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65-602: Dalda is a vegetable oil ( hydrogenated vegetable cooking oil) brand popular in South Asia (specifically in The Indian Region ). Dalda (formerly Dada) was the name of the Dutch company that imported vanaspati ghee into India in the 1930s as a cheap substitute for desi ghee or clarified butter. In British India of those colonial days, desi ghee was considered an expensive product and not easily affordable for

130-477: A direct fuel , as well as in the production of biodiesel , livestock feed , pet food, soap, detergent, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals. Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in their animal feed. Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from

195-627: A pharmacist . During this period he discovered tartaric acid and with his friend, Retzius, studied the relation of quicklime to calcium carbonate . While in the capital, he also became acquainted with figures including Abraham Bäck , Peter Jonas Bergius , Bengt Bergius and Carl Friedreich von Schultzenheim . In the fall of 1770 Scheele became director of the laboratory of the great pharmacy of Locke, at Uppsala , about 65 km (40 mi) north of Stockholm. The laboratory supplied chemicals to Professor of Chemistry Torbern Bergman . A friendship developed between Scheele and Bergman after Scheele analyzed

260-485: A German chemist, introduced the hydrogenation of liquid fats in 1901, creating what later became known as trans fats , leading to the development of the global production of margarine and vegetable shortening . In the United States, cottonseed oil was developed, and marketed by Procter & Gamble as a creamed shortening – Crisco – as early as 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away

325-705: A cooking oil in Europe. It became highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during Britain's Industrial Revolution . Palm oil formed the basis of soap products, such as Lever Brothers' (now Unilever ) "Sunlight", and B. J. Johnson Company's (now Colgate-Palmolive ) "Palmolive," and by around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries. In 1780, Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol. Thirty years later Michel Eugène Chevreul deduced that these fats were esters of fatty acids and glycerol. Wilhelm Normann ,

390-448: A deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil. However, the process commonly results in higher levels of trans fatty acids and distillation of the oil's natural compounds. People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for vegetable oil mist exposure in

455-882: A disease of the skin, which, combined with his kidney problems, so enfeebled him that he could foresee an early death. With that in mind, he married the widow of his predecessor, Pohl, two days before he died, so that he could pass undisputed title to his pharmacy and his possessions to her. While Scheele's experiments generated substances which have long since been found to be hazardous, the compounds and elements he used to start his experiments were dangerous to begin with, especially heavy metals . Like most of his contemporaries, in an age where there were few methods of chemical characterisation, Scheele would smell and taste any new substances he discovered. Cumulative exposure to arsenic , mercury , lead , and their compounds and, perhaps, hydrofluoric acid , which he had discovered, as well as other substances, took their toll on Scheele. He died at

520-851: A high flash point . Such oils include both the major cooking oils – soybean , rapeseed , canola , sunflower , safflower , peanut , cottonseed , etc. – and tropical oils, such as coconut , palm , and rice bran . The latter are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points. Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products. Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils , and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. They are used in alkyd resin production. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin), for example,

585-450: A new category of hydrogenated oil under the new brand name Dalda was born. Until then, Hussein Dada had been selling his imported product under the name Dada Vanaspati. He was asked for his cooperation by Lever Brothers to let the company insert the letter 'L' from Lever Brothers into the new brand name to make it Dalda. He agreed to the name change. Dalda was introduced in 1937, becoming one of

650-451: A non-toxic alternative to other solvents. Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete hydrogenation into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as vegetable shortening , will remain solid at room temperature. Hydrogenating vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a metal catalyst, typically nickel, in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes

715-507: A process similar to pasteurization , along with a means of mass-producing phosphorus (1769), leading Sweden to become one of the world's leading producers of matches . Scheele made one other very important scientific discovery in 1774, arguably more revolutionary than his isolation of oxygen. He identified lime , silica , and iron in a specimen of pyrolusite (impure manganese dioxide) given to him by his friend, Johann Gottlieb Gahn , but could not identify an additional component (this

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780-455: A reaction which Bergman and his assistant, Johan Gottlieb Gahn , could not resolve. The reaction was between melted saltpetre and acetic acid that produced a red vapor. Further study of this reaction later led to Scheele's discovery of oxygen (see "The theory of phlogiston" below). Based upon this friendship and respect, Scheele was given free use of Bergman's laboratory. Both men were profiting from their working relationship. In 1774 Scheele

845-441: A sharp increase in palm oil . Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some animal fats , including butter , ghee , lard , and schmaltz . The oils serve a number of purposes in this role: Oils can be heated to temperatures significantly higher than the boiling point of water, 100 °C (212 °F), and used to fry foods . Oils for this purpose must have

910-458: A solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered. Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing". This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most health-food customers in the United States and in Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction. Expeller pressing extraction

