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49-407: Disqus ( / d ɪ s ˈ k ʌ s / ) is an American blog comment hosting service for websites and online communities that use a networked platform . The company's platform includes various features, such as social integration, social networking, user profiles, spam and moderation tools, analytics, email notifications, and mobile commenting. It was founded in 2007 by Daniel Ha and Jason Yan as

98-549: A numeric character reference . Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as &#20013; or &#x4e2d; . Similarly, the string "I <3 Jörg" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as I &lt;3 J&#xF6;rg . &#0;

147-518: A Y Combinator startup. In 2011, Disqus was ranked No. 2 in Quantcast 's U.S. networks with 151 million monthly unique U.S. visits. Disqus was featured on CNN , The Daily Telegraph , and IGN , and about 750,000 blogs and websites. On December 5, 2017, Disqus was acquired by Zeta Global . Disqus was first developed in the summer of 2007 as a Y Combinator startup. It was headed by Daniel Ha and Jason Yan, who were undergraduates at

196-427: A Guest user, without removing the content of the body itself. The only recourse at that time was to flag the comment, contact the site moderator to delete the anonymized Guest comment, or to remember to edit out the body of the comment before deleting a comment. In April 2015, Disqus revised its Delete button to completely delete a comment from the website. Disqus automatically adds affiliate referral codes to links on

245-448: A blog post, Disqus stated that it planned to continue operations as normal. Disqus operates on a freemium financial model supported by ads. While it is free for commenters and small websites, it displays ads. Users have the option to pay fees to remove ads and access extra features. In November 2010, Disqus began officially offering three add-on packages for websites. Starting July 2012, Disqus offered just two premium packages. These were

294-448: A list of syntax rules provided in the specification. Some key points in the fairly lengthy list include: The definition of an XML document excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as " draconian error handling", stands in notable contrast to

343-522: A mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used. Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 are not necessarily recognized by every XML parser (and in some cases not even UTF-16, even though the standard mandates it to also be recognized). XML provides escape facilities for including characters that are problematic to include directly. For example: There are five predefined entities : All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with

392-555: A more compact non-XML syntax; the two syntaxes are isomorphic and James Clark 's conversion tool— Trang —can convert between them without loss of information. RELAX NG has a simpler definition and validation framework than XML Schema, making it easier to use and implement. It also has the ability to use datatype framework plug-ins ; a RELAX NG schema author, for example, can require values in an XML document to conform to definitions in XML Schema Datatypes. Schematron

441-506: A rich datatyping system and allow for more detailed constraints on an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them. xs:schema element that defines a schema: RELAX NG (Regular Language for XML Next Generation) was initially specified by OASIS and is now a standard (Part 2: Regular-grammar-based validation of ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL ). RELAX NG schemas may be written in either an XML based syntax or

490-405: A snapshot of its database from 2012, containing 17.5 million users' email addresses, login names and sign-up dates from between 2007–2012, had been exposed. The data dump also included, for about a third of the affected accounts, passwords that had been salted and hashed with SHA-1 . Previously, if a user attempted to delete their comment, Disqus "anonymized" their comment by changing the author to

539-440: A user's IP address , their web browser version and installed add-ons, and their referring pages and exit links. Although this data is referred to by Disqus as "Non-Personally Identifiable Information", such data, when aggregated, has been shown to be usable for de-anonymizing users. Disqus has been criticized for publishing its registered users' entire commenting histories, along with a list of connected blogs and services, on

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588-421: A validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing. A DTD is an example of a schema or grammar . Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and

637-527: A vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an XML document, but does not provide any guidance on how to access this information. A variety of APIs for accessing XML have been developed and used, and some have been standardized. Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories: Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require

686-558: A wide range of sites, since by the very nature of the service, comment content is not being managed locally by sites implementing the service. However, it is possible for site administrators to export all of their comments as an XML document which can then be ported into other commenting systems. In September 2014, it announced an update to its privacy policy : "Disqus will be using anonymous interest data for content personalization and ad targeting." Third party service Disqussearch can be used to search through all comments by username. This

735-461: Is a lexical , event-driven API in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as callbacks to various methods on a handler object of the user's design. SAX is fast and efficient to implement, but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the XML, since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed. It

