, all DaaS business operators develop and use a licensing agreement to protect the intellectual property rights of the data they sell, process or analyze in order to protect

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5332-433: The datasets are not publicly available by default and cannot be used to identify a subject. No personal data may be processed unless this processing is done under one of the six lawful bases specified by the regulation ( consent , contract, public task, vital interest, legitimate interest or legal requirement). When the processing is based on consent the data subject has the right to revoke it at any time. Article 33 states

5418-604: The degree where only the necessary data is extracted with minimum interference with data privacy from employees, consumers, or third parties. Firms should have internal controls and regulations for various departments such as audit, internal controls, and operations. Data subjects have the right to request a portable copy of the data collected by a controller in a common format, as well as the right to have their data erased under certain circumstances. Public authorities, and businesses whose core activities consist of regular or systematic processing of personal data, are required to employ

5504-644: The field of financial technologies consumers’ financial and behavior data are being collected and aggregated to help organizations to make better decisions to increase profitability and reduce risk in lending, to provide services to business, government and individuals. In another segment, DaaS vendors assemble mobile operators’ data to provide various types of services. For example, oneFactor platform where other businesses (telecoms, banks, retailers, payment systems, etc.) may monetize their own data by processing and enriching it with additional information, building machine learning models and launching them in production. In

5590-410: The following advantages: The drawbacks of DaaS are generally similar to those associated with any type of cloud computing , such as the reliance of the user on the service provider's ability to avoid server downtime from terrorist attacks, power outages or natural disasters. A common criticism specific to the DaaS model is that when compared to traditional data delivery, the consumer is merely "renting"

5676-696: The format of the data changes. The existence of this situation contributes to the attractiveness of DaaS to data consumers, because it allows for the separation of data cost and of data usage from the cost of a specific software environment or platform. Sensing as a Service (SaaS) is a business model that integrates Internet of Things data to create data trading marketplaces. Vendors, such as MuleSoft , Oracle Cloud and Microsoft Azure , undertake development of DaaS that more rapidly computes large volumes of data; integrates and analyzes that data; and publish it in real-time, using Web service APIs that adhere to its REST architectural constraints (RESTful API). Data as

5762-416: The individual is still identifiable. You should take into account the information you are processing together with all the means reasonably likely to be used by either you or any other person to identify that individual." The precise definitions of terms such as "personal data", "processing", "data subject", "controller", and "processor" are stated in Article 4 . The regulation does not purport to apply to

5848-445: The individual permissions are not freely given. (Recital 32). Data subjects must be allowed to withdraw this consent at any time, and the process of doing so must not be harder than it was to opt in. A data controller may not refuse service to users who decline consent to processing that is not strictly necessary in order to use the service. Consent for children, defined in the regulation as being less than 16 years old (although with

5934-440: The manufacturer restricts access to, or in online behavioural targeting, which relies heavily on device fingerprints that can be challenging to capture, send, and verify. Both data being 'provided' by the data subject and data being 'observed', such as about behaviour, are included. In addition, the data must be provided by the controller in a structured and commonly used standard electronic format. The right to data portability

6020-646: The model for many national laws outside the EU , including the United Kingdom , Turkey , Mauritius , Chile , Japan , Brazil , South Korea , Argentina and Kenya , and formed the basis for the California Consumer Privacy Act . Another component of the business model is about ensuring that the customers may receive and use data to improve their own value propositions (products, services). In this business model, data provides value as

6106-610: The need of transposition . However, it also provides flexibility for individual member states to modify (derogate from) some of its provisions. As an example of the Brussels effect , the regulation became a model for many other laws around the world, including in Brazil, Japan, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. After leaving the European Union the United Kingdom enacted its "UK GDPR", identical to

6192-490: The option for member states to individually make it as low as 13 years old, must be given by the child's parent or custodian, and verifiable. If consent to processing was already provided under the Data Protection Directive, a data controller does not have to re-obtain consent if the processing is documented and obtained in compliance with the GDPR's requirements (Recital 171). Article 12 requires

