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48-548: Dehua is rich in kaolin and famous for ceramic products, especially crafts and dinnerware , including candle holders, Piggy banks , photo frames, jewel boxes, flower baskets, jars, vases , plaques , wall plaques , garden decorations , figurines , statues ; animals, birds, pets and many other items. Kilns in Dehua are also attempting in recreating Jian ware . Towns: Townships: In 2017 Dehua's GDP amounted to 22.1 billion Yuan. This Fujian location article

96-564: A basaltic rock in Kivu ( Zaïre ), they noted how the occurrence of kaolinite depended on the "degrée de drainage" of the area involved. A clear distinction was found between areas with good drainage (i.e., areas with a marked difference between wet and dry seasons) and those areas with poor drainage (i.e., perennially swampy areas). Kaolinite was only found in the areas with distinct seasonal alternations between wet and dry. The possible significance of alternating wet and dry conditions on

144-508: A recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure TWA 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. Archaism In language , an archaism is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical settings or affairs. Lexical archaisms are single archaic words or expressions used regularly in an affair (e.g. religion or law ) or freely; literary archaism

192-418: A 1:1 or TO clay mineral because its crystals consist of stacked TO layers. Each TO layer consists of a tetrahedral ( T ) sheet composed of silicon and oxygen ions bonded to an octahedral ( O ) sheet composed of oxygen, aluminium, and hydroxyl ions. The T sheet is so called because each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions forming a tetrahedron. The O sheet is so called because each aluminium ion

240-405: A compacted and massive form of kaolin. The chemical formula for kaolinite as written in mineralogy is Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 , however, in ceramics applications the same formula is typically written in terms of oxides, thus giving Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ·2H 2 O . Compared with other clay minerals, kaolinite is chemically and structurally simple. It is described as

288-411: A form of jargon. Some phraseologies , especially in religious contexts, retain archaic elements that are not used in ordinary speech in any other context: "With this ring I thee wed." Archaisms are also used in the dialogue of historical novels to evoke the flavour of the period. Some may count as inherently funny words and are used for humorous effect. A type of archaism is the use of thou ,

336-524: A generation of British citizens who lived through the Second World War ; but in recent years the term has been repurposed as a non-archaic term for wifi and cell-phone technology. A similar desire to evoke a former age means that archaic place names are frequently used in circumstances where doing so conveys a political or emotional subtext, or when the official new name is not recognised by all (for example: 'Madras' rather than 'Chennai'). So,

384-417: A lack of convincing results in their own experiments, La Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978) had to conclude, however, that there were other, still unknown, factors involved in the low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite. Because of the observed very slow crystallization rates of kaolinite from solution at room temperature Fripiat and Herbillon (1971) postulated the existence of high activation energies in

432-414: A layer structure. From the following equation (as given by Gastuche and DeKimpe, 1962) for kaolinite formation it can be seen that five molecules of water must be removed from the reaction for every molecule of kaolinite formed. Field evidence illustrating the importance of the removal of water from the kaolinite reaction has been supplied by Gastuche and DeKimpe (1962). While studying soil formation on

480-422: A restaurant seeking to conjure up historic associations might prefer to call itself Old Bombay or refer to Persian cuisine in preference to using the newer place name. A notable contemporary example is the airline Cathay Pacific , which uses the archaic Cathay for China . Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is the phrase "odd man out", which originally came from

528-492: A review on the formation of kaolinite, raised the fundamental question how a disordered material (i.e., the amorphous fraction of tropical soils) could ever be transformed into a corresponding ordered structure. This transformation seems to take place in soils without major changes in the environment, in a relatively short period of time, and at ambient temperature (and pressure ). Low-temperature synthesis of clay minerals (with kaolinite as an example) has several aspects. In

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576-419: A series of alternations of periodically changing conditions (by definition, taking place in an open system) will bring about the low-temperature formation of more and more of the stable phase kaolinite instead of (ill-defined) amorphous alumino-silicates. In 2009, up to 70% of kaolin was used in the production of paper . Following reduced demand from the paper industry, resulting from both competing minerals and

624-535: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kaolin Kaolinite ( / ˈ k eɪ . ə l ə ˌ n aɪ t , - l ɪ -/ KAY -ə-lə-nyte, -⁠lih- ; also called kaolin ) is a clay mineral , with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH ) 4 . It is a layered silicate mineral , with one tetrahedral sheet of silica ( SiO 4 ) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina ( AlO 6 ). Kaolinite

