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45-526: The bay was known as ' Tsesarevich Bay' and then as ' Komsomolets Bay' in the past. Durneva Island lies near the entrance to the Dead Kultuk. It had a distinct coastline in former times, but since the 1990s, with higher Caspian Sea levels, the water penetrates inland through the neck of the bay producing waterlogged marshes. Located at the mainland end of the bay, the Kaydak Inlet cuts deep into

90-532: A disorderly bachelor life. He abstained from politics, but remained faithful to his military inclinations, without manifesting anything more than a preference for the externalities of the service. In command of the Imperial Guards during the campaign of 1805, he had a share of the responsibility for the Russian defeat at the battle of Austerlitz , however he did capture the first French Imperial Eagle in

135-472: A slave. So far did he forget all good manners and decency that, in the presence of his rough officers, he made demands on her, as his property, which will hardly bear being hinted of." Due to his violent treatment and suffering health problems as a result, Juliane separated from Konstantin in 1799; she eventually settled in Switzerland. An attempt by Konstantin in 1814 to convince her to return broke down in

180-449: A violation of the kingdom's independence and even an act of war. Because of that setback, he was limited to the resources around him. If he decided to intervene, it would require a different source of manpower. He was limited to the handful of Polish troops he could gather together. Constantin thus refused to send his troops against the revolutionaries: "The Poles have started this disturbance, and it's Poles that must stop it", and he left

225-471: The given name and patronymic . It is often confused with the much more general term tsarevich , the title for any son of any tsar , including non-Russian rulers such as those of Crimea , Siberia , and Georgia . Normally, there was only one tsesarevich at a time (an exception was Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich , who was accorded the title until death, even though law gave it to his nephew), and

270-588: The patronymic Fyodorovna not because their fathers were named "Theodore", but as an allegory based on the name of Theotokos of St. Theodore , the patron icon of the Romanov family. After claiming the Russian throne in exile in 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich designated his son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich , Tsesarevich . Since 1997 the title has been attributed to Vladimir's grandson, George Mikhailovich Romanov , whose mother, Maria Vladimirovna , conferred it on him in her capacity as pretender to

315-436: The personal union with Russia, saw his actions as disobedience of the very constitution of which he felt personally proud. That also led to him being mocked, which he did not help by sending his adjutants with threats to those "guilty" of it like Wirydianna Fiszerowa . Nevertheless, Konstantin was an ardent supporter of Polish musicians, such as Maria Agata Szymanowska and Frédéric Chopin . After 19 years of separation,

360-536: The Caspian Sea from 1719 to 1727, but was not accurately described until G. S. Karelin did so in 1832. This Kazakhstan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tsesarevich Tsesarevich ( Russian : цесаревич , IPA: [tsɨsɐˈrʲevʲɪtɕ] ) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire . It either preceded or replaced

405-688: The Poles, or he would be seen as a seed for the idea of a soon to be independent Poland, but he was effectively only trying to avoid a wider war. Konstantin died of cholera in Vitebsk (now in Belarus) on 27 June 1831 and did not live to see the suppression of the revolution. His frequent stands against the wishes of the Imperial Family were perceived in Russia as brave, even gallant. In Poland, he

450-512: The Polish Army a similar version of Russia's supreme military. Alexander's policies were liberal by the standards of Restoration Europe. Classical liberals lapped up the freedoms of education, scholarship and economic development, but key deficiencies in Poland's autonomy like lack of control over the budget, military, and trade left them hungry for more. The Kalisz Opposition , led by

495-491: The Polish independence than to Russian dominance. The securing of neutrality from Konstantin gave the Polish government the feeling that Russia would not attack Poland and gave it the chance effectively to quash the uprising. After ensuring Russian neutrality, Konstantin retreated behind Russian lines. That further confused the Polish government regarding its status with Russia because of a previous Russian promise to help put down

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540-461: The army due to his disorderly conduct. His share in the battles in Germany and France was insignificant. At Dresden , on 26 August, his military knowledge failed him at the decisive moment, but at La Fère-Champenoise he distinguished himself by personal bravery. In Paris the grand duke excited public ridicule by the manifestation of his petty military fads. His first visit was to the stables, and it