784-726: Is a language for making assertions about the presence or absence of patterns in an XML document. It typically uses XPath expressions. Schematron is now a standard (Part 3: Rule-based validation of ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL ). DSDL (Document Schema Definition Languages) is a multi-part ISO/IEC standard (ISO/IEC 19757) that brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes RELAX NG full and compact syntax, Schematron assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based routing of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have

833-578: Is an XML industry data standard. XML is used extensively to underpin various publishing formats. One of the applications of XML is in the transfer of Operational meteorology (OPMET) information based on IWXXM standards. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification . This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. XML documents consist entirely of characters from

882-498: Is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way, no matter where they occur in the document. Pull parsing treats the document as a series of items read in sequence using the iterator design pattern . This allows for writing of recursive descent parsers in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the XML being parsed, and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within

931-532: Is necessary for viewing old comments of users. On the Disqus site, the user can only load small batches of successively older comments by scrolling down. In 2013, a Swedish group called Researchgruppen obtained and exposed a large number of anonymous Disqus identities through the application programming interface (API). The group cooperated with the Bonnier tabloid, Expressen , who subsequently visited some of

980-442: Is not permitted because the null character is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference. An alternative encoding mechanism such as Base64 is needed to represent such characters. Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. Comments begin with <!-- and end with --> . For compatibility with SGML ,

1029-509: The Internet . It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages . Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures , such as those used in web services . Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid

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1078-458: The Unicode repertoire. Except for a small number of specifically excluded control characters , any character defined by Unicode may appear within the content of an XML document. XML includes facilities for identifying the encoding of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly. Unicode code points in

1127-467: The University of California, Davis . Disqus was launched on October 30, 2007. In early 2011, Disqus raised $ 10 million in funding from North Bridge Venture Partners and Union Square Ventures . In March 2011, Disqus was used by 75% of websites that included a third-party commenting or discussion system. On December 5, 2017, Zeta Global announced that it had acquired Disqus for an undisclosed amount. In

1176-410: The infoset augmentation facility and attribute defaults. RELAX NG and Schematron intentionally do not provide these. A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies that have come to be seen as part of

1225-593: The VIP package and a single-sign-on -only package, for $ 99/month. Starting in March 2013, Premium packages were phased out. On January 4, 2017, Disqus announced new premium packages rolling out in March of 2017. A later blog post clarified that over 95% of sites using Disqus, primarily for personal blogs and non-commercial sites, would be unaffected by the new premium model. In 2011, both the Disqus site and comment system were translated into over sixty languages. However, following

1274-429: The XML core. Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including XInclude , XLink , and XPointer . The design goals of XML include, "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents." Despite this, the XML specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing. The XML Infoset specification provides

1323-555: The XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes. DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity. A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is XML Schema , often referred to by the initialism for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML languages. They use

1372-434: The allowable parent/child relationships. The oldest schema language for XML is the document type definition (DTD), inherited from SGML. DTDs have the following benefits: DTDs have the following limitations: Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining entities , which are arbitrary fragments of text or markup that

1421-621: The base language for communication protocols such as SOAP and XMPP . It is one of the message exchange formats used in the Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) programming technique. Many industry data standards, such as Health Level 7 , OpenTravel Alliance , FpML , MISMO , and National Information Exchange Model are based on XML and the rich features of the XML schema specification. In publishing, Darwin Information Typing Architecture

1470-401: The behavior of programs that process HTML , which are designed to produce a reasonable result even in the presence of severe markup errors. XML's policy in this area has been criticized as a violation of Postel's law ("Be conservative in what you send; be liberal in what you accept"). The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to

1519-423: The case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected. The code point U+0000 (Null) is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.1 document. The Unicode character set can be encoded into bytes for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover

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1568-402: The commenters in their homes, confronting them with their allegedly racist , misogynic , and derogatory sentiments. Researchgruppen said their database contained millions of comments from Disqus users around the world who are at risk of de-anonymization . In March 2014, Expressen and Researchgruppen won the investigative reporting award Guldspaden. On October 6, 2017, Disqus announced that

1617-444: The containing webpage and converts plain text into links, in order to add affiliate referral codes (this can be turned off). Disqus also injects untrusted and potentially dangerous third party advertising code into containing webpages. In 2021, Norwegian Data Protection Agency announced its intent to fine Disqus 2.5 million euro for failures to comply with requirements of European General Data Protection Regulation . Allegedly, Disqus