672-409: Is a soft, earthy, usually white, mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay ), produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar . It has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity (1–15 meq/100 g). Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and halloysite , are known as kaolin ( / ˈ k eɪ . ə l ɪ n / ) or china clay . In many parts of

720-510: Is called the "white gold" belt; Sandersville is known as the "Kaolin Capital of the World" due to its abundance of kaolin. In the late 1800s, an active kaolin surface-mining industry existed in the extreme southeast corner of Pennsylvania, near the towns of Landenberg and Kaolin , and in what is present-day White Clay Creek Preserve. The product was brought by train to Newark, Delaware , on

768-528: Is from the Ancient Greek : ἀρχαϊκός , archaïkós , 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος , archaîos , 'from the beginning, ancient'. A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word senses is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or sense is one that still has some current use but whose use has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it connotes old-fashioned language. In contrast, an obsolete word or sense

816-407: Is lost. Above around 400 °C hydroxyl ions (OH ) are lost from the kaolinite crystal structure in the form of water: the material cannot now be plasticised by absorbing water. This is irreversible, as are subsequent transformations; this is referred to as calcination . Endothermic dehydration of kaolinite begins at 550–600 °C producing disordered metakaolin , but continuous hydroxyl loss

864-552: Is not used in normal English outside the set phrase vim and vigor ). An outdated form of language is called archaic. In contrast, a language or dialect that contains many archaic traits (archaisms) relative to closely related languages or dialects spoken at the same time is called conservative . Archaisms are most frequently encountered in history , poetry , fantasy literature , law , philosophy , science , technology , geography and ritual writing and speech. Archaisms are kept alive by these ritual and literary uses and by

912-551: Is observed up to 900 °C (1,650 °F). Although historically there was much disagreement concerning the nature of the metakaolin phase, extensive research has led to a general consensus that metakaolin is not a simple mixture of amorphous silica ( SiO 2 ) and alumina ( Al 2 O 3 ), but rather a complex amorphous structure that retains some longer-range order (but not strictly crystalline ) due to stacking of its hexagonal layers. Further heating to 925–950 °C converts metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon spinel which

960-597: Is one of the most common minerals; it is mined, as kaolin, in Australia , Brazil , Bulgaria , China , Czech Republic , France , Germany , India , Iran , Malaysia , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Tanzania , Thailand , United Kingdom , United States and Vietnam . Mantles of kaolinite are common in Western and Northern Europe. The ages of these mantles are Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic. Kaolinite clay occurs in abundance in soils that have formed from

1008-664: Is one that is no longer used at all. A reader encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old. For example, the works of Shakespeare are old enough that some obsolete words or senses are encountered therein, for which glosses (annotations) are often provided in the margins. Archaisms can either be used deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law ) or formula (for example in religious contexts). Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Some archaisms called fossil words remain in use within certain fixed expressions despite having faded away in all other contexts (for example, vim

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1056-465: Is sometimes also referred to as a gamma-alumina type structure: Upon calcination above 1050 °C, the spinel phase nucleates and transforms to platelet mullite and highly crystalline cristobalite : Finally, at 1400 °C the "needle" form of mullite appears, offering substantial increases in structural strength and heat resistance. This is a structural but not chemical transformation. See stoneware for more information on this form. Kaolinite

1104-760: Is surrounded by six oxygen or hydroxyl ions arranged at the corners of an octahedron. The two sheets in each layer are strongly bonded together via shared oxygen ions, while layers are bonded via hydrogen bonding between oxygen on the outer face of the T sheet of one layer and hydroxyl on the outer face of the O sheet of the next layer. A kaolinite layer has no net electrical charge and so there are no large cations (such as calcium, sodium, or potassium) between layers as with most other clay minerals. This accounts for kaolinite's relatively low ion exchange capacity. The close hydrogen bonding between layers also hinders water molecules from infiltrating between layers, accounting for kaolinite's nonswelling character. When moistened,

1152-449: Is that the aluminium cations must be hexacoordinated with respect to oxygen (Caillère and Hénin, 1947; Caillère et al., 1953; Hénin and Robichet, 1955 ). Gastuche et al. (1962) and Caillère and Hénin (1962) have concluded that kaolinite can only ever be formed when the aluminium hydroxide is in the form of gibbsite . Otherwise, the precipitate formed will be a "mixed alumino-silicic gel" (as Millot, 1970, p. 343 put it). If it were