585-408: The brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski , pressed for reforms including more independence for the judiciary. Alexander, calling their actions an "abuse" of liberty, suspended the Polish parliament ( Sejm ) for five years and authorised Konstantin to maintain order in the kingdom by any means necessary. Konstantin, attempting to execute his brother's mandate to silence dissent, strengthened

630-478: The character of the passionate, restless and headstrong boy. The only person who exerted a responsible influence was Cesar La Harpe , who was tutor-in-chief from 1783 to May 1795 and educated both the empress's grandsons. Catherine arranged Konstantin's marriage as she had Alexander's; Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , 14, and Konstantin, 16, were married on 26 February 1796. As Caroline Bauer recorded in her memoirs, "The brutal Constantine treated his consort like

675-518: The coalition's history; while in 1807 neither his skill nor his fortune in war showed any improvement. After the peace of Tilsit he became an ardent admirer of Napoleon and an upholder of the Russo-French alliance. He therefore lost the confidence of his brother Alexander; to the latter, the French alliance was merely a means to an end. This view was not held by Konstantin; even in 1812, after

720-498: The coast extending east and then southwards. Nowadays both the bay and the inlet are filled with Caspian Sea water. Currently there are oil fields in the area. Owing to its special colour the Dead Kultuk is the bay which appears in early maps of the Caspian Sea as 'Blue Sea' ( French : Mer Bleue in maps in that language). The area was mapped by Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov during the Caspian Expedition , which surveyed

765-435: The crime then, when General Kutuzov insisted on investigating, “announced a special commission which outrageously declared that Madame Araujo had died of a stroke”. Konstantin continued as the heir of the empire. During this time, Konstantin's first campaign took place under the leadership of Suvorov . The battle of Bassignana was lost by Konstantin's fault; but at Novi he distinguished himself by personal bravery, so that

810-417: The emperor Alexander I ), she regulated every detail of his physical and mental education; but in accordance with her usual custom, she left the carrying out of her views to the men who were in her confidence. Count Nikolai Saltykov was supposed to be the actual tutor, but he too in his turn transferred the burden to another, interfering personally only on exceptional occasions, and exercised no influence upon

855-404: The emperor Paul bestowed on him the title of tsesarevich , which according to the fundamental law of the constitution belonged only to the heir to the throne. Though it cannot be proved that this action of the tsar denoted any far-reaching plan, it yet shows that Paul already distrusted the grand-duke Alexander. Konstantin never tried to secure the throne. After his father's death in 1801, he led

900-628: The face of her firm opposition. Konstantin's violent behaviour continued unabated. In 1802, he asked a close friend, General Karl Baur, to hand over his mistress, the wife of a Portuguese businessman, Madame Araujo. Baur agreed but Araujo refused to sleep with the Grand Duke. In retaliation, he had her kidnapped and brought to his Marble Palace where “he and his aides beat and gang-raped her, starting with generals, then officers and finally servants and guardsmen, breaking her legs and arms. She died soon afterwards.” Emperor Alexander I attempted to cover up

945-410: The fall of Moscow, he pressed for a speedy conclusion of peace with Napoleon, and, like field marshal Kutuzov , he too opposed the policy which carried the war across the Russian frontier to victorious conclusion upon French soil. His personal behaviour towards both his own men and French prisoners was eccentric and cruel. During the campaign, Barclay de Tolly was twice obliged to send him away from

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990-477: The female heirs of Peter I of Russia bore this title: his daughters Elizabeth of Russia (born 1709), Anna Petrovna (1708–1728) and Natalia Petrovna (1718–1725). This word is not to be confused with Tsarevna , used before 18th century for all the Tsar's daughters and daughters-in-law. Many princesses from Western Europe, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and changed their given names accordingly, were given

1035-493: The grand dukes of Muscovy adopted the title of tsar. When Paul acceded to the throne in 1796, he immediately declared his son Aleksandr Pavlovich tsesarevich , and the title was confirmed by law in 1797 as the official title for the heir to the throne (incorporated into Article 145 of the Fundamental Laws). In 1799 Paul I granted the title tsesarevich to his second son Constantine Pavlovich , who, oddly, retained

