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22-399: The northern part of the regional unit, bordering Bulgaria, is very mountainous. The main mountain ranges are Orvilos ( Bulgarian : Славянка - Slavyanka) in the northwest, Falakro in the north (at 2232m the highest point of the regional unit), the western Rhodope Mountains in the northeast (including mounts Frakto , Elatia , Koula etc.) and Menoikio in the southwest. The Nestos is

44-509: A Mediterranean climate. The climate is more continental with cold winters in higher elevations and in the northern part. The Drama regional unit is subdivided into 5 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox): As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the former Drama Prefecture ( Greek : Νομός Δράμας ) was transformed into a regional unit within the East Macedonia and Thrace region. The prefecture had

66-566: A wide range of soil types, Corsican origins grows poorly on limestone , while Turkish and Crimean origins grow well on limestone. Most provenances also show good growth on podzolic soils. Pinus nigra has become naturalised in a few areas of the US. In New Zealand it is considered an invasive species and noxious weed , along with lodgepole pine ( P. contorta ) and Scots pine ( P. sylvestris ), due to their habitat conversion nature in tussock grassland plant communities, shading out

88-533: A yellow-buff wing 20–25 mm ( 3 ⁄ 4 –1 in) long; they are wind-dispersed when the cones open from December to April. maturity is reached at 15–40 years; large seed crops are produced at 2–5 year intervals. Pinus nigra is moderately fast growing, at about 30–70 cm (12–28 in) per year. It usually has a rounded conic form, that becomes irregular with age. The tree can be long-lived, with some trees over 500 years old. Multiple pests can damage P. nigra , including T. piniperda . The species

110-432: Is a light-demanding species, intolerant of shade but resistant to wind and drought. The eastern P. nigra subsp. nigra exhibits greater winter frost hardiness (hardy to below −30 °C) than the western P. nigra subsp. salzmannii (hardy to about −25 °C). Different provenances (seed sources by geographic area) or varieties are adapted to different soil types: Austrian and Pyrenees origins grow well on

132-535: Is a mountain located on the border of southwestern Bulgaria and northernmost Greece , located south of the Pirin Mountains and connected with it by the Paril Saddle . The highest peak of Slavyanka is Gotsev Vrah at 2,212 m, while other notable peaks include Golyam Tsarev Vrah (2,186 m), Malak Tsarev Vrah (2,087 m), Shabran (2,196 m) and Salyuva Dzhamiya (2,027 m). The Bulgarian section of the mountain

154-526: Is divided into two subspecies, each further subdivided into three varieties. Some authorities (e.g. Flora Europaea ) treat several of the varieties at subspecific rank, but this reflects tradition rather than sound taxonomy, as the distinctions between the taxa are small. Pinus nigra is a tree of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome . The majority of the range is in Turkey. It

176-737: Is found in the higher elevations of the South Apennine mixed montane forests ecoregion in southern Italy and the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion in Sicily. There are remnant populations in the Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests ecoregion, and in the higher Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Algeria. It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), most commonly from 250–1,600 m (820–5,250 ft). Several of

198-633: Is gray to yellow-brown, and is widely split by flaking fissures into scaly plates, becoming increasingly fissured with age. The leaves ('needles') are thinner and more flexible in western populations. The ovulate and pollen cones appear from May to June. The mature seed cones are 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) (rarely to 11 cm) long, with rounded scales; they ripen from green to pale gray-buff or yellow-buff in September to November, about 18 months after pollination. The seeds are dark gray, 6–8 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 5 ⁄ 16  in) long, with

220-491: Is important both as a timber tree and in plantations (primarily Corsican pine subsp.). Recently however, serious problems have occurred with red band needle blight disease, caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum , resulting in a major recent decline in forestry planting there. In the United States it is of low importance as a timber species. In regard to Austrian pine, the fungus Dothistroma septosporum

242-478: Is part of the Ali Botush Reserve . The massif is dome-shaped and has very steep ridges. Slavyanka has a pronounced karst character and thus features over 30 caves, attracting many speleologists . The climate has a considerable Mediterranean influence, with precipitation being at its highest in the autumn and winter and at its lowest in the summer, and the average temperatures being higher than in

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264-403: Is planted with great success as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. In both the US and UK most of the specimens planted are from Austrian sources, the P. nigra subsp. nigra and P. nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra seed selections. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, when demand for natural trees was extremely high, its rapid growth, deep green color and low cost made it briefly

