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44-407: A man, the youngest of 12 children, decides to wander off from his rich parents' house. Upon his return, he finds his parents have died and his brothers have shared all the lands among themselves, thinking he was dead. They offer him 12 mares as compensation, and when he goes to check them he finds all of them have a foal, and that one has yet another foal, a very sleek dapple-gray one. When he praises

88-410: A depigmentation pattern. It is a dominant allele , and thus a horse needs only one copy of the gray allele , that is, heterozygous , to be gray in color. A homozygous gray horse, one carrying two gray alleles, will always produce gray foals. Gray is common in many breeds. Today, about one horse in 10 carries the mutation for graying with age. The vast majority of Lipizzaners are gray, as are

132-401: A roan or a rabicano . Some heavily fleabitten grays may also be confused with roans. However, roans are easily distinguishable from grays: roan consists of individual white hairs on a dark base coat, usually with the head and legs of the horse darker than the rest of the body. Rabicanos also have intermixed white hairs primarily on the body with a dark head. With gray horses, the head is often

176-450: A roan with more uniform intermixing of light and dark hairs. As they age, some gray horses, particularly those heterozygous for the gray gene, may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat, a pattern colloquially called a "fleabitten gray." Gray horses appear in many breeds, though the color is most commonly seen in breeds descended from Arabian ancestors. Some breeds that have large numbers of gray-colored horses include

220-433: A common ancestor that lived at least two thousand years ago. The discovery that gray can be linked to a single animal provides an example of how humans have "cherry-picked" attractive mutations in domestic animals. Gray is controlled by a single dominant allele of a gene that regulates specific kinds of stem cells . Homozygous grays turn white faster, are more likely to develop melanomas, and are less prone to develop

264-490: A cycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instructing him/her. George Webbe Dasent stated that the character of Dapplegrim is reminiscent of sagas and tales where hero and steed share a bond of trust. Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe collected a second Norwegian variant of the ATU 531 tale type, titled Gullslottet som hang i luften (English: "The Golden Castle that Hung in

308-439: A gray horse as "white". However, most white horses have pink skin and some have blue eyes. A horse with dark skin and dark eyes under a white hair coat is gray. However, a gray horse with an underlying homozygous cream base coat color may be born with rosy-pink skin, blue eyes and near-white hair. In such cases, DNA testing may clarify the genetics of the horse. Some grays in intermediate stages of graying may be confused with

352-439: A gray horse is homozygous (GG), meaning that it has a gray allele from both parents, it will always produce gray offspring no matter the color genetics of the other parent. However, if a gray horse is heterozygous (Gg), meaning it inherits one copy of the recessive gene (g), that animal may produce offspring who are not gray, depending on the genetics of the other parent and Mendelian inheritance principles . Genetic testing

396-430: A hill, and manages to ride up, the man putting the princess on top of the horse before the troll can even stand up. Upon his triumphant return with the princess, however, the ill-advised king asks him that in order to marry the princess he needs to get rid of the ridge that prevents the sun from shining in his hall. Dapplegrim again says he can help, but the man needs to request even heavier silver and iron horseshoes. Then

440-547: A horse who has papers saying it is "gray" when the horse in front of them appears white. To further complicate matters, the skin and eyes may be other colors if influenced by other factors such as white markings , certain white spotting patterns or dilution genes . The gray gene (G) is an autosomal dominant gene . In simple terms, a horse which has even one copy of the gray allele , regardless of other coat color genes present, will always become gray. This also means that all gray horses must have at least one gray parent. If

484-416: A horse, and on the horse advice, they give him horseshoes and a golden saddle and a golden bridle, in exchange for the 12 mares and their new foals. Then, the man rides the horse, whose name is Dapplegrim, to the kingdom's capital. The king's daughter had been kidnapped by a troll and the king had promised her hand and half his kingdom to whoever could rescue her. Dapplegrim promises the man that he'll help, but

