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22-664: Dehghan may refer to: Dehqan , class of land magnates in Iran Dehqan, Iran (disambiguation) Dehghan (surname) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dehghan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehghan&oldid=1246962022 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

44-469: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dehqan The dehqân ( / d ɛ ə ˈ k ɑː n , ˌ d eɪ -/ ; Persian : دهقان [deɦˈɢɒːn] , dihqân in Classical Persian) or dehgân ( / d ɛ ə ˈ ɡ ɑː n , ˌ d eɪ -/ ; Persian : دهگان [deɦˈgɒːn] ) were a class of land-owning magnates during

66-677: The Greater Khorasan . Some regions enjoyed considerable autonomy while other were militarily more important, for example the Adurbadagan facing the Caucasus was special military frontier. Marzbāns were granted the administration of the border provinces and were responsible for maintaining the security of the trade routes , fighting the encroaching nomadic tribes such as Bedouin Arabs , White Huns and Oghuz Turks , and holding

88-711: The Mazdakite uprising, Khosrau I implemented social reforms which benefited the dehqans . Under the reign of Khosrau, who followed the same policies as his father, the dehqans gained influence as the backbone of the Sasanian army and as imperial tax collectors, eventually replacing the nobility as the base for the army under Khosrau's reforms. As their influence grew, they maintained Persian ethics, ideals and social norms which were later reawakened during medieval times in Islamic Persia. In early Islamic texts,

110-613: The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD) the existence of a proper classification of ranks is unknown, in comparison to the Sasanian royal inscriptions from the 3rd century AD when the aristocracy was divided into four or five ranks; šahrdārān (kings, landholders), vāspuhrān (princes; the seven great noble families ), wuzurgān (magnates; "great ones" ), lower nobility āzādān (feudal nobles; freemen), and kadag-xwadāy (householders). The Sasanian military organization

132-516: The Sasanian and early Islamic period, found throughout Iranian lands. The dehqans started to gradually fade away under the Seljuks and Qarakhanids , due to the increase of the iqta' (land grants) and the decline of the landowning class. By the time of their dissolution, they had played a key role in preserving the Iranian national identity. Their Islamization and cultural Iranianization of

154-561: The dehqan aristocracy in order to govern their empire. The alliance between the dehqans and the Saljuqs actually created resentment among the Turcoman tribesmen after 1055 when Toghril Beg took over Baghdad . Due to the attachment of the dehqans to Iranian culture, the term dehqan had already become synonymous to “a Persian of noble blood” in contrast to Arabs, Turks and Romans . According to some sources, including Nezami ‘Aruzi,

176-589: The dehqans function almost as local rulers under the Arab domain and the term was sometimes juxtaposed with marzabān (“marcher-lord, governor”). By the 11th century, the dehqans were landowners or directly involved in agriculture; either the planting or the management of the land. Aside from their political and social role, the dehqans who were well versed in the history and culture of pre-Islamic Iran , played an important cultural role by serving rulers and princes as learned men. Iranians had not only preserved

198-424: The marzbān was a provincional function practiced for a single or multiple provinces, but there is no evidence for a "quarter of the empire", as al-Masudi entitled Šahrwarāz (629 AD). The rank of marzbān , like most imperial administration, was mostly patrimonial, and was passed down through a single family for generations. The marzbāns of greatest seniority were permitted a silver throne, while marzbāns of

220-459: The Iranian national poet Ferdowsi was also of the dehqan lineage. Another poet that refers to himself as a dehqan is Qatran Tabrizi who was also well versed about ancient Iran. His poetry is replete with the references to ancient Iranian characters and their role. Marzpan The Persian word marz is derived from Avestan marəza "frontier, border"; pān/pāvan is cognate with Avestan and Old Persian pat "protector". The word

242-677: The Turks led to the establishment of the Iranian essence within the Islamic world, something which would continue throughout the Middle Ages and far into modern times. The term dehqân descended from Middle Persian dahigān meaning "countryman, peasant, villager" or "farmer". The original meaning was "pertaining to the deh" ( Old Persian : dahyu )—the latter term not in the latter sense of “village” (as in Modern Persian ) but in

