30-577: Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha (" The Delbhna of the Two Lakes" ) was a tuath of Gaelic Ireland , located in the west of Ireland in Connemara , County Galway . The Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha were one branch of a much larger population group called the Delbhna . The two lochs to which the name of the territory refers are Loch nOirbsean , and Loch Lurgain . The territory occupied nearly all the land between
60-411: A clan's power or to take some or all of its lands. That was a major cause of the ultimate failure in many cases of the policy of surrender and regrant. The tensions within clans and the new religious division between Catholics and Protestants from 1570, intrusions by grasping royal officials and the lack of royal protection from continuing raids by other clans that had not accepted the new system all made
90-427: A high degree of autonomy over the next two decades. Donnel O'Donovan, chief of the largest sept of the O'Donovans of County Cork offered a surrender of their sept lands in 1592 (with similar offers by Conoghor O’Kallaghane, Conoghor O’Mahoney and Teig M’Owen Carty), to personally receive back the sept lands by patent. The surrender to Queen Elizabeth was not effected until 1608, to James I; Donnel O'Donovan received
120-459: A particular population could rally. Some scholars equate the túath with the modern parish, whereas others equate it with the barony. This partly depends on how the territory was first incorporated into the county system. In cases where surrender and regrant was the method, the match between the old túath and the modern barony is reasonably equivalent. Whereas in cases like Ulster , which involved large scale colonisation and confiscation of land,
150-544: A power structure rooted in clan and kin loyalties, to a late- feudal system under the English legal system . The policy was an attempt to incorporate the clan chiefs into the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland , and to guarantee their property under English common law , as distinct from the traditional Irish Brehon law system. This strategy was the primary non-violent method for Crown officials in
180-532: A separate dynasty, were later created the Viscounts Muskerry in 1628 and Earls of Clancarty in 1658. The chief of the Maguire clan of Fermanagh was created Baron Maguire in 1628. In 1631 Sir Terence Dempsey was created Viscount Clanmalier . Randal MacDonnell was knighted in 1602, was granted estates in 1603 and was created Earl of Antrim in 1620. Because of the number of new lords in
210-476: A system of baronies and counties under the new colonial system. Due to a loss of knowledge, there has been some confusion regarding old territorial units in Ireland, mainly between trícha céta and túatha , which in some cases seem to be overlapping units, and in others, different measurements altogether. The trícha céta were primarily for reckoning military units; specifically, the number of fighting forces
240-488: Is spelled tuath , without the fada accent, and is usually used to refer to "rural districts" or "the country" (as in "the countryside", in contradistinction to "the city"); however the historical meaning is still understood and employed, as well. Surrender and regrant During the Tudor conquest of Ireland (c.1540–1603), " surrender and regrant " was the legal mechanism by which Irish clans were to be converted from
270-515: The Chief Herald of Ireland . The Gaelic derbfine elective kingship method in Gaelic law clashed with surrender and regrant, as male relations as distantly related as great-grandsons of a former chief or king were eligible to vote and to be elected to succeed as chief. Often, that meant that several dozen men were eligible to be elected clan chief. This inevitably led to problems since under
300-513: The Dublin Castle administration to subjugate Irish clan leaders during the conquest. It was an unanticipated consequence to be required to pay fealty in currency instead of trade labor or commodities. The process of "surrender and regrant" thus created new, unfamiliar debt structures among the Irish, and these debts had social and political consequences. The policy of surrender and regrant
330-641: The Irish House of Lords and the demise of the former Ireland King of Arms , the office of the Ulster King of Arms was founded in 1552, based at Dublin Castle . Consequently, a large number of ancient Irish family trees were recorded and stored at the castle and later held at Trinity College Dublin . Almost all of the Irish surname coats of arms were granted in or after 1552, and are supervised now by
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#1732791041786360-458: The Parliament of Ireland . The initiative of "surrender and regrant" was launched in the 1540s under the new English Governor of Ireland, Anthony St. Leger . Essentially St. Leger's idea was to transform and assimilate the more autonomous leaders of Gaelic Ireland into something akin to the political and constitutional system of England , where everyone was theoretically equal at law under
390-596: The barony of Moycullen (distinct from the parish) soon after the Cambro-Norman invasion. Both Irish clans were evicted and forced west by the Ó Flaithbertaigh family, who took over their lands. Clan Meic Con Raoi resettled at Ballymaconry (sometimes known as Kingstown Glebe) in Connemara along Streamstown Bay near Clifden, and they had another, Ballyconry in County Clare in the barony of Ballyvaghan. By
420-577: The "Queen's County". Other clans such as the MacMahons of County Monaghan did not take part in the new system. Tibbot ne Long Bourke , the heir of "Lower MacWilliam Burke" lands in County Mayo , and a son of Gráinne O'Malley , remained outside the system until 1593; he was knighted in 1604 and was created the first Viscount Mayo in 1627. Gráinne herself accepted the system in 1576, in respect of her own lands, though she managed her lands with
450-533: The 19th century, almost all members of the family had Anglicized their name to King and Ballymaconry became Kingstown. In the early 20th century, styles changed and the family used the Anglicization "Conroy". The Meic Con Raoi were counted among the sea-kings of Connacht, the others being the O'Malleys , the O'Dowds , and the O'Flahertys . This Irish history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to