1080-729: The marriage of Konstantin and Juliane was formally annulled on 20 March 1820. Two months later, on 27 May, Konstantin married the Polish Countess Joanna Grudzińska , who was given the title of Her Serene Highness Princess of Łowicz. Connected with that, he renounced any claim to the Russian succession, which was formally completed in 1822. After the marriage, he became increasingly attached to his new home of Poland. When Alexander I died on 1 December 1825, Grand Duke Nicholas had Konstantin proclaimed emperor in Saint Petersburg. In Warsaw meanwhile, Konstantin abdicated

1125-488: The new-born Grand Prince Constantine, gave him as nursemaid a Greek by the name of Helen, and talks in her own circles about how to place him on the throne of the Eastern empire. At the same time she is setting up a town at Tsarskoe Selo to be called Konstantingorod. The direction of the boy's upbringing was entirely in the hands of his grandmother, the empress Catherine II . As in the case of her eldest grandson (afterwards

1170-539: The post of commander-in-chief of the forces of the kingdom to which was added in 1819 the command of the Lithuanian troops and of those of the Russian provinces that had belonged to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (so called Western Krai ). During his rule, he was in charge of appointing all military leaders, including those in Poland. Each of these men were required to serve his goal of making

1215-425: The rebellion. The patriotic Poles could not have been more pleased. Konstantin, on 3 December, retreated toward Russia. Following the failure of the uprising, Konstantin expressed admiration for the valor of the Polish insurgents. The policy of neutrality at all costs has led to Konstantin being viewed two ways through the scope of history. Either he would be viewed by the Russian royal family as weak and sympathetic to

1260-473: The rebellion. The timid response that he did give was that he would not attack the city of Warsaw without giving it 48 hours' notice, that he would intercede between the emperor and the Polish Kingdom, and would not order Lithuanian troops to enter Poland. What he was trying to accomplish was to remain neutral at all costs, which led to a belief among his fellow Russians that he was more sensitive towards

1305-463: The revolution on the evening of the 29th, at 6pm." Like the assassination, the recruitment of army units by the rebels failed; only two units joined them, and only the capture of the armory and the subsequent arming of the populace kept the revolt alive. Konstantin saw the revolt as a strictly Polish affair and refused to use troops, as he could have, because it was foolish politically. He could trust his Russian troops, but to use them might be considered

1350-404: The secret police ( Ochrana ) and suppressed the Polish patriotic movements, leading to further popular discontent. Konstantin also harassed the liberal opposition , replaced Poles with Russians on important posts in local administration and the army and often insulted and assaulted his subordinates, which led to conflicts in the officer corps . The Sejm, until then mostly dominated by supporters of

1395-568: The suppression of the revolt in the hands of the Polish government. Polish Prince Ksawery Lubecki , realizing that the insurgents had formed no government by midnight, assembled some members of the council and other prominent personalities on his own initiative. They sent a delegation to the grand duke, but when he stated again that he did not wish to intervene in any way, the committees decided to take matters into their own hands. Konstantin's involvement remained minimal, showing considerable restraint in not wanting to use Russian troops to help put down

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1440-679: The throne. Those who refer to him by a dynastic title, however, more usually address him as "grand duke". Until the end of the empire most people in Russia and abroad, verbally and in writing continued to refer to the Sovereign as "tsar". Perhaps for that reason the title of tsesarevich was less frequently used to refer to the heir apparent than either "tsarevich" or "grand duke". Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia Konstantin Pavlovich ( Russian : Константи́н Па́влович ; 8 May [ O.S. 27 April] 1779  – 27 June [ O.S. 15 June] 1831)

1485-462: The throne. His younger brother Nicholas became tsar in 1825. The succession controversy became the pretext of the Decembrist revolt . Konstantin was known to eschew court etiquette and to take frequent stands against the wishes of his brother Alexander I, for which he is remembered fondly in Russia, but in his capacity as the governor of Poland he is remembered as a hated ruler. Konstantin

1530-555: The throne. When that became public knowledge, the Northern Society scrambled in secret meetings to convince regimental leaders not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. The efforts would culminate in the Decembrist revolt . Under Nicholas I , Konstantin maintained his position in Poland. Differences soon arose between him and his brother because of the part taken by the Poles in the Decembrist conspiracy. Konstantin hindered

