30-495: Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba people of Ghana , Burkina Faso , and Ivory Coast . It has been described as a dialect continuum that also includes Waale and Birifor . Dagaare language varies in dialect stemming from other family languages including: Dagbane , Waale , Mabia , Gurene , Mampruli , Kusaal , Buli , Niger-Congo , and many other sub languages resulting in around 1.3 million Dagaare speakers. Throughout
60-428: A constellation of roles usually inherited within the same household group, is called the tendaalun . The head of these shrine area systems, the tengan sob (sometimes tindana ) fulfilled the role of community elder and priest, along with the tengan dem , the ritual custodian and maintainer of the ritual center. Other priestly/elder roles within the tendaalun include the suo sob who performs ritual animal slaughter to
90-540: A local beer making known as dāā Dagadāā , popularly called Pito Communities in Dagaaba homelands remain primarily small scale agricultural, with family farming plots tilled by the family themselves. In the modern era, off-farm wage income is often used to supplement trade income and subsistence from farming. Fishing communities of Dagaaba persist along the Black Volta , a de facto boundary of Dagaaba lands. Because
120-425: A safe medium to trade across national (and currency) boundaries which may divide Dagaaba communities. Oral literature has a long tradition with Dagaaba communities, and remains a living vehicle of education and acculturation in Dagaaba society. There are two main types of literature in Dagaaba society. They can broadly be categorized as secular literature consisting of stories, tales, proverbs and other oral genre and
150-570: A segment result in different semantics of that expression. Bá Bá „to go very fast“ Bà Bà „to fix the ground“ Ò 3 . SG kùŋ NEG . FUT gáá. come. PERF Ò kùŋ gáá. 3.SG NEG.FUT come.PERF „S/he will not go.“ (negative declarative sentence) Ò 3 . SG kúŋ NEG . HORT gáá. come. PERF Ò kúŋ gáá. 3.SG NEG.HORT come.PERF „S/he should not go.“ (negative hortative sentence) Source: In Dagaare, personal pronouns do not exhibit gender differences. For subject pronouns, there
180-564: A segment result in different semantics of that expression. Bá Bá „to go very fast“ Bà Bà „to fix the ground“ Ò 3 . SG kùŋ NEG . FUT gáá. come. PERF Ò kùŋ gáá. 3.SG NEG.FUT come.PERF „S/he will not go.“ (negative declarative sentence) Ò 3 . SG kúŋ NEG . HORT gáá. come. PERF Ò kúŋ gáá. 3.SG NEG.HORT come.PERF „S/he should not go.“ (negative hortative sentence) Source: In Dagaare, personal pronouns do not exhibit gender differences. For subject pronouns, there
210-514: Is taa . Te we nɔnɔ love lá FOC taa. RECP Te nɔnɔ lá taa. we love FOC RECP „We love each other / one another.“ There is no distinction between human and non-human relative pronouns in Dagaare. For both the relative pronoun is nang . A Dagaaba people The Dagaaba people (singular Dagao , and, in northern dialects, Dagara for both plural and singular ) are an ethnic group located north of
240-410: Is a distinction between strong and weak personal pronouns. Moreover, there is a distinction between human and non-human forms for third person plural pronouns. Reflexivity is expressed by the words mengɛ or mengɛ tɔr in singular and menne or menne tɔr in plural after any personal pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns in Dagaare consist of the forms tɔ, tɔ soba, taa and taaba . The most common form
270-410: Is a distinction between strong and weak personal pronouns. Moreover, there is a distinction between human and non-human forms for third person plural pronouns. Reflexivity is expressed by the words mengɛ or mengɛ tɔr in singular and menne or menne tɔr in plural after any personal pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns in Dagaare consist of the forms tɔ, tɔ soba, taa and taaba . The most common form
300-613: The Frafra ( Gurunsi ) people. 22. ^ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambo,_Ghana Dagaare language Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba people of Ghana , Burkina Faso , and Ivory Coast . It has been described as a dialect continuum that also includes Waale and Birifor . Dagaare language varies in dialect stemming from other family languages including: Dagbane , Waale , Mabia , Gurene , Mampruli , Kusaal , Buli , Niger-Congo , and many other sub languages resulting in around 1.3 million Dagaare speakers. Throughout