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528-469: A loaf of bread, but on both occasions Dapplegrim told the man, so he finds her. When it is his turn, the man, transforms into a tick and hides in Dapplegrim's nostril, and the second time into a clump of dirt hiding in between the horse's hooves and its horseshoes. The princess is unable to find him, due to Dapplegrim not allowing her to come close. At last, the man and the princess ride in their horses to

572-525: A son, and the father could find no one for a godfather except a beggar. The beggar named the boy Ferdinand the Faithful, gave him nothing, and took nothing, but he gave the nurse a key and said that when the boy was fourteen, he should go to a castle on the heath and unlock it. Then all it contained would be his. When the boy was seven, all the other boys boasted of what their godfathers had given them. Ferdinand went to his father for his gift and heard of

616-441: Is how to discern a gray horse from a white horse . White horses usually have pink skin and sometimes even have blue eyes. Young horses with hair coats consisting of a mixture of colored and gray or white hairs are sometimes confused with roan . Some horses that carry dilution genes may also be confused with white or gray. While gray is classified as a coat color by breed registries , genetically it may be more correct to call it

660-508: Is now possible to determine whether a horse is homozygous or heterozygous for gray. The gray gene does not affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of white horses . In 2008, researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden identified the genetic mutation that governs the graying process. The study revealed that all gray horses carry an identical mutation that can be traced back to

704-536: Is the name of tale type 531, in Norwegian sources, according to scholar Ørnulf Hodne  [ no ] 's The Types of the Norwegian Folktale . The type registers 39 variants across Norwegian sources. The Aarne–Thompson–Uther tales types ATU 530, 531 ( The Clever Horse ) and 533 ( The Speaking Horsehead ) fall under the umbrella of Supernatural Helper in the folk/fairy tale index and pertain to

748-840: The Thoroughbred , the Arabian , the American Quarter Horse and the Welsh pony . Breeds with a very high prevalence of gray include the Percheron , the Andalusian , and the Lipizzaner . People who are unfamiliar with horses may refer to gray horses as "white". However, a gray horse whose hair coat is completely "white" will still have black skin (except under markings that were white at birth) and dark eyes. This

792-431: The pearl gene or "barlink factor", may also create very light-coated horses. Similarly, the champagne gene can lighten coat color, often producing dappling or light colors that can be confused with gray. In spite of its name, the silver dapple gene has nothing to do with graying. It is a dilution gene that acts only on a black coat, diluting the coat to a dark brown and the mane to a flaxen shade. Horses that express

836-412: The "fleabitten" speckling than heterozygous grays. Researchers suggest the pigmented speckles of the "fleabitten" gray, as well as more intense reddish-brown colored areas called "blood" markings, may be caused by a loss or inactivation of the gray allele in some of the somatic cells as that would explain why the speckles are more common on heterozygous grays than homozygotes. The identification of

880-565: The Air"). Gray horse A gray horse (or grey horse ) has a coat color characterized by progressive depigmentation of the colored hairs of the coat. Most gray horses have black skin and dark eyes; unlike some equine dilution genes and some other genes that lead to depigmentation, gray does not affect skin or eye color. Gray horses may be born any base color, depending on other color genes present. White hairs begin to appear at or shortly after birth and become progressively more prevalent as

924-486: The Appaloosa and are seldom seen elsewhere. The dilution genes that create dun, cream, pearl, silver dapple and champagne coloring may occasionally result in confusion with gray. Some horses with a particular type of dun hair coat known as a "blue dun", grullo , or "mouse" dun appear to be a solid gray. However, this color is caused by the dun gene acting on a black base coat, and horses who are dun have all hairs

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968-660: The Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful " Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful " is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm , tale number 126. It is Aarne-Thompson type 531. Other tales of this type include The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa , Corvetto , King Fortunatus's Golden Wig . Another, literary variant is Madame d'Aulnoy 's La Belle aux cheveux d'or , or The Story of Pretty Goldilocks . A couple had no children while they were rich, but when they became poor, they had