1200-482: Is the survival of archaic language in a traditional literary text such as a nursery rhyme or the deliberate use of a style characteristic of an earlier age—for example, in his 1960 novel The Sot-Weed Factor , John Barth writes in an 18th-century style. Archaic words or expressions may have distinctive emotional connotations —some can be humorous ( forsooth ), some highly formal ( What say you? ), and some solemn ( With thee do I plight my troth ). The word archaism

1248-570: The Espluga Freda area of Spain were enriched with kaolinite from a detrital source due to denudation . Difficulties are encountered when trying to explain kaolinite formation under atmospheric conditions by extrapolation of thermodynamic data from the more successful high-temperature syntheses. La Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978) thought that the conditions under which kaolinite will nucleate can be deduced from stability diagrams, based as they are on dissolution data. Because of

1296-609: The Newark-Pomeroy line, along which can still be seen many open-pit clay mines. The deposits were formed between the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene , about 100 to 45 million years ago, in sediments derived from weathered igneous and metakaolin rocks. Kaolin production in the United States during 2011 was 5.5 million tons. During the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum sediments deposited in

1344-416: The silicic acid must be present in concentrations below the maximum solubility of amorphous silica. The principle behind this prerequisite can be found in structural chemistry: "Since the polysilicate ions are not of uniform size, they cannot arrange themselves along with the metal ions into a regular crystal lattice." (Iler, 1955, p. 182 ) The second aspect of the low-temperature synthesis of kaolinite

1392-460: The chemical weathering of rocks in hot, moist climates ; for example in tropical rainforest areas. Comparing soils along a gradient towards progressively cooler or drier climates, the proportion of kaolinite decreases, while the proportion of other clay minerals such as illite (in cooler climates) or smectite (in drier climates) increases. Such climatically related differences in clay mineral content are often used to infer changes in climates in

1440-413: The daily titrations with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide during at least 60 days will have introduced the necessary element of periodicity. Only now the actual role of what has been described as the "aging" ( Alterung ) of amorphous alumino-silicates (as for example Harder, 1978 had noted) can be fully understood. As such, time is not bringing about any change in a closed system at equilibrium; but

1488-513: The effect of digital media, in 2016 the market share was reported to be: paper, 36%; ceramics, 31%; paint, 7% and other, 26%. According to the USGS , in 2021 the global production of kaolin was estimated to be around 45 million tonnes. Global production of kaolin by country in 2012 was estimated to be: Some selected typical properties of various ceramic grade kaolins are: Kaolin is generally recognized as safe , but may cause mild irritation of

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1536-451: The first place the silicic acid to be supplied to the growing crystal must be in a monomeric form, i.e., silica should be present in very dilute solution (Caillère et al., 1957; Caillère and Hénin, 1960; Wey and Siffert, 1962; Millot, 1970 ). In order to prevent the formation of amorphous silica gels precipitating from supersaturated solutions without reacting with the aluminium or magnesium cations to form crystalline silicates ,

1584-608: The geological past, where ancient soils have been buried and preserved. In the Institut National pour l'Étude Agronomique au Congo Belge (INEAC) classification system, soils in which the clay fraction is predominantly kaolinite are called kaolisol (from kaolin and soil). In the United States, the main kaolin deposits are found in central Georgia , on a stretch of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line between Augusta and Macon . This area of thirteen counties

1632-405: The low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite. At high temperatures, equilibrium thermodynamic models appear to be satisfactory for the description of kaolinite dissolution and nucleation , because the thermal energy suffices to overcome the energy barriers involved in the nucleation process. The importance of syntheses at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure towards the understanding of

1680-415: The mechanism involved in the nucleation of clay minerals lies in overcoming these energy barriers. As indicated by Caillère and Hénin (1960) the processes involved will have to be studied in well-defined experiments, because it is virtually impossible to isolate the factors involved by mere deduction from complex natural physico-chemical systems such as the soil environment. Fripiat and Herbillon (1971), in

1728-441: The only requirement, large amounts of kaolinite could be harvested simply by adding gibbsite powder to a silica solution. Undoubtedly a marked degree of adsorption of the silica in solution by the gibbsite surfaces will take place, but, as stated before, mere adsorption does not create the layer lattice typical of kaolinite crystals. The third aspect is that these two initial components must be incorporated into one mixed crystal with