975-461: A source of fuel readily available. Diesel's first engine ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg , Germany, on 10 August 1893 on nothing but peanut oil . In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared "International Biodiesel Day". The first patent on Biodiesel was granted in 1937. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during

1040-470: Is a "partially hydrogenated oil" (PHO). An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity ( oxidation ) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation is raised by full or partial hydrogenation, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase. While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to unsaturated trans fatty acids in

1105-521: Is by far the highest yielding crop, capable of producing about 4 tons of palm oil per hectare per year. The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was: These figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production

1170-592: Is common, though the screw press , ram press , and ghani (powered mortar and pestle ) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in India: The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications

1235-433: Is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane . This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. After extraction, the solvent is evaporated out by heating the mixture to about 149 °C (300 °F). Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as

1300-462: Is growing and the availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing. The NNFCC estimates that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%. The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an oil mill or chemical extraction using

1365-557: Is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen , and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to

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1430-544: Is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity . Other significant oils include: Seed oils are vegetable oils obtained from the seed ( endosperm ) rather than other parts of plants. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Examples are sunflower, corn, and sesame oils. Claims that seed oils are unhealthy are not supported by scientific evidence. Oils are extracted first by expeller or cold pressing methods, then solvent expelling

1495-580: The phlogiston theory ). Much of Scheele's later theoretical speculations were based upon Stahl. In 1765 Scheele worked under the progressive and well-informed apothecary C. M. Kjellström in Malmö , and became acquainted with Anders Jahan Retzius who was a lecturer at the University of Lund and later a professor of chemistry at Stockholm. Scheele arrived in Stockholm between 1767 and 1769 and worked as

1560-512: The strategic decision to sell of the Dalda brand in both India and Pakistan . In 2003, Bunge Limited acquired the Dalda brand from Hindustan Unilever Limited for reportedly under Rs. 100 crore. Then Bunge made Dalda an umbrella brand ( brand repositioning ) and started selling different types of refined oils (soyabean, sunflower, Palmolive, etc) based on geography. On 30 March 2004, Unilever Pakistan accepted an offer of Rs.1.33 billion for

1625-434: The 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise to allow consumers to run straight vegetable oil in their vehicles. However, biodiesel , produced from oils or fats using transesterification is more widely used. Led by Brazil, many countries built biodiesel plants during

1690-490: The 1990s, and it is now widely available for use in motor vehicles, and is the most common biofuel in Europe today. In France, biodiesel is incorporated at a rate of 8% in the fuel used by all French diesel vehicles. In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved use of

1755-545: The 6th millennium in Jericho , but cites no source. In ancient Egypt, plant oils including cedar oil, cypress oil, and olive oil were used during the mummification process. Vegetable oils have been used as lighting fuel for lamps, cooking, medicine and lubrication. Palm oil has long been recognized in West and Central African countries, and European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as

1820-482: The canola name in January 1985, and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil. The production of vegetable oils went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by

1885-443: The carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons. Each carbon atom becomes single-bonded to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a saturated fat , has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a polyunsaturated oil is left incompletely hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are reduced to single bonds), then it

1950-670: The common public. It was then used sparingly in Indian households. Hence the need existed for a cheaper and affordable substitute. In 1931, Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Company was incorporated to manufacture synthetic vanaspati ghee. Until the early 1930s, hydrogenated vegetable oil available in India was imported into the country by Hussein Dada and Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Co (now called Hindustan Unilever Limited and Unilever Pakistan ). Hindustan Vanaspati wanted to start manufacturing hydrogenated vegetable oil locally and hence

2015-419: The cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid. Soybeans are protein-rich, and

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2080-584: The early age of 43, on 21 May 1786, at his home in Köping . Doctors said that he died of mercury poisoning . All of the following papers were published by Scheele within a span of fifteen years. Scheele's papers appeared first in the Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in various periodicals such as Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell 's Chemische Annalen . Scheele's work

2145-473: The examination as apothecary before the Royal Medical College, doing so with the highest honours. After his return to Köping he devoted himself, outside of his business, to scientific researches which resulted in a long series of important papers. Isaac Asimov called him "hard-luck Scheele" because he made a number of chemical discoveries that were later credited to others. By the time he

2210-561: The exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of oxidation products, such as peroxides and hydroperoxides , plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life. In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain

2275-408: The fact that chemists of Scheele's day still believed that light and heat were elements and were to be found in combination with them. Thus, Scheele assumed that hydrogen was composed of phlogiston (a reducing principle lost when objects were burned) plus heat. Scheele speculated that his fire air or oxygen (which he found the active part of air, estimating it to compose one quarter of air) combined with

