66-488: The Defense Priorities Foundation , also known as Defense Priorities , is an American foreign policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., that advocates for more restrained US foreign policy. Defense Priorities was established in early 2016 by supporters of United States Senator Rand Paul and funded by conservative donors Charles Koch and his brother David Koch . Early leadership included William P. Ruger of
132-589: A Public interest litigation (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport illegal immigrants. Responding to this PIL, Delhi Police told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months. There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya immigrants in National Capital Region (NCR) region specially in
198-542: A state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing
264-479: A crucial role in its development. The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals, with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid, are central to a country's role in the global economy. Additionally, many states have developed humanitarian programs based on
330-584: A powerful phrase to invoke against diverse threats to interests of the state, such as domestic concerns. The notion that national security encompasses more than just military security was present, though understated, from the beginning. The Act established the National Security Council so as to "advise the President on the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national security". The act establishes, within
396-417: A role in a country's foreign policy. In a democracy , public opinion and the methods of political representation both affect a country's foreign policy. Democratic countries are also believed to be less likely to resort to military conflict with one another. Autocratic states are less likely to use legalism in their foreign policies. Under a dictatorship , a state's foreign policy may depend heavily on
462-520: A single, comprehensive foreign policy for each state. Unlike domestic policy, foreign policy issues often arise suddenly in response to developments and major events in foreign countries. Foreign policy is often directed for the purpose of ensuring national security . Governments forming military alliances with foreign states in order to deter and show stronger resistance to attack. Foreign policy also focuses on combating adversarial states through soft power , international isolation , or war . In
528-703: A state is at peace. National security ideology as taught by the US Army School of the Americas to military personnel was vital in causing the military coup of 1964 in Brazil and the 1976 one in Argentina. The military dictatorships were installed on the claim by the military that Leftists were an existential threat to the national interests. China's military is the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The military
594-402: Is also important since most of the countries in the world are developing and dependent on agriculture and agriculture gets affected largely due to climate change. This effect affects the economy of the nation, which in turn affects national security. The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. Romm (1993) classifies
660-534: Is associated primarily with managing physical threats and with the military capabilities used for doing so. That is, national security is often understood as the capacity of a nation to mobilise military forces to guarantee its borders and to deter or successfully defend against physical threats including military aggression and attacks by non-state actors , such as terrorism . Most states, such as South Africa and Sweden, configure their military forces mainly for territorial defence; others, such as France, Russia,
726-576: Is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of
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#1732783502630792-517: Is now considered a major threat, cyberspace is now recognised as a domain of warfare. One such example is the use of Stuxnet by the US and Israel against the Iranian nuclear programme Barry Buzan , Ole Wæver , Jaap de Wilde and others have argued that national security depends on political security : the stability of the social order. Others, such as Paul Rogers, have added that the equitability of
858-527: Is the security and defence of a sovereign state , including its citizens , economy , and institutions , which is regarded as a duty of government . Originally conceived as protection against military attack , national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from terrorism , minimization of crime , economic security , energy security , environmental security , food security , and cyber-security . Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to
924-446: Is the largest in the world, with 2.3 million active troops in 2005. The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system." For Schengen area some parts of national security and external border control are enforced by Frontex according to
990-436: Is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of strategic supremacy ). Others argue that security depends principally on building
1056-562: Is the urgent need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national security. To address the institutionalisation of new bureaucracies and government practices in the post–World War II period in the U.S., the culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation joined the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and
1122-500: Is why we see countries with sound economy, happen to have sound security setup too, such as The United States , China , India among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. Developing countries may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid work. Environmental security, also known as ecological security, refers to
1188-636: The British Transport Police . There are also commercial transportation security units such as the Amtrak Police in the United States. Critical infrastructure is vital for the essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage can have a serious impact on the economy and essential services. Some of the threats to infrastructure include: Computer security , also known as cybersecurity or IT security, refers to
1254-530: The Charles Koch Institute and Edward King of a pro-Paul political action committee . The organization was founded to advance Paul's foreign policy views, which argued for a "more prudent, restrained" United States foreign policy . Defense Priorities publications have advocated for ending through negotiations Russia's Special Military Operation in Ukraine, against the arming of rebels during
1320-586: The National Security Council of India , receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India's defence , foreign , home , finance ministers and deputy chairman of NITI Aayog as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for India's security in all aspects. A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed
1386-737: The Treaty of Lisbon . The security policy of the European Union is set by High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and assisted by European External Action Service . Europol is one of the agencies of the European Union responsible for combating various forms of crime in the European Union through coordinating law enforcement agencies of the EU member states. European Union national security has been accused of insufficiently preventing foreign threats. The state of
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#17327835026301452-724: The UK's National Security Strategy . It was created in May 2010 by the new coalition government of the Conservative Party (UK) and Liberal Democrats . The National Security Council is a committee of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and was created as part of a wider reform of the national security apparatus . This reform also included the creation of a National Security Adviser and a National Security Secretariat to support
1518-605: The electricity grid , dams , power plants , seaports , oil refineries , and water systems . Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures and systems to sabotage , terrorism , and contamination . Many countries have established government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure, usually, through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such as United States Federal Protective Service , and also dedicated transport police such as