1012-421: The Unfaithful persuaded the king to send Ferdinand the Faithful for her. Ferdinand the Faithful thought he could not and lamented, but the horse said he needed a ship full of bread and a ship full of meat and to get them from the king. When he had, the horse and Ferdinand the Faithful set out. He appeased birds along the way with the bread and giants with the meat, and with the help of the giants, he carried off

1056-411: The age of a horse except in the broadest of terms: a very young horse will never have a white coat (unless it is a true white horse ), while a horse in its teens usually is completely grayed out. One must also be careful not to confuse the small amount of gray hairs that may appear on some older horses in their late teens or twenties, which do not reflect the gray gene and never cause a complete graying of

1100-561: The age of one year. Over time, white hairs replace the birth color. The changing patterns of white and dark hairs have many informal names, such as "rose gray," "salt and pepper," "iron gray", or "dapple gray." As the horse ages, the coat continues to lighten, often to a pure white. Some horses develop pigmented reddish-brown speckles on an otherwise white hair coat. Such horses are often called "fleabitten gray". Different breeds, and individuals within each breed, take differing amounts of time to gray out. Thus, graying cannot be used to approximate

1144-435: The beauty of the foal, it replies back and tells him that he'll be more splendid if the young man would go and kill all the other foals and let him feed on all the mares' milk for a year. The young man decides to heed to this advice and finds him a year later being quite large and sleeker. The colt tells him that he would be even more splendid if the young man were to go again and kill the 12 foals that have been born since, which

1188-535: The church to get married. The tale was published in a compilation of world folktales, by illustrator Katharine Pyle . The tale was also translated and published by George Webbe Dasent . The tale was translated into French with the title Le Cheval Prodige ("The Prodigious Horse"). Joseph Jacobs inserted the horse Dapplegrim as the giant's mount in his reconstructed protoform of the Norwegian tale " The Master Maid ", published in Europa's Fairy Book . Grimsborken

1232-406: The contrast of the markings of these patterns, sometimes colloquially described as "ghosting." A gray foal may be born any color. However, bay , chestnut , or black base colors are most often seen. As the horse matures, it "grays out" as white hairs begin to replace the base or birth color. Usually white hairs are first seen by the muzzle, eyes and flanks, occasionally at birth, and usually by

1276-481: The first area to lighten, especially around the eyes and muzzle. Also, roans do not lighten with age, while grays always do. The varnish roan is another unusual coloration, sometimes seen in Appaloosa horses, that, like gray, can change with age, but unlike gray, the horse does not become progressively lighter until it is pure white. Varnish roans are created by the action of leopard complex within breeds such as

1320-467: The gray mutation is of great interest in of medical research since this mutation also enhances the risk for melanoma in horses: some studies have suggested as many as 80% of grays over 15 years of age have some form of melanoma. Growth rate depends on the type, and many are slow-growing, but over time, many develop into a malignant melanoma . The study of gray genetics has pointed to a molecular pathway that may lead to tumour development. Both STX17 and

1364-412: The hellish horse and defeats it, at which point the man puts the bridle on it and they return together, the second horse happening to be identical to Dapplegrim in every single detail. Yet, the king has still one more trial for the man: the princess must hide twice and be found, and then the man must hide twice and the princess be unable to find him. The princess transforms first into a duck, and then into

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1408-400: The horse ages as white hairs become intermingled with hairs of other colors. Graying can occur at different rates—very quickly on one horse and very slowly on another. As adults, most gray horses eventually become completely white, though some retain intermixed light and dark hairs. The stages of graying vary widely. Some horses develop a dappled pattern for a period of time, others resemble

1452-429: The horse jumps on top of the ridge until it finally sinks. Once again, however, the king asks something else: the man needs to procure an equally splendid horse for the bride, or else he will be killed. Dapplegrim agrees to help again, and this time demands for even larger horseshoes, as well as an assortment of things, for they must go to hell where another horse like it lies. After a number of adventures, Dapplegrim fights

1496-404: The horse. This change in hair color means that the same gray horse will appear to be a different color over time, sometimes resulting in a need to change the color noted on breed registry papers. Other times, people traveling with gray horses who have a pure white hair coat have encountered problems with non-horse-oriented officials such as police officers or border guards who are unclear about