2340-462: The gas chlorine , with reference to its pale green colour. Chlorine's bleaching properties were eventually turned into an industry by Berzelius , and became the foundation of a second industry of disinfection and deodorization of putrefied tissue and wounds (including wounds in living humans) in the hands of Labarraque , by 1824. In the fall of 1785, Scheele began to suffer from symptoms described as kidney disease. In early 1786, he also contracted

2405-548: The heat (had been reduced to nitrite, in modern terms) and gave off a new phlogisticated gas as an active principle when combined with an acid (even a weak acid). Bergman next suggested that Scheele analyze the properties of manganese(IV) oxide . It was through his studies of manganese(IV) oxide that Scheele developed his concept of "fire air" (his name for oxygen). He ultimately obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide, silver carbonate , magnesium nitrate , and other nitrate salts. Scheele wrote about his findings to Lavoisier who

2470-477: The longest-running brands in India and Pakistan. In 1939, The Dalda film was an advertisement created for the marketing campaign for a vanaspati (cooking fat) brand called Dalda. Lintas created the India's first multi-media advertising campaign. Hindustan Vanaspati's "Dalda" product came to be synonymous with the genre, to the extent that the main style of hydrogenated vegetable oil is commonly designated generically as " vanaspati ghee ". In 2003, Unilever announced

2535-511: The meaning of chemical and pharmaceutical signs. Then, in 1757, at the age of fourteen, Carl was sent to Gothenburg as an apprentice pharmacist to another family friend and apothecary, Martin Andreas Bauch. Scheele retained this position for eight years. During this time he ran experiments late into the night and read the works of Nicolas Lemery , Caspar Neumann , Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel and Georg Ernst Stahl (the champion of

2600-424: The medium viscosity oil rendered from them was high in polyunsaturates. Henry Ford established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans. Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex , but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become

2665-578: The most popular vegetable oil in the US; today it is second only to palm oil . In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including China (16.6 MT), US (10.9 MT), Argentina (8.4 MT), Brazil (8.2 MT), and EU (3.2 MT). The early 20th century also saw the start of the use of vegetable oil as a fuel in diesel engines and in heating oil burners. Rudolf Diesel designed his engine to run on vegetable oil. The idea, he hoped, would make his engines more attractive to farmers who had

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2730-548: The normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by Fischer esterification . Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable hydraulic fluid and lubricant . One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid . Oils that are more stable, such as ben oil or mineral oil , are thus preferred for industrial uses. Castor oil has numerous industrial uses, owing to

2795-436: The oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes. Vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel , which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles but straight vegetable oil , also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity . The use of vegetable oils as alternative energy

2860-401: The oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease , among other increased health risks. These concerns have led to regulations mandating the removal of partially hydrogenated oils from food. In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near

2925-462: The phlogiston in objects to produce either light or heat (light and heat were presumed to be composed of differing proportions of phlogiston and oxygen). When other chemists later showed water is produced when burning hydrogen and that rusting of metals added weight to them and that passing water over hot iron gave hydrogen, Scheele modified his theory to suggest that oxygen was the salt (or "saline principle" of water), and that when added to iron, water

2990-617: The phlogiston theory. Before Scheele made his discovery of oxygen, he studied air. Air was thought to be an element that made up the environment in which chemical reactions took place but did not interfere with the reactions. Scheele's investigation of air enabled him to conclude that air was a mixture of "fire air" and "foul air"; in other words, a mixture of two gases. Scheele performed numerous experiments in which he heated substances such as saltpetre ( potassium nitrate ), manganese dioxide , heavy metal nitrates, silver carbonate and mercuric oxide . In all of these experiments, he isolated

3055-446: The phlogiston theory. Carl was credited for finding oxygen with two other people, Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier. The first English edition, Chemical Observation and Experiments on Air and Fire was published in 1780, with an introduction "Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire". Scheele achieved astonishingly prolific and important results without the expensive laboratory equipment to which his Parisian contemporary Antoine Lavoisier

3120-404: The presence of a hydroxyl group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to Nylon 11 . Castor oil may also be reacted with epichlorohydrin to make a glycidyl ether which is used as a diluent and flexibilizer with epoxy resins. Vegetable oil is used in the production of some pet foods. AAFCO defines vegetable oil in this context as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting

3185-513: The rest of the oils from the leftover matter. This is a method used by larger capacity oil mills. As the energy consumption of the mechanical press increases as more oil is released, it is more efficient to extract the rest of the oil (past around 60%) by solvent extraction. A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants . Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as

3250-493: The sale of its Dalda brand and related business of edible oils and fats to the newly incorporated company, Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited. This was a one-of-a-kind corporate transaction in Pakistan, in which a group of six senior Unilever executives formed a management group and successfully purchased the Dalda business from Unilever Pakistan. This was achieved under the banner of the newly formed company Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited with