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264-485: The exact relationship between titles marzbān , spāhbed , kanārang , pāygōsbān (Parthian ptykwspn , Sasanian paygospān or padhospān ) and ostāndār . The historical sources blur the distinction between the marzbān and spāhbed (army general or military governor), implying marzbān was a military title strictly limited to the frontier marches and provinces. The least clear is the distinction with kanārang , apparently an East-Iranian derivation of marzbān in

286-413: The first line of defense against settled enemies such as Romans and Kushans . During the reign of Khosrow I (531–579 AD) were held military reforms by which were created four frontier regions ( Khwarasan , Khwarwaran , Nemroz, Adurbadagan) with spāhbed in charge, sometimes still called as marzbān , but now generally considered for more central provinces. Also, the previous gentry rank dihqānān

308-574: The ideals of the dehqans from the Sassanid times and brought them into the Islamic period, but they also inculcated these ideals to the minds of the ruling Arab aristocracy, who also fused with Iranians. In the 9th century, the Tahirids , who were of Persian dehqan origin, initiated a resurgence of Persian culture. During the Saljuq era, the dehqans played a major role as the Saljuqs turned to

330-551: The king. The title marzbān can be dated to the Parthian Empire, where in the frontier areas such as Nisa (1st century BC ) are found titles mrzwpn (marzban), probably an officier in charge of the frontier troops, and dyzpty , an officier in charge of a fort. Some scholars consider that marzbāns existed during the reign of Darius I (550–486 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire. There is some uncertainty for

352-598: The most strategic border provinces, such as the province of Armenia, were allowed a golden throne. In military campaigns the regional marzbāns could be regarded as field marshals, while lesser spāhbeds could command a field army. The function of marzbān changed over the years, with smaller territorial units being part of the civil administration. In the early years the main marzbān regions were Armenia , Beth Aramaye , Pars , Kirman , Spahan , Adurbadagan , Tabaristan , Nishapur , Tus , Sakastan , Mazun , Harev , Marv and Sarakhs , several mentioned belonging to

374-528: The original sense of “land”. Deh (ده / 𐭬𐭲𐭠) has both the same meaning of "village" in Middle Persian and in Modern Persian. In the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire , the dehqans were considered minor landowners. The term dehqan emerged as a hereditary social class in the later Sassanid era, that managed local affairs and whom peasants were obliged to obey. Following the suppression of

396-469: The province Abarshahr in Central Asia . The pāygōsbān , meaning "guardian of the district", is an uncertain title, seemingly provincial military commanders or governors, while the marzbān meant "guardian of the borders, provinces". Perhaps the pāygōsbān lacked civilian duties. The ostāndār was the governor of an ostān (province or district within a province). The primary sources imply

418-401: Was borrowed from New Persian into Arabic as مرزبان marzubān (plural مرازبة marāziba ). " Al-Marzubani " ( المرزباني ) has been used as a nisba (family title) for some Iranian families whose ancestor was a marzbān. The prominent Islamic scholar Abu Hanifa , whose formal name is given in Islamic sources as Nu'man ibn Thabit ibn Zuta ibn Marzubān ( نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان ),

440-519: Was descended from the marzbāns of Kabul , where his father came from. The Bavand (651–1349 AD) and Sallarid (919–1062 AD) dynasty rulers also used marzubān in their name. The word marzban was borrowed into Armenian as marzpan (մարզպան) and into Georgian as marzapani (მარზაპანი). The ranks tradition (primarily of vāspuhrān and āzādān ) can be traced to the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), but due to lack of sources even in

462-598: Was more sophisticated than the inherited Parthian system. The caste system wasn't rigid as in India, but the ruling officiers were mostly from wuzurgān caste. There's a possibility that the Late Sasanian marzbānān also originated from the āzādān , who mostly were lords of villages ( dihqānān ), supplied the cavalry with young riders ( asbārān ), or were bodyguards and security forces with titles bandagān , ayyārān or jānbāzān , all signifying association with

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484-510: Was moulded into influential "nobility of service" which became the backbone of the Sasanian state. However, this measures of centralization caused the transfer of the power to the military (the dihqānān gradually became more independent from the government, while the four large spāhbed territories quasi-independent fiefs), and led to the eventual disintegration of the Empire. The Sasanian social, administrative and military structure and system

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