286-481: Is widespread and rapidly spreading out of control throughout the United States. It is out of control and not recommended for landscaping, especially in groups or rows. In Turkey, this pine (subsp. pallasiana) was and is used in various ways, both topically and internally, as well as for construction and for livestock. Among its uses are curing acne , common cold , osteomyelitis , and viral infections ; acting as an oral antiseptic ; treating cracked hands and feet in

308-606: The Bosnian Pine grows at over 1,800 m above sea level, making Slavyanka the place with the highest concentration of the species in the Balkans . The fauna is represented not only by typical species for Bulgaria such as the deer , Wild Boar , hare , fox and badger , but also by characteristically Mediterranean animals like the jackal , the rare European Cat Snake , several species of tortoises and lizards, etc. There have been found 44 species of terrestrial gastropods in

330-760: The Bulgarian part of the Alibotush Mountains. Twenty-four species of these terrestrial gastropods have Mediterranean type of distribution. European Black Pine Pinus nigra , the Austrian pine or black pine , is a moderately variable species of pine , occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as well as Crimea and in

352-588: The high mountains of Northwest Africa. The world's oldest black pine, located in the Banaz district of Uşak, Türkiye, is estimated to be 1000 years old. This makes it significant in the country, which is known for a very dry climate, inhospitable for most trees. It has a length of 11 meters, a diameter of 3 meters and a circumference of 9.60 meters. Pinus nigra is a large coniferous evergreen tree , growing to 20–55 metres (66–180 feet) high at maturity and spreading to 6 to 12 m (20 to 39 ft) wide. The bark

374-513: The longest river, flowing in the northeast. The northern portion holds a unique treasure known as Karantere (or Forest of Elatia ). Drama is surrounded by the regional units of Xanthi to the east, Kavala to the south, Serres to the southwest and to the west, and the Bulgarian provinces of Blagoevgrad and Smolyan to the north. Arable lands are located in the southern and the west-central portion of Drama. The southern part mainly has

396-492: The native bunch grasses as their forest canopy develops. The timber of European black pine is similar to that of Scots pine ( P. sylvestris ) and red pine ( P. resinosa ), being moderately hard and straight-grained. It does however tend to be rougher, softer, and not as strong, due to its faster growth. It is used for general construction, fuel, and in paper manufacture. In the United Kingdom, Pinus nigra

418-471: The rest of the country at this height. The average annual temperature in the lowest part of the mountain is almost 14 °C and about 6 °C in the highest part. Slavyanka has a rich flora , with more than 1,700 vascular plants , including 20 Bulgarian endemic species and five that can be found nowhere else in the country. The low part of the mountain is rich in European Black Pine , while

440-835: The same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below. According to the 2011 census, the Drama regional unit had a population of 98,287, 11,666 more inhabitants than in the 2021 census. The main roads of Drama regional unit are Greek National Road 12 (Thessaloniki - Serres - Drama - Kavala), Greek National Road 14 (Drama - Xanthi) and Greek National Road 57 (Drama - Kato Nevrokopi - Bulgaria). The Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway passes through Drama and Paranesti. Slavyanka (mountain) Slavyanka ( Bulgarian : Славянка , " Slavic woman") or Orvilos ( Greek : Όρβηλος ), formerly known as Alibotush (from Turkish Alibotuş ) and Kitka Planina (Китка планина),

462-821: The varieties have distinct English names. It needs full sun to grow well, is intolerant of shade , and is resistant to snow and ice damage. It has naturalized in parts of the midwestern states of the United States, normally south of the normal native ranges of native pines. In Mediterranean Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula ( Asia Minor ), trees usually associated with this species include Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), Serbian spruce ( Picea omorika ), Bosnian pine ( Pinus heldreichii ), Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), Taurus cedar ( Cedrus libani ), European silver fir ( Abies alba ) and related firs . Several species of juniper ( Juniperus spp.), and various broadleaf trees are associates. Pinus nigra

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484-542: The winter; and sealing wooden roofs. In the US and Canada, the European black pine is planted as a street tree, and as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks. Its value as a street tree is largely due to its resistance to salt spray (from road de-icing salt) and various industrial pollutants (including ozone ), and its intermediate drought tolerance. In the UK the tree is planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It

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