1584-696: The " National Security Strategy to 2020 ". The key body responsible for coordinating policies related to Russia's national security is the Security Council of Russia . According to provision 6 of the National Security Strategy to 2020 , national security is "the situation in which the individual, the society and the state enjoy protection from foreign and domestic threats to the degree that ensures constitutional rights and freedoms, decent quality of life for citizens, as well as sovereignty, territorial integrity and stable development of
1650-478: The 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed "affairs". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs was applied to the management of temporary issues outside
1716-429: The 21st century, defensive foreign policy has expanded to address the threat of global terrorism . Foreign policy is central for a country's role within the world economy and international trade . Economic foreign policy issues may include the establishment of trade agreements , the distribution of foreign aid, and the management of imports and exports . Many states have developed humanitarian programs under
1782-530: The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for the practical application of the concept of the national security state : During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of U.S. history, the continental United States was secure. But, by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with
1848-528: The National Security Council, the Committee on Foreign Intelligence, whose duty is to conduct an annual review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United States as specified by the President " (emphasis added). In Gen. Maxwell Taylor 's 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states: The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests, as well as
1914-522: The National Security Council. The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of foreign policy in the United States when the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on July 26, 1947, by U.S. President Harry S. Truman . As amended in 1949, this Act: Notably, the Act did not define national security, which was conceivably advantageous, as its ambiguity made it
1980-613: The Republic of India's national security is determined by its internal stability and geopolitical interests. While Islamic upsurge in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir demanding secession and far left-wing terrorism in India's red corridor remain some key issues in India's internal security, terrorism from Pakistan-based militant groups has been emerging as a major concern for New Delhi. The National Security Advisor of India heads
2046-558: The Russian Federation, the defence and security of the state." Total Defence is Singapore's whole-of-society national defence concept based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country. Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland, Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it
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2112-535: The Syrian Civil War , against harsher sanctions on North Korea over its nuclear program, and against deeper military engagement in the Middle East. The think tank's leanings have been characterized as "isolationist", "non-interventionist", "libertarian", "pro-restraint", and " realist ". Foreign policy Foreign policy , also known as external policy , is the set of strategies and actions
2178-462: The UK and the US, invest in higher-cost expeditionary capabilities , which allow their armed forces to project power and sustain military operations abroad. Infrastructure security is the security provided to protect infrastructure , especially critical infrastructure , such as airports , highways , rail transport , hospitals , bridges , transport hubs , network communications, media ,
2244-534: The US, for example, the controversial USA Patriot Act of 2001, and the revelation by Edward Snowden in 2013 that the National Security Agency harvests the personal data of the general public , brought these issues to wide public attention. Among the questions raised are whether and how national security considerations at times of war should lead to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms, and whether such restrictions are necessary when
2310-504: The US, for example, the military has installed solar photovoltaic microgrids on their bases in case of power outage . The dimensions of national security outlined above are frequently in tension with one another. For example: If tensions such as these are mismanaged, national security policies and actions may be ineffective or counterproductive. Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without also developing
2376-467: The United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so. Some states also appoint a National Security Council and/or a National Security Advisor which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. India holds one such system in current, which
2442-451: The United States in the following manner : A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations; b. a favorable foreign relations position; or c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert. In 2010,
2508-516: The United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained". Approaches to national security can have a complex impact on human rights and civil liberties . For example, the rights and liberties of citizens are affected by the use of military personnel and militarised police forces to control public behaviour; the use of surveillance , including mass surveillance in cyberspace , which has implications for privacy ; military recruitment and conscription practices; and
2574-765: The actions of other states , action by violent non-state actors , by narcotic cartels , organized crime , by multinational corporations , and also the effects of natural disasters . Governments rely on a range of measures, including political , economic , and military power, as well as diplomacy , to safeguard the security of a state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing transnational causes of insecurity, such as climate change , economic inequality , political exclusion , and nuclear proliferation . The concept of national security remains ambiguous, having evolved from simpler definitions which emphasised freedom from military threat and from political coercion. Among
2640-520: The advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum — "If you want peace, prepare for war." The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff defines national security of
2706-405: The citizenry. Economic security, in the context of international relations , is the ability of a nation state to maintain and develop the national economy, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic capability largely determines the defence capability of a nation, and thus a sound economic security directly influences the national security of a nation. That
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2772-438: The concept of the responsibility to protect . Proponents of liberal internationalism believe that it is the duty of stronger and more well-off countries to assist and support less powerful countries. This idea is often associated with the idealist school of thought. Liberal internationalist support can take the form of defensive or economic support. Superpowers are able to project power and exercise their influence across
2838-469: The conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively. In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through NATO by
2904-566: The council take place in the Presidential Administration Building . The council was created by the provision of Supreme Council of Ukraine #1658-12 on October 11, 1991. It was defined as the highest state body of collegiate governing on matters of defence and security of Ukraine with the following goals: The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in the UK is the National Security Council (United Kingdom) which helps produce and enact
2970-401: The development of foreign policy proposals, alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships. Several objectives may motivate a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy may be directed for defense and security, for economic benefit, or to provide assistance to states that need it. All foreign policy objectives are interconnected and contribute to
