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18-571: The river was named by the Arawak -speaking indigenous inhabitants of the island, the Taínos , as "Dahabōn", which derivates from dajaus , a freshwater fish that lives in the Caribbean region. The French version of the river, "Rivière du Massacre" (River of Massacre), refers to a battle in 1728 where Spanish settlers killed thirty French buccaneers near the river. This name became popular after being

36-494: A blind woman). Tenses are added at the end of a sentence: past tense is indicated with bura or bora (from ubura "before"), future tense with dikki (from adiki "after"), present continuous tense uses loko or roko . The Arawak language system has an alphabetical system similar to the Roman Alphabet with some minor changes and new additions to letters. The letters in brackets under each alphabetical letter

54-578: Is an Arawakan language spoken by the Lokono (Arawak) people of South America in eastern Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana . It is the eponymous language of the Arawakan language family. Lokono is an active–stative language. Lokono is a critically endangered language. The Lokono language is most commonly spoken in South America. Some specific countries where this language

72-427: Is known as an "unpossessed" form (also known as "absolute") marked with the suffix *-tfi or *-hV. Alienably possessed nouns take one of the suffixes *-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e , or *-na. All suffixes used as nominalizers. Arawak languages have a negative prefix ma- and attributive-relative prefix ka-. An example of the use is ka-witi-w ("a woman with good eyes") and ma-witti-w ("a woman with bad eyes", i.e.,

90-480: Is optional unless the referent is a person. Markers used are *-na/-ni (animate/human plural) and *-pe (inanimate/animate non-human plural). Arawak nouns are fragmented into inalienably and alienably possessed. Inalienably crossed nouns include things such as body parts, terms for kinship and common nouns like food selections. Deverbal nominalization belong to that grouping. Both forms of possession are marked with prefixes (A/Sa). Inalienably possessed nouns have what

108-511: Is spoken include Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Venezuela. The percentage of living fluent speakers with active knowledge of the language is estimated to be 5% of the ethnic population. There are small communities of semi-speakers who have varying degrees of comprehension and fluency in Lokono that keep the language alive. It is estimated that there are around 2,500 remaining speakers (including fluent and semi-fluent speakers). The decline in

126-536: Is the IPA symbol for each letter. Close-mid back rounded vowel Legend: unrounded  •  rounded The close-mid back rounded vowel , or high-mid back rounded vowel , is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ o ⟩. The close-mid back protruded vowel

144-566: Is the largest language family in Latin America. Arawak is a tribal name in reference to the main crop food, the cassava root, commonly known as manioc. The cassava root is a popular staple for millions of people in South America, Asia and Africa. It is a woody shrub grown in tropical or subtropical regions. Speakers of Arawak also identify themselves as Lokono , which translates as "the people". They call their language Lokono Dian , "the people's speech". Alternative names of

162-423: Is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ o ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨   ̫ ⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ o̫ ⟩ for

180-614: The Dominican provinces of Dajabón and Monte Cristi (right bank), then flows into Bay of Manzanillo and into the Atlantic Ocean west of the Dominican town of Pepillo Salcedo . It has a length of 55 kilometers of which a little more than 7KM are shared with Haiti. The Dominican town of Dajabón faces the Haitian town of Ouanaminthe. In recent years it has lost its flow due to environmentally unsustainable practices, in particular

198-705: The Masacre River's water resources. Issues such as border delimitation, river navigation and environmental preservation have exacerbated these tensions. This article related to a river in the Dominican Republic is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Haiti is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arawak language Arawak ( Arowak , Aruák ), also known as Lokono ( Lokono Dian , literally "people's talk" by its speakers),

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216-408: The close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ oʷ ⟩ or ⟨ ɤʷ ⟩ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong. For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ ʊ ⟩, see near-close back protruded vowel . If the usual symbol is ⟨ o ⟩,

234-563: The destruction of the forest due to massive felling without subsequent reforestation, and the practice of indiscriminately removing sand from the bed of the channel without any technical criteria. In 2023, a dispute over water in the Dajabon River led the Dominican President Luis Abinader to close the border with Haiti. In 2024, disputes continue between the two countries over the use and management of

252-854: The left are free forms, which can stand alone. The forms on the right are bound forms ( prefixes ), which must be attached to the front of a verb , a noun , or a postposition . tho, thy- (she) All verbs are sectioned into transitive, active transitive, and stative intransitive. A= Sa=cross referencing prefix O=So= cross referencing suffix In the Arawak language, there are two distinct genders of masculine and feminine. They are used in cross-referencing affixes, in demonstratives, in nominalization and in personal pronouns. Typical pronominal genders, for example, are feminine and non-feminine. The markers go back to Arawak third-person singular cross-referencing: feminine -(r)u, masculine -(r)i Arawak Languages do distinguish singular and plural, however plural

270-693: The same language include Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, and Luccumi. Lokono is an Arawakan language most commonly found to be spoken in eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It was also formerly spoken on Caribbean islands such as Barbados and other neighboring countries. There are approximately 2,500 native speakers today. The following are regions where Arawak has been found spoken by native speakers. William Pet observes an additional /p/ in loanwords. Pet notes that phonetic realization of /o/ varies between [ o ] and [ u ]. The personal pronouns are shown below. The forms on

288-701: The site of many killings during the Parsley Massacre —though the event was not, contrary to popular belief, the origin of its name. It has its source in the Central Cordillera at Pico de Gallo mountain in the Dominican Republic . Further downstream through the Dominican province of Dajabón until it reaches the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti, then it runs along the Haitian department of Northeast (left bank) and

306-733: The use of Lokono as a language of communication is due to its lack of transmission from older speakers to the next generation. The language is not being passed to young children, as they are taught to speak the official languages of their countries. The Lokono language is part of the larger Arawakan language family spoken by indigenous people in South and Central America along with the Caribbean. The family spans four countries of Central America — Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua — and eight of South America — Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (and also formerly Argentina and Paraguay). With about 40 extant languages, it

324-538: The vowel is listed here. Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with ⟨ β̞ ⟩ as ⟨ ɤ͡β̞ ⟩ (simultaneous [ɤ] and labial compression) or ⟨ ɤᵝ ⟩ ( [ɤ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨   ͍ ⟩ may also be used with

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