3315-441: The same gas: his "fire air", which he believed combined with phlogiston in materials to be released during heat-releasing reactions. However, his first publication, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer , was delivered to the printer Swederus in 1775, but not published until 1777, at which time both Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier had already published their experimental data and conclusions concerning oxygen and

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3380-471: The smoke point or to about 232 °C (450 °F), and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through

3445-620: The specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food Information to Consumers Regulation. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​ , FAO, FAO. Carl Wilhelm Scheele Carl Wilhelm Scheele ( German: [ˈʃeːlə] , Swedish: [ˈɧêːlɛ] ; 9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786 )

3510-479: The support of key financial institutions and Pakistan's biggest edible oil importer Westbury Group. In 2017, Dalda Foods was getting ready to get on the Pakistan Stock Exchange . Vegetable oil Olive oil has been a part of human culture for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BC and 4500 BC in present-day Israel . Pagnol, p. 19, says

3575-567: The word "modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable. From December 2014, all food products produced in the European Union were legally required to indicate

3640-453: The workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. Typical productivity of some oil crops, measured in tons (t) of oil produced per hectare (ha) of land per year (yr). Oil palm

3705-450: Was a German Swedish pharmaceutical chemist. Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum , tungsten , barium , nitrogen , and chlorine , among others. Scheele discovered organic acids tartaric , oxalic , uric , lactic , and citric , as well as hydrofluoric , hydrocyanic , and arsenic acids. He preferred speaking German to Swedish his whole life, as German

3770-450: Was a teenager, Scheele had learned the dominant theory of gases which in the 1770s was the phlogiston theory. Phlogiston, classified as "matter of fire", was supposed to be released from any burning material, and when it was exhausted, combustion would stop. When Scheele discovered oxygen he called it "fire air" as it supported combustion. Scheele explained oxygen using phlogistical terms because he did not believe that his discovery disproved

3835-415: Was able to see the significance of the results. His discovery of oxygen (ca. 1771) was chronologically earlier than the corresponding work of Priestley and Lavoisier, but he did not publish this discovery until 1777, after both of his rivals had published. Although Scheele would always believe in some form of the phlogiston theory, his work reduced phlogiston to an unusually simple form, complicated only by

3900-408: Was accustomed. Through the studies of Lavoisier, Priestley, Scheele, and others, chemistry was made a standardized field with consistent procedures. Although Scheele was unable to grasp the significance of his discovery of the substance that Lavoisier later named oxygen, his work was essential for the abandonment of the long-held theory of phlogiston. Scheele's study of the gas not yet named oxygen

3965-554: Was commonly spoken among Swedish pharmacists. Scheele was born in Stralsund , in western Pomerania, which at the time was a Swedish Dominion inside the Holy Roman Empire. Scheele's father, Joachim (or Johann ) Christian Scheele, was a grain dealer and brewer from a respected Pomeranian family. His mother was Margaretha Eleanore Warnekros. Friends of Scheele's parents taught him the art of reading prescriptions and

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4030-558: Was nominated by Peter Jonas Bergius to be a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was elected 4 February 1775. In 1775 Scheele also managed for a short time a pharmacy in Köping . Between the end of 1776 and the beginning of 1777 Scheele established his own business there. On 29 October 1777, Scheele took his seat for the first and only time at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences and on 11 November passed

4095-421: Was prompted by a complaint by Torbern Olof Bergman , a professor at Uppsala University who would eventually become Scheele's friend. Bergman informed Scheele that the saltpeter he had purchased from Scheele's employer, after long heating, produced red vapors (now known to be nitrogen dioxide) when it came into contact with acetic acid. Scheele's quick explanation was that the saltpeter had absorbed phlogiston with

4160-540: Was reproduced, which added weight to the iron as rust. In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as barium (1772), manganese (1774), molybdenum (1778), and tungsten (1781), as well as several chemical compounds, including citric acid , lactic acid , glycerol , hydrogen cyanide (also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid), hydrogen fluoride , and hydrogen sulfide (1777). In addition, he discovered

4225-659: Was the manganese, which Scheele recognized was present as a new element, but could not isolate). When he treated the pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid over a warm sand bath, a yellow-green gas with a strong odor was produced. He found that the gas sank to the bottom of an open bottle and was denser than ordinary air. He also noted that the gas was not soluble in water. It turned corks a yellow color and removed all color from wet, blue litmus paper and some flowers. He called this gas with bleaching abilities, "dephlogisticated muriatic acid" (dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid, or oxidized hydrochloric acid). Eventually, Sir Humphry Davy named

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