3036-473: The districts of Gurugram , Faridabad , and Nuh ( Mewat region), as well as interior villages of Bhiwani and Hisar . Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the Chief Minister of Haryana , Manohar Lal Khattar announced the implementation of NRC for Haryana by setting up a legal framework under
3102-466: The effects of warfare on civilians and civil infrastructure . This has led to a dialectical struggle, particularly in liberal democracies , between government authority and the rights and freedoms of the general public. Even where the exercise of national security is subject to good governance , and the rule of law , a risk remains that the term national security may become a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views . In
3168-554: The event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests." The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine . It is an advisory state agency to the President of Ukraine , tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic and international matters. All sessions of
3234-487: The former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants. In the years 1997 and 2000, Russia adopted documents titled "National Security Concept" that described Russia's global position, the country's interests, listed threats to national security, and described the means to counter those threats. In 2009, these documents were superseded by
3300-716: The government bargaining model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as several competing interests, and the organizational process model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as interlinked bureaucracies that each play their own role. Think tanks exist that study foreign policy specifically, including the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States and the Chatham House in the United Kingdom. National security National security , or national defence ( national defense in American English ),
3366-529: The integrity of ecosystems and the biosphere , particularly in relation to their capacity to sustain a diversity of life-forms (including human life). The security of ecosystems has attracted greater attention as the impact of ecological damage by humans has grown. The degradation of ecosystems, including topsoil erosion , deforestation , biodiversity loss , and climate change , affect economic security and can precipitate mass migration , leading to increased pressure on resources elsewhere. Ecological security
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#17327835026303432-409: The international order is equally vital. Hence, political security depends on the rule of international law (including the laws of war ), the effectiveness of international political institutions , as well as diplomacy and negotiation between nations and other security actors. It also depends on, among other factors, effective political inclusion of disaffected groups and the human security of
3498-478: The major impacts of ecological changes on national security as: Resources include water, sources of energy, land, and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. For example, in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Iraq captured Kuwait partly in order to secure access to its oil wells, and one reason for the US counter-invasion
3564-627: The many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-military concerns: Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. military or cyber attack ), violent non-state actors (e.g. terrorist attack ), organised criminal groups such as narcotic cartels , and also the effects of natural disasters (e.g. flooding, earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational , include climate change , economic inequality and marginalisation , political exclusion , and nuclear proliferation . In view of
3630-672: The population, freedom of speech and information security , social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of subsoil , land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in
3696-426: The preferences of the dictator. Dictators that interfere significantly with their foreign policy apparatus may be less predictable and more likely to make foreign policy blunders. The study of foreign policy considers why and how states interact with one another and maintain relations. Several schools of thought exist in the study of foreign policy, including the rational actor model based on rational choice theory ,
3762-436: The responsibility to protect, supporting less powerful countries through various forms of assistance. The study of foreign policy examines the reasons and methods behind state interactions, with think tanks and academic institutions providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions. The idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional diplomatic corps that managed diplomacy . In
3828-512: The security of computing devices such as computers and smartphones, as well as computer networks such as private and public networks, and the Internet . It concerns the protection of hardware, software, data, people, and also the procedures by which systems are accessed, and the field has growing importance due to the increasing reliance on computer systems in most societies. Since unauthorized access to critical civil and military infrastructure
3894-537: The security of their regional and international context. For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: "Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more." The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done,
3960-451: The sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and earthy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political assets such as the Bill of Rights, our political institutions, and international friendships to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It
4026-574: The sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states. Think tanks are occasionally employed by government foreign relations organizations to provide research and advocacy in
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#17327835026304092-429: The wide range of risks, the security of a state has several dimensions, including economic security , energy security , physical security , environmental security , food security , border security , and cyber security . These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power . Increasingly, governments organise their security policies into a national security strategy (NSS); as of 2017, Spain, Sweden,
4158-716: The world, while great powers and middle powers have moderate influence in global affairs. Small powers have less ability to exercise influence unilaterally, as they have fewer economic and military resources to leverage. As a result, they are more likely to support international and multilateral organizations. The diplomatic bureaucracies of smaller states are also smaller, which limits their capacity to engage in complex diplomacy. Smaller states may seek to ally themselves with larger countries for economic and defensive benefits, or they may avoid involvement in international disputes so as to remain on friendly terms with all countries. The political institutions and forms of government play
4224-655: Was established on 19 November 1998. Although states differ in their approach, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly military capabilities . The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the air , space , cyberspace , and psychological operations . Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources. In practice, national security
4290-403: Was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people. Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces. Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain. National security of Ukraine
4356-564: Was the value of the same wells to its own economy. Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including India and Pakistan , and in the Middle East . The interrelations between security, energy, natural resources, and their sustainability is increasingly acknowledged in national security strategies and resource security is now included among the UN Sustainable Development Goals . In
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