1666-429: The data structure and contain metadata . What is within the tags is data, encoded in the way the XML standard specifies. An additional XML schema (XSD) defines the necessary metadata for interpreting and validating XML. (This is also referred to as the canonical schema.) An XML document that adheres to basic XML rules is "well-formed"; one that adheres to its schema is "valid." IETF RFC 7303 (which supersedes

1715-442: The direct use of almost any Unicode character in element names, attributes, comments, character data, and processing instructions (other than the ones that have special symbolic meaning in XML itself, such as the less-than sign, "<"). The following is a well-formed XML document including Chinese , Armenian and Cyrillic characters: The XML specification defines an XML document as a well-formed text, meaning that it satisfies

1764-523: The entire repertoire; well-known ones include UTF-8 (which the XML standard recommends using, without a BOM ) and UTF-16 . There are many other text encodings that predate Unicode, such as ASCII and various ISO/IEC 8859 ; their character repertoires are in every case subsets of the Unicode character set. XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides

1813-498: The following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents: XML 1.1 extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F. At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and C1 control characters other than U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return), and U+0085 (Next Line) by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as &#x01; or its equivalent). In

1862-708: The functions performing the parsing, or passed down (as function parameters) into lower-level functions, or returned (as function return values) to higher-level functions. Examples of pull parsers include Data::Edit::Xml in Perl , StAX in the Java programming language, XMLPullParser in Smalltalk , XMLReader in PHP , ElementTree.iterparse in Python , SmartXML in Red , System.Xml.XmlReader in

1911-447: The introduction of the new Disqus in 2012, language support was reduced to seven languages. Even though Disqus accepts applications for new languages, only one has been added as of 2013. This saw the number of supported languages rising to eight. As of 2017, Disqus was translated into 36 languages including Spanish, French, Japanese, and Chinese, using crowd-sourced translation on Transifex . Privacy issues have been noted as inherent in

1960-550: The older RFC 3023 ), provides rules for the construction of media types for use in XML message. It defines three media types: application/xml ( text/xml is an alias), application/xml-external-parsed-entity ( text/xml-external-parsed-entity is an alias) and application/xml-dtd . They are used for transmitting raw XML files without exposing their internal semantics . RFC 7303 further recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml , for example, image/svg+xml for SVG . Further guidelines for

2009-449: The processing of XML data. The main purpose of XML is serialization , i.e. storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. For two disparate systems to exchange information, they need to agree upon a file format. XML standardizes this process. It is therefore analogous to a lingua franca for representing information. As a markup language , XML labels, categorizes, and structurally organizes information. XML tags represent

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2058-428: The publicly viewable user profile pages. The option to keep profile activity private was later added. Disqus was criticized for not giving users control over who follows them. Prior to 2014, any user could follow any other user, but a user being followed could not control or block who was following them, which led to harassment among some users. If Disqus shuts down, hundreds of millions of comments would be wiped away from

2107-487: The rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD). In addition to being well formed, an XML document may be valid . This means that it contains a reference to a Document Type Definition (DTD), and that its elements and attributes are declared in that DTD and follow the grammatical rules for them that the DTD specifies. XML processors are classified as validating or non-validating depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers

2156-469: The string "--" (double-hyphen) is not allowed inside comments; this means comments cannot be nested. The ampersand has no special significance within comments, so entity and character references are not recognized as such, and there is no way to represent characters outside the character set of the document encoding. An example of a valid comment: <!--no need to escape <code> & such in comments--> XML 1.0 (Fifth Edition) and XML 1.1 support

2205-530: The use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC 3470 , also known as IETF BCP 70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. XML has come into common use for the interchange of data over the Internet. Hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS , Atom , Office Open XML , OpenDocument , SVG , COLLADA , and XHTML . XML also provides

2254-472: The use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions. XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large XML databases . Simple API for XML (SAX)

2303-450: The use of services like Disqus, which serve their content through third-party JavaScript widgets . As with other embedded web widgets , such as like buttons , the Disqus widget acts as a web bug which tracks a user's activities, even when they are not logged in, across different sites that use the Disqus commenting system. Information tracked by Disqus, which may be disclosed to third parties, includes pseudonymous analytics data, such as

2352-426: The vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for publishing . Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide

2401-660: Was collecting users' private data and sharing it with advertisers without obtaining consent from websites using Disqus and users visiting those sites. Blog comment hosting service Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 207814040 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:57:26 GMT XML The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across

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