1575-474: The time the title was conferred, Paul was recognised as Peter's legal son, but not as his legal heir. Nor would he be officially recognised as such by his mother after her usurpation of the throne. More often he was internationally referred to by his other title of " Grand Duke " (actual meaning in Russian language is " Grand Prince "), which pre-dated tsesarevich , being a holdover from the Rurikid days before

1620-449: The title even after he renounced the throne in 1825 in favor of their younger brother, Nicholas I . Thenceforth, each Emperor's eldest son bore the title until 1894, when Nicholas II conferred it on his brother Grand Duke George Aleksandrovich , with the stipulation that his entitlement to it would terminate upon the birth of a son to Nicholas, who was then betrothed to Alix of Hesse . When George died in 1899, Nicholas did not confer

1665-508: The title of tsarevich (and "tsarevna", retained for life by Ivan V 's daughters) fell into disuse. The Emperor's daughters were henceforth referred to as "tsesarevna" (Peter had no living son by this time). In 1762, upon succeeding to the imperial throne, Peter III accorded his only son Paul Petrovich (by the future Catherine the Great ) the novel title of tsesarevich , he being the first of nine Romanov heirs who would bear it. However, at

1710-468: The title upon his oldest surviving brother Michael Aleksandrovich , although Nicholas's only son would not be born for another five years. That son, Alexei Nikolaevich (1904–1918), became the Russian Empire's last tsesarevich . Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg The wife of an heir-tsesarevich bore the title Tsesarevna ( Russian : Цесаревна ) – Grand Duchess. In first years of Russian Empire

1755-599: The title was used exclusively in Russia. The title came to be used invariably in tandem with the formal style "Successor" ( Russian : наследник , romanized :  naslednik ), as in "His Imperial Highness the Successor Tsesarevich and Grand Prince ". The wife of the Tsesarevich was the tsesarevna (Russian: цесаревна ). In 1721 Peter the Great discontinued use of "tsar" as his main title, and adopted that of imperator (emperor), whereupon

1800-487: The unveiling of the organized plotting for independence, which had been going on in Poland for many years, and held obstinately to the belief that the army and the bureaucracy were loyally devoted to the Russian Empire. The eastern policy of the Tsar and the Turkish War in 1828 to 1829 caused a fresh breach between them. The opposition of Konstantin made the Polish army take no part in the war. An assassination attempt

1845-507: Was a grand duke of Russia and the second son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg . He was the heir-presumptive for most of his elder brother Alexander I 's reign, but had secretly renounced his claim to the throne in 1823. For 25 days after the death of Alexander I, from 19 November (O.S.)/1 December 1825 to 14 December (O.S.)/26 December 1825 he was known as His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia , although he never reigned and never acceded to

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1890-662: Was born in Tsarskoye Selo on 27 April 1779, the second son of the Tsesarevich Paul Petrovich and his wife Maria Fyodorovna , daughter of Friedrich II Eugen , Duke of Württemberg . Of all Paul's children, Konstantin most closely resembled his father both physically and mentally. His paternal grandmother Catherine the Great named him after Constantine the Great , the founder of the Eastern Roman Empire . A medal with antique figures

1935-706: Was made on the life of Grand Duke Konstantin, which precipitated the November 1830 insurrection in Warsaw (the November Uprising ). After the attempt on Konstantin's life, a secret court was set up to prosecute those who were responsible. "It was learned that Nicholas had ordered the Grand Duke Konstantin ... to start an energetic investigation and court-martial the culprits ... the committee at its session of 27 November decided irrevocably to start

1980-521: Was said that he had been marching and drilling even in his private rooms. Konstantin's importance in political history dates from when his brother, Tsar Alexander, installed him in Congress Poland as de facto viceroy (however, he was not the "official viceroy", namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland ), with a task of the militarization and discipline of Poland. In Congress Poland, he received

2025-568: Was struck to commemorate his birth; it bears the inscription "Back to Byzantium" which clearly alludes to Catherine's Greek Plan . According to the British ambassador James Harris , Prince Potemkin 's mind is constantly taken up with the idea of creating an empire in the East; he has managed to fascinate the Empress with these feelings, and she proved so subject to his chimeras that she christened

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