480-458: The O'Briens of Thomond were created lords Inchiquin . His neighbour Donogh O'Grady was knighted and had his lands regranted in the same year. The Mac Aonghusa / Magennis clan in county Down became knights, and the O'Byrnes of Wicklow , the Kavanaghs of Wicklow, Cahir, Baron of Ballyane Lords of Ballyane, the O'Donnells of Donegal were others who accepted the system. The O'Donnell chief
510-514: The geography of County Galway , Ireland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tuath Túath (plural túatha ) is the Old Irish term for the basic political and jurisdictional unit of Gaelic Ireland . Túath can refer to both a geographical territory as well the people who lived in that territory. In ancient Irish terms, a household was reckoned at about 30 people per dwelling. A trícha cét ("thirty hundreds"),
540-583: The king, and then have them regranted (returned) as freeholds paying a chief rent under a royal charter if they swore loyalty to him. Those who surrendered were also expected to speak English , wear English-style dress, remain loyal to the Crown, follow English laws and customs, abjure the Roman Catholic Church , and convert to Henry's new Anglican Church . In return they would be protected from attack and could organise local courts and enter
570-530: The monarch. It had begun successfully in the late 1530s, according to the Rev. James MacCaffrey, writing in 1914: In the late 1530s and early 1540s, a number of leading Gaelic families saw the political value of accepting this new Tudor policy. In 1541, Brían Óg Mac Giolla Phádraig became the first Irish lord to take his seat in the Dublin Parliament as Baron Upper Ossory . Other clans who partook in
600-460: The new policy, it was possible for those individuals to become tenants of their chiefly cousin who had adopted surrender and regrant. Often the latter had an elected tánaiste , or deputy chief, who was pushed aside as the next chief by the son of the chief under the system of primogeniture . That caused internal feuding, which was often exploited by English officials based in Dublin , seeking to limit
630-419: The process included the O'Neills of Tir Eoghain who were created the earls of Tyrone and as such sat in the Irish House of Lords from 1542. Many of the regranted clan chiefs remained Roman Catholic after the death of Queen Mary in 1558, which, after the final split between England and Rome in 1570, meant that their new legal status was still rather tangential in the eyes of conformist officials. In 1543
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#1732791041786660-621: The same since at least the Iron Age. Túath in Old Irish means both "the people", "country, territory", and "territory, petty kingdom, the political and jurisdictional unit of ancient Ireland". The word possibly derives from Proto-Celtic * toutā ("tribe, tribal homeland"; cognate roots may be found in the Gaulish god name Toutatis ), which is perhaps from Proto-Indo-European * tewtéh₂ ("tribesman, tribal citizen"). In Modern Irish it
690-539: The sept lands as his personal estate in 1615, but did not receive an English title. The overlord in the Barony of Carbery to Donovan of Clan Cathail, the MacCarthy Reagh , who surrendered his sept lands in 1606, also never received any titles under this system. Donal McCarthy Mór was knighted in 1558 and created Earl of Clancare in 1565, but resigned his titles in 1597. The prominent MacCarthys of Muskerry ,
720-406: The shape of the original divisions is not always clear or recoverable. It has been suggested that the baronies are, for the most part, divided along the boundaries of the ancient túatha , as many bog bodies and offerings, such as bog butter, are primarily found along present-day baronial boundaries. This implies that the territorial divisions of the petty kingdoms of Ireland have been more or less
750-635: The two lakes and the River Corrib. It was roughly coextensive with the later barony of Moycullen, which took in the civil parishes of Moycullen, Kilcummin, Killanin, and Rahoon. The kings of the Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha eventually took the surname Mac Con Raoi (anglicised as Conroy and King). The Chief of the Name of Clan Mac Con Raoi directly ruled Gnó Mhór, which was later the civil parishes of Kilcummin and Killannin. Gnó Beag's king
780-412: Was created an earl briefly by James I of England in 1603–07. The Clanricarde Burke took the title of earl in 1543. The O'Shaughnessys of Gort and the O'Driscolls of Corcu Loígde also became knights. Ruairí Caoch Ó Mórdha (Rory O'More; the father of Rory O'More ) of Laois surrendered and was regranted in 1542–43 but died in 1545. His clan was out of favour by 1550; in 1556 Laois was shired as
810-570: Was a hierarchy of túatha statuses, depending on geographical position and connection to the ruling dynasties of the region. The organisation of túatha is covered to a great extent within the Brehon laws , Irish laws written down in the 7th century, also known as the Fénechas . The old Irish political system was altered during and after the Elizabethan conquest , being gradually replaced by
840-446: Was an area comprising 100 dwellings or, roughly, 3,000 people. A túath consisted of a number of allied trícha céta , and therefore referred to no fewer than 6,000 people. Probably a more accurate number for a túath would be no fewer than 9,000 people. Each túath was a self-contained unit, with its own executive, assembly, courts system and defence force. Túatha were grouped together into confederations for mutual defence. There
870-463: Was later surnamed Ó hÉanaí (anglicised as Heaney and Heeney). Gnó Beag made up of the civil parishes of Rahoon and Moycullen. Loch Lonáin north of the village of Maigh Cuilin (Moycullen) and the Aille River between the villages of An Spidéal ( Spiddal ) and Indreabháin ( Inverin ) are the principal features which mark the divide between Gnó Mór and Gnó Beag. All four parishes were combined into
900-623: Was led by King Henry VIII of England (r. 1509–1547) in a bid to extend and secure his control over the island of Ireland . This policy started in the years between the Geraldine rebellion (1534–39) and his subsequent creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1541–42. Henry's problem was that many of the Irish clans remained autonomous and outside the control of his administration in Dublin . Gaelic chiefs and some autonomous Norman-Irish lords were actively encouraged to surrender their lands to
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