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25-560: Dhur or D°ur ( Dzongkha : དུར་; Wylie : dur ) is a town in western Chhoekhor Gewog , Bumthang District in central Bhutan . Dhur is the main area where Brokkat , one of the endangered languages of Bhutan , is spoken. This Bhutan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dzongkha The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha

50-555: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

75-592: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Fricative A fricative

100-613: A nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when /f v s z ʃ ʒ/ occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized. Until its extinction, Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including /h/ ), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA . This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of

125-723: A tense, unaspirated /s͈/ in Korean ; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few Sino-Tibetan languages , in some Oto-Manguean languages , in the Siouan language Ofo ( /sʰ/ and /fʰ/ ), and in the (central?) Chumash languages ( /sʰ/ and /ʃʰ/ ). The record may be Cone Tibetan , which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/ , /ʂʰ/ , and /xʰ/ . Phonemically nasalized fricatives are rare. Umbundu has /ṽ/ and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have /h̃/ . In Coatzospan Mixtec , [β̃, ð̃, s̃, ʃ̃] appear allophonically before

150-447: A transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by

175-585: Is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near

200-404: Is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f] ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German [x] (the final consonant of Bach ); or the side of the tongue against the molars , in the case of Welsh [ɬ] (appearing twice in

225-525: Is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists for non-sibilant fricatives. " Strident " could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also labiodental and uvular fricatives in the class. The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences friction . All sibilants are coronal , but may be dental , alveolar , postalveolar , or palatal ( retroflex ) within that range. However, at

250-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

275-509: Is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have [ʒ] but lack [ʃ] . (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate [ dʒ ] but lack [tʃ] , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – [ʝ] , [β] , [ð] , [ʁ] and [ɣ] . Fricatives appear in waveforms as somewhat random noise caused by

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300-574: The ll of Welsh , as in Lloyd , Llewelyn , and Machynlleth ( [maˈxənɬɛθ] , a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as Xhosa and Zulu ), and in Mongolian. No language distinguishes fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding

325-422: The uptack to the letters, [χ̝, ʁ̝, ħ̝, ʕ̝] . Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, [χ̞, ʁ̞, ħ̞, ʕ̞] . (The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: [β̞, ð̞] . However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.) In many languages, such as English or Korean,

350-716: The Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts. About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have unpaired voiced fricatives , i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair. This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives

375-755: The Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted

400-565: The Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in

425-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

450-556: The glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner , fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as Finnish . Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as tenuis ("plain") fricatives. Other phonations are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically aspirated fricatives are rare. /s~sʰ/ contrasts with

475-431: The name Llanelli ). This turbulent airflow is called frication . A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants . When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English [s] , [z] , [ʃ] , and [ʒ] are examples of sibilants. The usage of two other terms is less standardized: " Spirant "

500-643: The other languages without true fricatives do have [h] in their consonant inventory. Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as Mandarin Chinese , Korean , and the Austronesian languages , typically do not have such voiced fricatives as [z] and [v] , which are familiar to many European speakers. In some Dravidian languages they occur as allophones. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of

525-626: The postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal , or apical , and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols. The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives, with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills. The lateral fricative occurs as

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550-494: The superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

575-451: The turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gravity ( CoG ), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as spectral mean ), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another. Symbols to

600-429: The world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages , where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants , but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas [h] is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of

625-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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