6278-405: The original on 2022-01-22. This computer-storage -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679), abbreviated GDPR , or French RGPD (for Règlement général sur la protection des données ) is a European Union regulation on information privacy in

6364-399: The personal data of an EU person, regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU. Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal data may not be recognised or enforceable in any manner unless based on an international agreement, like

6450-409: The power of the data owner if any privacy is to be achieved. The report specifies that outsourced data storage on remote clouds is practical and relatively safe if only the data owner, not the cloud service, holds the decryption keys. According to the GDPR, pseudonymisation is a required process for stored data that transforms personal data in such a way that the resulting data cannot be attributed to

6536-442: The processing of personal data for national security activities or law enforcement of the EU; however, industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country's laws from complying with a legal order from that country's law enforcement, judicial, or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities

6622-433: The processor and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative, shall make the record available to the supervisory authority on request. Records of controller shall contain all of the following information: Records of processor shall contain all of the following information: Controllers and processors of personal data must put in place appropriate technical and organizational measures to implement

6708-417: The pseudonymised data. Another example of pseudonymisation is tokenisation , which is a non-mathematical approach to protecting data at rest that replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive substitutes, referred to as tokens. While the tokens have no extrinsic or exploitable meaning or value, they allow for specific data to be fully or partially visible for processing and analytics while sensitive information

6794-635: The realm of business data, DaaS vendors such as Enigma Technologies aggregate and provide insights into various aspects of business operations, such as revenue profiling, market analysis, business onboarding, and competitive benchmarking. These services enable businesses to optimize their strategies, identify market opportunities, and enhance operational efficiency. For instance, some DaaS providers focus on collecting and analyzing data from retail locations to help companies understand revenue patterns, customer behavior, and market trends, thereby informing site selection and expansion strategies. There are companies in

6880-483: The regulations for international business . It supersedes the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC and, among other things, simplifies the terminology. The European Parliament and Council of the European Union adopted the GDPR on 14 April 2016, to become effective on 25 May 2018. As an EU regulation (instead of a directive ), GDPR is directly applicable with force of law on its own without

6966-517: The right to compensation. Article 82(1) GDPR requires for the award of damages (i) an infringement of the GDPR, (ii) (actual) damage suffered and (iii) a causal link between the infringement and the damage suffered. It is not necessary that the damage suffered reaches a certain degree of seriousness. There is no European defined concept of damage. Compensation is determined nationally in accordance with national law. The principles of equivalence and effectiveness must be taken into account. See also

7052-414: The rights and freedoms of data subjects. Risk assessment and mitigation is required and prior approval of the data protection authorities is required for high risks. Article 25 requires data protection to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services. Privacy settings must therefore be set at a high level by default, and technical and procedural measures shall be taken by

7138-399: The risks to the concerned data subjects and also to help controllers and processors to meet their data protection obligations (Recital 28). According to Article 30 records of processing activities have to be maintained by each organisation matching one of following criteria: Such requirements may be modified by each EU country. The records shall be in electronic form and the controller or

7224-600: The same time, the application users may not always be aware of what information is being tracked by the application. Publishers of public data like LinkedIn may consider scraping their public websites for reselling directly or as analytical products not desirable. However, they have had limited success in the courts. There is an argument that scraping public data and making it available either free of charge or as commercial products has economic and social benefits like challenging data monopolies or helping journalism. Machine-readable data In communications and computing ,

7310-400: The website that collects the data must notify visitors about what kind of data is being collected and obtain consent to these actions. Sites should also promptly notify visitors if any of their personal data stored on the site has been breached. In addition, an assessment of the security of website data and ensuring their protection is required. The General Data Protection Regulation has become

7396-521: Was specifically developed to access and present the data in a human-readable form. One result of this paradigm is the bundling of both the data and the software needed to interpret it into a single package, sold as a consumer product. As the number of bundled software with data packages proliferated, and required interaction among one another, another layer of interface was required. These interfaces, collectively known as enterprise application integration (EAI), often tended to encourage vendor lock-in , as it

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