330-709: The 1980s with the Sisala people and at earlier times with the Wala people . The latter, in alliance with the Wassoulou Empire of Diola Samory Toure , conquered much of Dagawie in the late 1890s, under the generalship of Sarankye Mori but was later defeated by the kaleo naa Some of the southernmost Dagaaba villages were in the early 1890s under the authority of the Kingdom of Wala but then rebelled in 1894 and asserted their independence. They were however restored to
SECTION 10
#1732786739082360-574: The Dagaare language and is known to be commonly spoken in Wa and Kaleo . Ethnologue divides Dagaare into three languages: Tones are indicated using diacritics: Nasalization is indicated using the tilde . A nasalized vowel in high or low tone is surmounted by the tilde under the accent. The consonant and vowel sounds in the Dagaare languages: Allophones of /d, ɡ/ include [r, ɣ~ɡ̆] . Ghanaian Dagaare has twenty-five consonants and two glides (semi-vowels). Glottalized /ˀh/, /ˀl/, and /ˀm/ occur in
390-524: The Dagaare language and is known to be commonly spoken in Wa and Kaleo . Ethnologue divides Dagaare into three languages: Tones are indicated using diacritics: Nasalization is indicated using the tilde . A nasalized vowel in high or low tone is surmounted by the tilde under the accent. The consonant and vowel sounds in the Dagaare languages: Allophones of /d, ɡ/ include [r, ɣ~ɡ̆] . Ghanaian Dagaare has twenty-five consonants and two glides (semi-vowels). Glottalized /ˀh/, /ˀl/, and /ˀm/ occur in
420-655: The Kingdoms of Dagbon , Mamprugu and Gonja in the north. One thesis based on oral evidence is that the Dagaaba formed as a break away faction of Dagbon under Na Nyagse . The colonial borders, demarcated during the Scramble for Africa , placed them in northwestern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso , as well as small populations in Ivory Coast . Dagaaba communities have occasionally come into conflict with neighbouring groups, especially over land rights, as recently as
450-606: The appointment of Naa Franklin Suantah, Principal Librarian of the Saint Louis Training College of Kumasi as chief of the Dagaaba community in Ghana. The Dagaaba, before the influence of the colonialist, were self-reliant in iron production and were very successful in mixed crops farming. They also developed sophisticated musical instruments including gyle (xylophones). The Dagaaba people are well known in
480-585: The communities are found along historic coast-to- Sahel trade routes, trade has long been an important occupation, but largely in local goods. Markets in larger towns are on Sundays, with others on a six-day cycle. Some contemporary Dagaaba communities of northern Ghana are notable as the last West African communities to still use Cowrie shells as currency, alongside the modern Ghanaian cedi . Cowrie are used not only for traditional ornamental and ceremonial purposes (as other West African communities do), but also as an inflation proof form of internal savings and as
510-730: The convergence of Ghana , Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire . They speak the Dagaare language , a Gur language made up of the related Northern Dagaare dialects, Southern Dagaare dialects and a number of sub dialects. In northern dialects, both the language and the people are referred to as Dagara . They are related to the Birifor people and the Dagaare Diola . The language is collectively known as Dagaare (also spelled and/or pronounced as Dagaare, Dagaari, Dagarti, Dagara or Dagao), and historically some non-natives have taken this as
540-548: The demand for labour in mines and cocao farms in the early 20th century, have brought a sizable Dagaaba population to towns in the southern part of the nation, notably Brong Ahafo Region . In modern Ghana, the Dagaaba homeland of the Upper West Region includes the Districts and towns of Nandom , Lawra , Jirapa , Kaleo , Papu , Nadowli , Daffiama , Wechiau and Hamile . Large communities are also found in
570-623: The domains of the Wala Native Authority by the British in 1933. Within the Dagawie homelands, the Dagaaba have traditionally formed sedentary agricultural communities. Modern Dagaaba lineages consist of ten clans encompassing over one million people. Traditional Dagaaba communities are based on the "Yir" subclan or household group, a series of which are clustered into the "Tengan", an earth deity shrine area. The Tengan system,
600-469: The earth deity, the zongmogre who performs rituals at the sacred market centres, and the gara dana or wie sob who is ritual leader among hunting societies. These remain living forms of community in much of Dagaaba society, and influence, among other things, the community perception of land as held in spiritual custodianship, and different community resources falling under the custodianship of different authorities, lineages, and/or spiritual forces. Until