1776-406: The phrase "to find the odd man out", where the verb "to find out" has been split by its object "the odd man", meaning the item which does not fit. The object + split verb has been reinterpreted as a noun + adjective, such that "out" describes the man rather than any verb. The pronominal adverbs found in the writing of lawyers (e.g. heretofore , hereunto , thereof ) are examples of archaisms as

1824-418: The plates hydrogen bond directly to each other, so that the dried clay is rigid but still fragile. If the clay is moistened again, it will once more become plastic. Kaolinite group clays undergo a series of phase transformations upon thermal treatment in air at atmospheric pressure. High-energy milling of kaolin results in the formation of a mechanochemically amorphized phase similar to metakaolin , although

1872-432: The properties of this solid are quite different. The high-energy milling process is highly inefficient and consumes a large amount of energy. Below 100 °C, exposure to low humidity air will result in the slow evaporation of any liquid water in the kaolin. At low moisture content the mass can be described leather dry , and at near 0% moisture it is referred to as bone dry . Above 100 °C any remaining free water

1920-413: The role of periodicity becomes convincingly clear. DeKimpe et al. (1961) had used daily additions of alumina (as AlCl 3 ·6 H 2 O ) and silica (in the form of ethyl silicate ) during at least two months. In addition, adjustments of the pH took place every day by way of adding either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide . Such daily additions of Si and Al to the solution in combination with

1968-477: The second-person singular pronoun that fell out of general use in the 17th century, while you or ye , formerly only used to address groups, and then also to respectfully address individuals, is now used to address both individuals and groups. Thou is the nominative form; the oblique / objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative ), and the possessive is thy or thine . Though thou hast ever so many counsellors, yet do not forsake

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2016-580: The skin or mucous membranes. Kaolin products may also contain traces of crystalline silica , a known carcinogen if inhaled. In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for kaolin exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set

2064-434: The study of older literature. Should they remain recognised, they can potentially be revived. Because they are things of continual discovery and re-invention, science and technology have historically generated forms of speech and writing which have dated and fallen into disuse relatively quickly. However, the emotional associations of certain words have kept them alive, for example the archaic 'wireless' rather than 'radio' for

2112-421: The tiny platelike crystals of kaolinite acquire a layer of water molecules that cause crystals to adhere to each other and give kaolin clay its cohesiveness. The bonds are weak enough to allow the plates to slip past each other when the clay is being molded, but strong enough to hold the plates in place and allow the molded clay to retain its shape. When the clay is dried, most of the water molecules are removed, and

2160-864: The transition of allophane into kaolinite has been stressed by Tamura and Jackson (1953). The role of alternations between wetting and drying on the formation of kaolinite has also been noted by Moore (1964). Syntheses of kaolinite at high temperatures (more than 100 °C [212 °F]) are relatively well known. There are for example the syntheses of Van Nieuwenberg and Pieters (1929); Noll (1934); Noll (1936); Norton (1939); Roy and Osborn (1954); Roy (1961); Hawkins and Roy (1962); Tomura et al. (1985); Satokawa et al. (1994) and Huertas et al. (1999). Relatively few low-temperature syntheses have become known (cf. Brindley and DeKimpe (1961); DeKimpe (1969); Bogatyrev et al. (1997) ). Laboratory syntheses of kaolinite at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have been described by DeKimpe et al. (1961). From those tests

2208-588: The village had become the main source of Jingdezhen's kaolin over the course of the Qing dynasty . The mineralogical suffix -ite was later added to generalize the name to cover nearly identical minerals from other locations. Kaolinite is also occasionally discussed under the archaic names lithomarge and lithomarga from Latin lithomarga , a combination of litho- ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : λίθος ， líthos , "stone") and marga (" marl "). In more proper modern use, lithomarge now refers specifically to

2256-584: The world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide , giving it a distinct rust hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin. Alternating lighter and darker layers are sometimes found, as at Providence Canyon State Park in Georgia, United States. Kaolin is an important raw material in many industries and applications. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as powder, lumps, semi-dried noodle or slurry . Global production of kaolin in 2021

2304-644: Was estimated to be 45 million tonnes, with a total market value of US $ 4.24 billion. The English name kaolin was borrowed in 1727 from François Xavier d'Entrecolles 's 1712 French reports on the manufacture of Jingdezhen porcelain . D'Entrecolles was transcribing the Chinese term 高嶺土 , now romanized as gāolǐngtǔ in pinyin , taken from the name of the village of Gaoling ("High Ridge") near Ehu in Fuliang County , now part of Jiangxi Province 's Jingdezhen Prefecture . The area around

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