1540-421: The key, but there was no castle on the heath. When he was fourteen, he went again, and found a castle. Inside there was nothing but a white horse, but he took the horse home and decided to travel. He saw a pen on the road, passed it, but heard a voice telling him to take it, so he picked it up. Then he rescued a fish from the shore; it gave him a flute to summon him and promised to get for him anything dropped in

1584-575: The majority of Andalusian horses . Many breeds of French draft horse such as the Percheron and Boulonnais are often gray as well. Gray is also found among Welsh Ponies , Thoroughbreds , and American Quarter Horses . All of these breeds have common ancestry in the Arabian horse . In particular, all gray Thoroughbreds descend from a horse named Alcock's Arabian , a gray born in 1700. The gray coat color makes up about 3% of Thoroughbreds. Gray also affects spotting patterns of pintos and leopard complex horses such as Appaloosas . Its effects wash out

1628-427: The man needs to request the best food and stables for the horse. The king, upon seeing the man riding in such superb horse agrees. Envious knights urge the king to send the man to rescue the princess or else he should be killed, to which the man reluctantly agrees. Dapplegrim asks him to request for iron and silver horseshoes, and after obtaining them takes him to the troll's cave on top of an almost vertical stone wall on

1672-596: The neighboring NR4A3 gene are overexpressed in melanomas from gray horses, and those carrying a loss-of-function mutation in ASIP (agouti signaling protein) had a higher incidence of melanoma, implying that increased melanocortin-1 receptor signaling promotes melanoma development in Gray horses. Some studies indicate as many as 66% of melanomas become malignant, though other studies have found much lower rates, and in one case, zero. Many people who are unfamiliar with horses refer to

1716-440: The pen. The princess married the king and became queen, but she did not love the king. One day, she said she knew magical arts and could cut off someone's head and put it back on again. Ferdinand the Unfaithful suggested Ferdinand the Faithful, and she cut off his head and put it back on again. Then the king said she could do it to him as well, and she cut off his head, pretended she could not put it back on, and married Ferdinand

1760-410: The same color; there is no intermingling of white and dark hairs. Also, dun horses do not get lighter as they age. Horses that are a light cream color are also not grays. These are usually cremello, perlino or smoky cream horses, all colors produced by the action of the cream gene . However, if a gray parent passes on the gene, the hairs will turn white like any other gray. Another cream-colored dilution,

1804-548: The silver dapple gene (and do not have the gray gene) are born that color and it will not lighten. However, again, if one parent passes on the gray gene, the gray gene will again be dominant. Throughout history, both gray and white horses have been mythologized. As part of its legendary dimension, the gray horse in myth has been depicted with seven heads ( Uchaishravas ) or eight feet ( Sleipnir ), sometimes in groups or singly. There are also mythological tales of divinatory gray horses who prophesy or warn of danger. Ferdinand

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1848-402: The sleeping princess to the king. The princess declared that she could not live without her magical writings, from the castle, so the king sent Ferdinand the Faithful for them, but with the horse's help, he got them by the same way. On the way back, he dropped his pen into the water. The horse said it could no longer help him. Ferdinand the Faithful played the flute and had the fish bring back

1892-489: The water. Then he met another man, Ferdinand the Unfaithful, who had learned everything about him by wicked magic, and they went on to an inn. A girl there fell in love with Ferdinand the Faithful and told him he should stay and take service with the king; then she got him a place, as a postilion . Ferdinand the Unfaithful also got her to get him a place, because she did not trust him and wanted to keep an eye on him. The king lamented that he did not have his love. Ferdinand

1936-428: The young man agrees to do. Yet again he returns the next year, finding the horse being huge and incredibly sleek, and yet again the horse asks him to kill the new foals and let him have the mares' milk for one more year, to which the young man agrees again. At last, he returns a year later to find the horse impossibly large and radiant, and the horse decides then to go with him. The brothers are surprised that he has such

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