630-429: The latter part of the nineteenth century when institutional chieftaincy evolved (and was later imposed by colonial administration), broader Dagaaba communities functioned under a system of councils of elders. Some Dagaaba communities maintain traditional ceremonial chieftainships, sometimes contesting. As recently as 2006, the "Council of Elders" of the Dagaaba community of Ghana attempted to unite various factions with
SECTION 20
#1732786739082660-494: The name of the people. One historian, describing the former usage of "Dagarti" to refer to this community by colonials , writes: "The name 'Dagarti' appears to have been coined by the first Europeans to visit the region, from the vernacular root dagaa . Correctly 'Dagaari' is the name of the language, 'Dagaaba' or 'Dagara' that of the people, and 'Dagaw' or 'Dagawie' that of the land." Although sometimes divided into Northern and Southern Dagaare speakers, their combined population
690-453: The northern dialect of Burkina Faso. Dagaare is a tonal language with a two-level tone system with a downstep high tone. The Dagaare tone has two basic functions, namely a lexical and a grammatical function. Its lexical function concerns differences in lexical semantics, such that differing in tone but not in morphosyntactic form triggers different semantics. Its grammatical function is responsible for cases in which different tone markings on
720-452: The northern dialect of Burkina Faso. Dagaare is a tonal language with a two-level tone system with a downstep high tone. The Dagaare tone has two basic functions, namely a lexical and a grammatical function. Its lexical function concerns differences in lexical semantics, such that differing in tone but not in morphosyntactic form triggers different semantics. Its grammatical function is responsible for cases in which different tone markings on
750-401: The region in the seventeenth century. From well before the appearance of Europeans, the Dagaaba lived in small scale agricultural communities, not centralised into any large state-like structure. Ethnological studies point to oral literature which tells that the Dagaaba periodically, and ultimately successfully, resisted attempts at conquest by states in the south of modern Ghana , as well as
780-569: The regions of native Dagaare speakers the dialect comes from Northern, Central, Western, and Southern areas referring to the language differently. Burkina Faso refers to Dagaare as Dagara and Birifor to natives in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire . The native tongue is still universally known as Dagaare. Amongst the different dialects, the standard for Dagaare is derived from the Central region's dialect. Southern Dagaare (or Waale ) also stems from
810-459: The regions of native Dagaare speakers the dialect comes from Northern, Central, Western, and Southern areas referring to the language differently. Burkina Faso refers to Dagaare as Dagara and Birifor to natives in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire . The native tongue is still universally known as Dagaare. Amongst the different dialects, the standard for Dagaare is derived from the Central region's dialect. Southern Dagaare (or Waale ) also stems from
840-417: The sacred literature produced during ritual and religious services. The most important of these are bagr mythical narratives recitations and orations produced during initiation rituals and other religious services. Dagaaba communities historically have practiced Traditional religions, as well as Islam and Christianity . The Ghanaian Dagaaba have traditionally had a Cousinage / Joking relationship with
870-474: The towns of Wa , Bogda , Babile , Tuna , Han , Zambo, Ghana , and Nyoli . The source of Dagaaba communities in the pre-colonial era remain a point of debate. The evidence of oral tradition is that the Dagaaba are an outgrowth of the Mole-Dagbani group which migrated to the semi-arid Sahel region in the fourteenth century CE. They are believed to have further migrated to the lower northern part of
900-742: Was estimated in 2003 at over one million spread across the Northwest corner of Ghana and Sud-Ouest Region in Southwestern Burkina Faso. The Southern Dagaare are a people of around 700,000 living in the western part of Upper West Region . The Northern Dagaare speakers, with an estimated population of 388,000 (in 2001) live primarily in Ioba Province , but also in Poni , Bougouriba , Sissili , and Mouhoun provinces. In Ghana, several waves of internal migration, beginning with
#81918